In the so-called "Spin-Echo Experiments" the behaviour of a spin's system seems to violate the second law of thermodynamics. For this reason the "Spin-Echo Experiments" are considered of particular interest for the Foundations of Physics. Interventionists have provided a classical explanation (Blatt, 1959; Ridderbos & Redhead, 1998) and a quantum-based explanation (Hemmo & Shenker, 2005) of these experiments. Here both interventionist explanations are assessed by means of the Manipulability Theory of Causal Explanation (Woodward, 2003). It is argued that interventionism would (...) gain explanatory depth by providing functional relations and predicting relaxation times. (shrink)

La presencia de interpretaciones realistas por un lado, e interpretaciones llamadas «ortodoxas» con tendencia positivista y antirrealista, por el otro, es una especie de esquizofrenia que ha acompañado a la teoría cuántica desde sus orígenes. En este trabajo veremos que esto sigue vigente analizando dos interpretaciones actuales de la mecánica cuántica cuyos compromisos ontológicos son radicalmente distintos. Primero expondré algunos argumentos a favor de una ontología de propiedades, compatible con el formalismo cuántico, y posteriormente ofreceré una respuesta que podría elaborarse (...) desde la Electrodinámica Estocástica Lineal, una teoría física que intenta rescatar el realismo y la causalidad en la mecánica cuántica. Desde mi punto de vista, si bien ambas propuestas tienen virtudes, comparten una dificultad pues son incompatibles con los sistemas cuánticos que tienen elementos no diagonales en su matriz de densidad. (shrink)

En este artículo se utiliza la tipología de Dudley Shapere de los problemas científicos para clasificar y analizar las principales preguntas de la física en la transición del siglo xix al xx. Se exploran las concepciones de espacio, campo, entropía, éter, energía y materia en las décadas previas a la llegada de la relatividad y la mecánica cuántica. Así, se recorren las ideas de Poincaré, Faraday, Boltzmann, Maxwell, Helmholtz y Lorentz, entre otros, para comprender las condiciones epistemológicas del cambio de (...) siglo y evaluar, a la vez, las virtudes y defectos de la tipología shapereana. (shrink)

In the so-called “Spin-Echo Experiments” the behaviour of a spin’s system seems to violate the second law of thermodynamics. For this reason the “Spin-Echo Experiments” are considered of particular interest for the Foundations of Physics. Interventionists have provided a classical explanation (Blatt 1959; Ridderbos & Redhead 1998) and a quantum-based explanation (Hemmo & Shenker 2005) of these experiments. Here both interventionist explanations are assessed by means of the Manipulability Theory of Causal Explanation (Woodward 2003). It is argued that interventionism would (...) gain explanatory depth by providing functional relations and predicting relaxation times. En los llamados “experimentos espín-eco” el comportamiento del sistema de espines parece violar la segunda ley de la termodinámica. Por esta razón, los “experimentos espín-eco” son considerados de gran interés en Fundamentos de la Física. Los intervencionistas han ofrecido explicaciones clásicas (Blatt 1959; Ridderbos & Redhead 1998) y explicaciones basadas en mecánica cuántica (Hemmo & Shenker 2005) de dichos experimentos. Aquí ambas explicaciones intervencionistas son analizadas mediante la Teoría Manipulabilista de las Explicaciones Causales (Woodward 2003). Se argumenta que el intervencionismo ganaría profundidad explicativa si proporcionara relaciones funcionales y realizara predicciones de los tiempos de relajación. (shrink)

This paper aims to provide an answer to James Woodward’s article “Flagpoles anyone? Causal and explanatory asymmetries”. It will be conjectured that, when causal directionality depends on the experimental design, it is because the variables involved are capable of producing changes in each other. This will be exemplified using the case of ideal gases as opposed to the flagpole-shadow scenario.

In this anthology of works, the reader is offered an interdisciplinary dialogue under the rubric of a philosophy of medicine. The preparation of this work has been possible thanks to the versatile contributions that the Seminar on Epistemology of Health Sciences (SECS) welcomed in its transversal program: where it was about articulating what we have been calling a philosophy of medicine in concrete and a philosophy of health sciences in general. With the purpose of placing the philosophy of medicine within (...) the set of fields that can be assigned to the health sciences, this anthology is divided into four blocks in which it appears: the thematic horizon of the philosophy of medicine, an analysis exhaustive on the methodological approach in the health sciences, the state of the art on the debates surrounding the definition of the disease and the detailed study of the assumptions of the biomedical model. In this first block: _Filosofía de la medicina: estado del arte_, the task of answering a series of questions that allows delimiting the map of this field of research with respect to others. What makes the philosophy of medicine an autonomous field of research? What is the set of problems that the philosophy of medicine addresses? What subfields currently make up this discipline? The second block that makes up this anthology begins with the study of the epistemology and methodology of health sciences. Atocha Aliseda, Rodrigo Itzamna Fuentes and Fernanda Samaniego will carry out in their works a tentative, but methodologically suggestive task, of highlighting specific cognitive activities for solving problems in clinical terrain. _Sobre la caracterización de enfermedad: disfunción biológica y sobrediagnóstico_ is the title of our third block; where Mariana Salcedo and Adriana Murguía analyze the different debates that have arisen about the concept - so elusive - of illness. The fourth and final block is divided between the works of Marcia Villanueva, David Fajardo-Chica and David Servín Hernández, in which it will meditate on dehumanization in the practice of medicine, suffering at the end of life and the practice clinic in the current biomedical model. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility refers to the duty of management to consider and respond to issues beyond the organization’s economic and legal requirements in line with social and environmental values. However, ‘management’ is constituted by real people responsible for routine decisions and formulation and implementation of policies. It can be said therefore that the ethical ideals and beliefs of these individuals – in particular their personal values – play an important role in their decisions. It is contended in this article that (...) the personal values of managers may contribute to the creation and maintenance of ‘CSR cultures’ in their organizations; that is, organizational cultures focused on ensuring environmental and social sustainability. Based on an exploratory study carried out in Brazil in 2008, this article explores the perceptions of five CSR managers in relation to the influence of their personal values on their work. The first part discusses the notion of CSR within the context of Brazilian society, the second provides a brief literature review on the link between values and organizational cultures and the third explores the perceptions of the participating managers, identifying the main thematic patterns that emerged in the study. (shrink)

Prior studies note that gender- and race-based discrimination routinely inhibit women’s advancement in medical fields. Yet few studies have examined how gendered displays of deference and demeanor are interpreted by college-educated and professional Latinas/os who are making inroads into prestigious and masculinized nontraditional fields such as medicine. In this article, we elucidate how gender shapes perceptions of authority and competence among the same pan-ethnic group, and we use deference and demeanor as an analytical tool to examine these processes. Our analysis (...) underscores three main points of difference: gendered cultural taxation; microaggressions from women nurses and staff and; the questioning of authority and competence to elucidate how gendered racism manifests for Latina/o doctors. Taking demonstrations of gendered deference and demeanors are vital to transforming medical schools and creating more inclusive spaces for all physicians and patients. Conclusions are based on experiences reported in interviews with 48 Latina/o physicians and observation in their places of work in Southern California. (shrink)

The distance, as the crow flies, between the two poles can be covered in twenty hours. Thanks to cartography, telecommunications and the precise measurement of distance, we have exhaustive knowledge of the globe. Nevertheless, we are still so removed from each other that everything, or almost everything, remains to be discovered. Just as the past is not clear to us when it takes the historical route, the present brings us no understanding of human ways. The more we advance in knowledge (...) the more proof we have, as Pascal said, that we know nothing. (shrink)

In his 1965 work on Freud, Paul Ricoeur states and reasons that the hermeneutic field, as a space of interpretations, is constitutively fragmented and is, at the same time, a structure for hosting different interpretations formed in language, as a place where different human perspectives on the nature of reality converge. This justification emerges from epistemological and ontological conditions.

El trabajo plantea la necesidad de dar una resignificación de las fronteras como momento genuinamente ético, en tanto en éste sería posible el encuentro y reconocimiento del “Otro” desde la tolerancia de la alteridad y no como exclusión y marginación de ésta, y la consecuente discriminación y ataque que conlleva esa manera de enfrentarlo a la dignidad de los seres humanos.

This article aims to produce a perusal of the archaeological investigation undertaken by Michel Foucault as a diagnostic work of the present. This posture seeks to establish a critique of the dominant anthropological thinking in the French scenario of the nineteen sixties. For this task, we describe the conceptual apparatus forged in the Archeology of Knowledge to follow a double movement of strong Nietzschean presence: at the same time that Foucault makes his critique of the humanisms that permeate the current (...) philosophical thinking, he rehearses another way of thinking, freed from anthropological bonds and from any founding instance. (shrink)

Despite the importance of emotions for learning and performance of future behaviors, few studies have attempted to qualitatively describe emotions that arise in response to self-control successes and failures. This study is the first qualitative analysis to examine the complexity of goals that give rise to self-control challenges of two types—initiation and inhibition—and the emotions that follow success and failure experiences. Thematic analysis revealed a sometimes blurred line between inhibition and initiation, and a variety of goals that challenge views that (...) successful self-control is good and unsuccessful self-control is bad. Descriptions of self-control challenges and resulting experiences further uncovered distinctions and apparent emotional profiles characteristic of self-control dilemmas involving inhibition or initiation, suggesting that these two forms of self-control are not only theoretically but also experientially distinct. (shrink)

Interpretar a passagem de Barbara Cassin da ontologia à logologia sofística, do gozo do ser ao gozo do corpo, exige uma secundariedade crítica, na via significante de uma feminilidade sofística. Trata-se de desconfinar o logos da idiotia do privado com seu gozo dito fora do corpo, o mais baixo grau de liberdade. Um desafio decolonial, desvio da relação sexual à relação modernidade/colonialidade, ambas furadas. Como estratégia, nem fórmula positiva e nem negativa, mas uma operação subtrativa. Literalmente, uma saída pelo equívoco (...) ab-senso ao plural das diferenças, prestigiando-se não a angústia, mas o riso. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda la biografía de Marcia Alejandra, mujer transexual que inició su proceso medicalizado de «cambio de sexo» durante la Unidad Popular y logró su cambio legal de nombre en 1974, ya en dictadura. En el primer apartado, presento las nociones de cistemporalidad, trans*temporalidad y trans*historicidades como claves teórico-metodológicas. En la segunda parte, reconstruyo cómo la prensa abordó la historia de Marcia Alejandra desde una matriz cistemporal. Por contraste, en la tercera parte, retomo archivos informales reenfocando la biografía de (...) Marcia desde una dimensión trans*temporal. A partir del análisis desde estas dos matrices temporales, interrogo qué sucede cuando ponemos en contacto lo travesti/trans* y la historicidad, a 50 años del golpe de Estado. (shrink)

O USO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS COMO FUNDAMENTO DE INTERVENÇÃO NA SOBERANIA DOS ESTADOS.

O seguinte artigo trata-se de uma apresentação dos resultados de um ano de pesquisa pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC). O estudo é guiado por princípios que tenham como preocupação a relação entre o pensar filosófico e o ambiente, levando em conta que um tem igual impacto sobre o outro. Nesse sentido, procuro especular acerca das possibilidades em outras alternativas de fazer conhecimento e pensar no mundo. Desse modo, o caminho que utilizo é a de um pensar (...) que se constrói criativamente com a dança, mais especificamente, com os coreógrafos Merce Cunningham e Steve Paxton. A experiência com essa alternativa é pela leitura dos mesmos através do autor José Gil, vídeos de suas coreografias e a leitura de textos do próprio Cunningham. Ao explorar esse conhecimento pela dança, aos poucos o corpo mesmo é mais compreendido, bem como o que ele nos ensina com o mundo ao redor. Os movimentos do corpo tomam o espaço dos movimentos do pensamento, tentando assim contribuir com formas de pensar — e assim sobreviver — que sejam sensíveis aos toques, que atravessem nossas peles e que mergulhem nas experiências. (shrink)

Richard Bourke brings Hegel back to the forefront of the debate with masterful theoretical clarity, philosophical acumen, historical accuracy, and impressive knowledge, presenting to us a vivid account of Hegel's political thought. In this brief note I discuss the central philosophical, hermeneutical, and historical concerns of the book while highlighting its principal contributions to the wider scholarship on Hegel, in the history of political thought, and to recent debates about revolutions in nineteenth-century Europe.

The performance intentions that interfene into public spaces− ‘site-specific performances' – can raise several issues, and this article will debate some of them. From artistic, sociological, cultural and geographic perspectives, urban interventions and performances take place in the artistic scenario and in the development of contemporary space. This article starts with the experience of the Danish group 'Udflugt', that has been in Rio de Janeiro presenting the methodologies and processes which arose after the birth of the concept of 'The Invisible (...) Reality Show' which is used in their work. Through this article I intend to make connections between the perceptive changes of daily space, the processes of sociability, and the artistic experience in the urban context. (shrink)

Cinema no abrigo: encontros, gestos e acontecimento Resumo: Este texto é fruto de reflexões sobre nossa vivência com o Projeto de Extensão “Educação, Cinema, Outros Territórios” no Lar de Idosos ‘Abrigo Tiradentes’, em Minas Gerais. Um objetivo específico do Projeto é realizar sessões de cinema junto aos idosos em diferentes territórios. A metodologia e a avaliação das ações são compreendidas como um gesto de acompanhamento do Programa de Extensão, amparado na investigação cartográfica, prática metodológica pertinente para o acompanhamento de processos (...) em curso e a produção de subjetividades. As questões que nos colocamos para esta reflexão são: o que pode o cinema num Abrigo de Idosos? Quais conexões poderíamos arquitetar entre cinema, linguagem e acontecimento? O que essas pessoas experimentam com os filmes? O que poderíamos exercitar, a partir do conceito de acontecimento, no pensamento? Buscamos, por meio deste ensaio, um exercício de pensar “acontecimentos” no nosso encontro com os moradores e com os filmes durante as sessões de cinema no Lar de Idosos – Abrigo Tiradentes. Palavras-chave: Acontecimento; Cinema; Idoso. Cinema in the shelter: meetings, gestures and events Abstract: This text is the result of reflections on our experience with the “Education, Cinema, Other Territories” Extension Project at the Lar de Idosos Abrigo Tiradentes, in Minas Gerais. A specific objective of the Project is to hold cinema sessions with the elderly in different territories. The methodology and the evaluation of the actions are understood as a gesture of monitoring the Extension Program, supported by cartographic research, methodological practice relevant to the monitoring of ongoing processes and the production of subjectivities. The questions we ask ourselves for this reflection are: what can cinema do in a Shelter for the Elderly? What connections could we make between cinema, language and event? What do these people experience with films? What could we exercise, based on the concept of event, in thought? Through this essay, we seek an exercise in thinking about “events” in our meeting with the residents and with the films during the cinema sessions at Lar de Idosos – Abrigo Tiradentes. Key-words: Event; Cinema; Elderly. Cine en el retiro: encuentros, gestos y acontecimientos Resumen: Este texto es el resultado de reflexiones sobre nuestra experiencia con el Proyecto de Extensión “Educación, Cine, Otros Territorios” en el Lar de Idosos Abrigo Tiradentes, en Minas Gerais. Un objetivo específico del Proyecto es realizar sesiones de cine con personas mayores en diferentes territorios. La metodología y la evaluación de las acciones se entienden como un gesto de seguimiento del Programa de Extensión, con el apoyo de la investigación cartográfica, la práctica metodológica relevante para el seguimiento de los procesos en curso y la producción de subjetividades. Las preguntas que nos hacemos para esta reflexión son: ¿qué puede hacer el cine en un refugio para ancianos? ¿Qué conexiones podríamos hacer entre cine, idioma y evento? ¿Qué experimentan estas personas con las películas? ¿Qué podríamos ejercer, basado en el concepto de evento, en el pensamiento? A través de este ensayo, buscamos un ejercicio para pensar acerca de los "eventos" en nuestra reunión con los residentes y con las películas durante las sesiones de cine en Lar de Idosos – Abrigo Tiradentes. Palabras-claves: Acontecimentos; Cine; Ancianos. Data de registro: 19/03/2020 Data de aceite: 28/08/2020. (shrink)

'Community' and 'justice' recur in anthropological, historical, and legal scholarship, yet as concepts they are notoriously slippery. Historians and lawyers look to anthropologists as 'community specialists', but anthropologists often avoid the concept through circumlocution: although much used by historians, legal thinkers, and political philosophers, the term remains strikingly indeterminate and often morally overdetermined. 'Justice', meanwhile, is elusive, alternately invoked as the goal of contemporary political theorizing, and wrapped in obscure philosophical controversy. A conceptual knot emerges in much legal and political (...) thought between law, justice, and community, but theories abound, without any agreement over concepts.The contributors to this volume use empirical case studies to unpick threads of this knot. Local codes from Anglo-Saxon England, north Africa, and medieval Armenia indicate disjunctions between community boundaries and the subjects of local rules and categories; processes of justice from early modern Europe to eastern Tibet suggest new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between law and justice; and practices of exile that recur throughout the world illustrate contingent formulations of community. In the first book in the series, Legalism: Anthropology and History, law was addressed through a focus on local legal categories as conceptual tools. Here this approach is extended to the ideas and ideals of justice and community. Rigorous cross-cultural comparison allows the contributors to avoid normative assumptions, while opening new avenues of inquiry for lawyers, anthropologists, and historians alike. (shrink)

This article presents reflections on our experience with quilombola women, through the lens of the coloniality of power-knowledge. The text aims to challenge the contradictions we face as researchers and as women. We describe the workshop we presented over four days with the participation of the quilombola women, as well as the quilombo community where the activities were held. We discuss the performance of coloniality during the time we spent together and how it was present in the organization of knowledge (...) and in our bodies, the repercussions of coloniality on ourselves, and the possibility of decolonizing knowledge and subjects, in spite of the colonial pattern of power. The activities we carried out with these women left marks on us and served as a stimulus for us to decolonize ourselves, our judgments of the object-other, as well as our writing and research practices. (shrink)

Research has stressed the importance of universities in developing entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) and their possible social and economic impacts on society. Concerning this commitment, social entrepreneurs (SEs) favor university actions that facilitate the improvement of their individual capital. However, research on this topic has received little attention. This study investigated how universities contribute to the advancement of EEs. It also examines the mechanisms that universities employ to support SEs. Two survey instruments were administered: one to 418 SEs, and the other (...) to 494 people affiliated with universities. The results indicate that universities can be key actors in EEs because they can mobilize resources aligned with their institutional commitments, including training, facilities, and contact with several stakeholders. Additionally, SEs rely on training opportunities and connections with other stakeholders to implement entrepreneurial initiatives. Accordingly, our study highlights the critical role universities play in the development and survival of SEs. (shrink)

Este artigo visa analisar, após apresentar o modelo atual do Estado regulador, a necessidade e possibilidade de incluir as novas tecnologias, especialmente a inteligência artificial, como objeto de tópico específico no bojo da regulação, considerando se tratar de tema recente e sob significativo interesse. Vivencia-se, atualmente, um boom na área tecnológica, com novas tecnologias surgindo a todo momento. Os impactos sobre a sociedade, de diversas ordens, tais como jurídicos, sociais e econômicos, não podem ser subestimados. Portanto, o Estado tem que (...) estar preparado para regulá-los. Este artigo propõe expor os desafios e as possibilidades envolvendo a regulação do assunto. Para tanto, fora utilizada a metolodogia qualitativa, fundamentada principalmente na revisão bibliográfica e na análise hermenêutica de corpos legislativos selecionados, com uma natureza prescritiva que propõe um modelo regulatório adaptado às necessidades impostas pelas novas tecnologias, especialmente a inteligência artificial. (shrink)

Procuramos explorar o potencial das criações humanas visando dar algum prospecto para a questão da entropia e sua irreversibilidade de acordo com as definições da termodinâmica. Para tanto, seguindo a relação de ordem e desordem que explicam a entropia em Erwin Schrödinger, traça-se uma comparação entre os tipos de criação e quais caminhos elas podem tomar em via de acelerar ou retardar a morte térmica do Universo. A partir disso, em via de explorar melhor a atividade neguentrópica da criatividade, utilizando (...) como apoio o artigo de Monique Allain, relaciona-se o modo como a arte consegue ressaltar essa atividade afastando-nos da irreversibilidade do sistema. Neste ponto, o rumo tomado para explicitar a atuação artística são as técnicas de dança dos coreógrafos contemporâneos Pina Bausch e Merce Cunningham, tendo como base a apresentação de ambos pela perspectiva filosófica de José Gil. (shrink)

El artículo intenta explorar el poemario Álbum de Valparaíso de Elvira Hernández, a partir de la confluencia de las propuestas de sujeto “náufrago” y “testigo imposible”. El objetivo de esto, es proponer una descentralización del texto señalado, debido a que se posicionaría como una producción poética tránsfuga que sobrepasa las clasificaciones “generacionales” de los años 90 del siglo XX y del 2000. Por otra parte, el concepto de heterotopía planteado por Foucault, nos ayudará a reconocer y problematizar el espacio liminal (...) que se construye en el poemario y desde cual se produce la enunciación del sujeto poético. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende evidenciar a relação entre o hedonismo e a educação – sobretudo a educação moral – dentro do pensamento de Mill. Primeiramente, mostrarei que sua noção de felicidade é mais complexa que a de seus predecessores utilitaristas e que seu hedonismo qualitativo concebe os prazeres resultantes das capacidades tipicamente humanas como sendo os melhores prazeres e também os constituintes de modos de vida mais felizes. Na sequência, discutirei duas objeções ao hedonismo de Mill. Na seção seguinte, apresentarei como (...) a educação é necessária para a formação dos juízes competentes, aqueles agentes capazes de julgar quais prazeres são superiores e quais são inferiores. Tratarei brevemente do papel da liberdade neste contexto. Concluirei que, para Mill, as pessoas mais educadas tendem a ser mais felizes e mais aptas a realizar toda espécie de juízos ; de modo que a sociedade tem fortes razões para oferecer a todos os agentes a oportunidade para se desenvolverem e para satisfazerem as condições necessárias para atingirem a felicidade e realizarem tais juízos. (shrink)

A primeira parte do artigo trata das discussões sobre a possibilidade de leitura de Políbio por parte de Maquiavel. Na segunda, aponta-se o limite epistemológico exposto pela teoria política do historiador grego, que coloca as causas externas de corrupção da cidade no lugar de ininteligível. Assinala-se, ainda, a centralidade da ideia de equilíbrio e concórdia entre as partes da cidade. Na última seção, indica-se como Maquiavel insere as relações internacionais na equação política da cidade, ponto em que entra em discussão (...) a dinâmica do povo. (shrink)

Nesse artigo nos interessa discutir as heranças da colonização histórica na América Latina, privilegiando um recorte que refletirá sobre o discurso estético como via de contestação das relações de dominação e poder advindas dos processos colonizadores. Para melhor iluminar tal perspectiva, retomaremos o debate decolonial contemporâneo, tomando suas observações como ponto de partida para contextualizar a política das imagens conformada pelo Cinema Novo, bem como o alinhamento das posições intelectuais do movimento àquelas do Modernismo. Após essa revisão, discutiremos brevemente o (...) gesto político endereçado por alguns filmes do cinema nacional recente, na figuração que propõem da alteridade. (shrink)