This article analises the philosophical principles of the interpretation made by Hans-Georg Gadamer about the phenomenon called “historic-comprehension”. In order to this objective,it is proposed a critical dialogue between the gadamerian hermeneutic and Hegel´s philosophy. First, the author ..

El ensayo consta de tres partes: en la primera, se establece una breve genealogía de la afinidad entre el nacimiento de la Filosofía de la historia y la noción de Progreso. En la segunda, se extraen algunas consecuencias políticas del hecho de que la idea de Progreso se tradujera como pura aceleración del tiempo histórico. Finalmente, se problematiza la idea de la muerte del Tiempo en tanto efecto postmoderno de la aceleración del Progreso. Y se realiza una crítica a las (...) prácticas políticas que, tras la postmodernidad, volvieron a destacar las relaciones entre experiencia histórica y eficacia racional, sustituyendo los ideales emancipatorios ilustrados por meros ideales securitarios. Volviendo a poner sobre la mesa la idea de Futuro tan sólo como amenaza que hay que controlar. (shrink)

El ensayo consta de tres partes: primera, un breve estudio histórico del surgimiento de las políticas radicales, con especial atención al papel político desempeñado en Europa a lo largo del siglo XVI por las revoluciones sociales inspiradas en el cristianismo reformado. Segunda, una lectura crítica de la secularización como paradigma de modernización que transformó a los dioses movilizadores del radicalismo político. Incluye un comentario del debate entre Karl Löwith y Hans Blumenberg en torno al surgimiento de una concepción moderna de (...) la temporalidad histórica y a la relación entre progreso y escatología. Y una tercera, un apunte filosófico sobre el desplazamiento semántico del término «extremismo» como síntoma del olvido posmoderno de lo político. Finalmente, el análisis histórico de las relaciones entre extremismos y desencantamiento se centra en la importancia que adquiere la ficción como figura del poder político. (shrink)

We show how to interpret intuitionistic propositional logic into a predicative second-order intuitionistic propositional system having only the conditional and the universal second-order quantifier. We comment on this fact. We argue that it supports the legitimacy of using classical logic in a predicative setting, even though the philosophical cast of predicativism is nonrealistic. We also note that the absence of disjunction and existential quantifications allows one to have a process of normalization of proofs that avoids the use of "commuting conversions.".

We present a new functional interpretation, based on a novel assignment of formulas. In contrast with Gödel’s functional “Dialectica” interpretation, the new interpretation does not care for precise witnesses of existential statements, but only for bounds for them. New principles are supported by our interpretation, including the FAN theorem, weak König’s lemma and the lesser limited principle of omniscience. Conspicuous among these principles are also refutations of some laws of classical logic. Notwithstanding, we end up discussing some applications of the (...) new interpretation to theories of classical arithmetic and analysis. (shrink)

En este artículo presentamos las principales corrientes de la Filosofía Experimental y atendemos a una de las críticas más severas a la que se ha sometido este reciente programa de renovación metodológica. Según Antti Kauppinen la Filosofía Experimental está condenada al fracaso porque no puede obtener mediante sus métodos el tipo de intuiciones que interesan a los filósofos –las intuiciones robustas del hablante competente. Aun aceptando parte de las críticas de Kauppinen, en este artículo sostenemos, en primer lugar, que la (...) supuesta incapacidad de la Filosofía Experimental para acceder a las intuiciones robustas de los hablantes tiene que ver en gran medida con los métodos experimentales empleados hasta ahora por los filósofos experimentales. En segundo lugar, defendemos que el proyecto de reforma llevado a cabo desde la Filosofía Experimental resultará viable solo si se adoptan una serie de consejos metodológicos procedentes de la economía experimental. Únicamente entonces podrán los experimentalistas responder con éxito a la objeción de Kauppinen. (shrink)

The control principle implies that people should not feel guilt for outcomes beyond their control. Yet, the so-called ‘agent and observer puzzles’ in philosophy demonstrate that people waver in their commitment to the control principle when reflecting on accidental outcomes. In the context of car accidents involving conventional or autonomous vehicles, Study 1 established that judgments of responsibility are most strongly associated with expressions of guilt–over and above other negative emotions, such as sadness, remorse or anger. Studies 2 and 3 (...) then confirmed that, while people generally endorse the control principle, and deny that occupants in an AV should feel guilt when involved in an accident, they nevertheless ascribe guilt to those same occupants. Study 3 also uncovered novel implications of the observer puzzle in the legal context: Passengers in an AV were seen as more legally liable than either passengers in a conventional vehicle, or even their drivers–especially when participants were prompted to reflect on the passengers’ affective experience of guilt. Our findings document an important conflict–in the context of AV accidents–between people’s prescriptive reasoning about responsibility and guilt on one hand, and their counter-normative experience of guilt on the other, with apparent implications for liability decisions. (shrink)

En el relato de Marcos de la curación del paralítico (Mc 2,1-12), se inserta una disputa o controversia entre algunos escribas y Jesús sobre la autoridad de éste para perdonar pecados (Mc 2,6-10a). El objeto de este artículo es analizar esa disputa y determinar las posibles razones de su inserción en este relato de Marcos.

El pasaje marcano de la estancia de Jesús en el desierto (Mc 1,12-13), suele interpretarse de un modo simbólico como el escenario de la nueva creación. Sin embargo, en este artículo se interpreta de otro modo: como el escenario que describe las condiciones en las que Jesús, impulsado por el Espíritu, va a desempeñar su misión.

We introduce a new typed combinatory calculus with a type constructor that, to each type σ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma $$\end{document}, associates the star type σ∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma ^*$$\end{document} of the nonempty finite subsets of elements of type σ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma $$\end{document}. We prove that this calculus enjoys the properties of strong normalization and confluence. With the aid of this star combinatory (...) calculus, we define a functional interpretation of first-order predicate logic and prove a corresponding soundness theorem. It is seen that each theorem of classical first-order logic is connected with certain formulas which are tautological in character. As a corollary, we reprove Herbrand’s theorem on the extraction of terms from classically provable existential statements. (shrink)

It is known that there is a sound and faithful translation of the full intuitionistic propositional calculus into the atomic polymorphic system F at, a predicative calculus with only two connectives: the conditional and the second-order universal quantifier. The faithfulness of the embedding was established quite recently via a model-theoretic argument based in Kripke structures. In this paper we present a purely proof-theoretic proof of faithfulness. As an application, we give a purely proof-theoretic proof of the disjunction property of the (...) intuitionistic propositional logic in which commuting conversions are not needed. (shrink)

We present a functional interpretation of Peano arithmetic that uses Gödel’s computable functionals and which systematically injects uniformities into the statements of finite-type arithmetic. As a consequence, some uniform boundedness principles are interpreted while maintaining unmoved the -sentences of arithmetic. We explain why this interpretation is tailored to yield conservation results.

We define a notion of realizability, based on a new assignment of formulas, which does not care for precise witnesses of existential statements, but only for bounds for them. The novel form of realizability supports a very general form of the FAN theorem, refutes Markov's principle but meshes well with some classical principles, including the lesser limited principle of omniscience and weak König's lemma. We discuss some applications, as well as some previous results in the literature.

When is humanitarian intervention legitimate and how should such interventions be conducted? This article sets out eight liberal principles that underlie humanitarian intervention, some of them abstract principles of international ethics and others more concrete principles that apply specifically to humanitarian intervention. It argues that whilst these principles do not determine the legitimacy of particular interventions, they should ?incline? our judgments towards approval or disapproval. The basic principles include the liberal idea that governments are the mere agents of the people, (...) that tyrannical governments forfeit their legal protections, that human rights entail obligations for governments, that justifiable intervention must intend the end of tyranny or anarchy, that the doctrine of double-effect should be respected, that intervention is only warranted in severe cases, that intervention be welcomed by those it is intended to save, and that ideally it is welcomed by the community of democratic states. (shrink)

The main task of a critical theory of medicine should be to develop a perspectival, context-fair, and multidimensional science of actions which integrates both diversity and heterogeneity within medicine without eliminating either one. Such a theory should employ diversity in the following areas: (1) in systems, subsystems, and professions, because different medical professions embody different health-care subsystems, thereby influencing the way manpower is utilized, (2) in actors, (e.g., patients, health-care experts, and society), processes, and situations, because each actor potentially conceptualizes (...) health, illness, and desired outcomes differently; and (3) in models of medicine (i.e., as an object science versus an action science). Situational influences modify concepts and explanatory models; even the particular terms, such as illness, disease, and sickness, are not necessarily concordant with each other. (shrink)

Conservativity in generalized quantifiers is linked to presupposition filtering, under a propositions-as-types analysis extended with dependent quantifiers. That analysis is underpinned by modeltheoretically interpretable proofs which inhabit propositions they prove, thereby providing objects for quantification and hooks for anaphora.

When can a group legitimately form its own state? Under international law, some groups can but others cannot. But the standard is unclear, and traditional legal analysis has failed to elucidate it. In The Theory of Self-Determination, leading scholars chart new territory in our theoretical conception of self-determination. Drawing from diverse scholarship in international law, philosophy, and political science, they attempt to move beyond the prevailing nationalist conceptions of group definition. At issue are such universal questions as: when does a (...) group qualify as a 'people'? Does history matter? Or is it a question of ethnic status? Are these matters properly solved by popular vote? Anchored in modern analytical political philosophy but with implications for a wide range of scholarship, this volume will prove essential for scholars and practitioners of international law, global justice, and international relations. (shrink)

Teson critiques a recent article by John Rawls in which Rawls extends his acclaimed political theory to include international relations.

In this article we study applications of the bounded functional interpretation to theories of feasible arithmetic and analysis. The main results show that the novel interpretation is sound for considerable generalizations of weak König’s Lemma, even in the presence of very weak induction. Moreover, when this is combined with Cook and Urquhart’s variant of the functional interpretation, one obtains effective versions of conservation results regarding weak König’s Lemma which have been so far only obtained non-constructively.

Edward Nelson published in 1986 a book defending an extreme formalist view of mathematics according to which there is an impassable barrier in the totality of exponentiation. On the positive side, Nelson embarks on a program of investigating how much mathematics can be interpreted in Raphael Robinson's theory of arithmetic Q. In the shadow of this program, some very nice logical investigations and results were produced by a number of people, not only regarding what can be interpreted in Q but (...) also what cannot be so interpreted. We explain some of these results and rely on them to discuss Nelson's position. (shrink)

Esse texto é um resultado parcial e provisório de uma pesquisa de Pós-doutorado em andamento na Scuola Normale Superiore de Pisa/Italia sobre a supervisão do filósofo Roberto Esposito. Observa-se que nessas primeiras décadas do século XXI o pensamento filosófico Italiano, por algumas das razões que tentaremos expor abaixo, tem sido objeto de um grande interesse mundial, tornando-se objeto de inúmeros seminários, livros e artigos. O texto tenta avaliar se existiria algo como uma “filosofia Italiana” para além da pertença nacional daqueles (...) que contribuíram para a sua construção. Pode-se falar em uma Italian Theory? Se a resposta a essa questão for afirmativa, quais seriam as suas especificidades? (shrink)

This article explores the transformative power of art circulation by analysing surprising narratives of abducted fountains across the early modern Mediterranean area under the political influence of the Spanish Empire. The object of this study will be the stories of Italian fountains stolen by Spanish viceroys or rescued during naval skirmishes between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire. These narratives reveal a widespread desire for fountains throughout the Mediterranean, which generated a sequence of geographical relocations and cultural translations. My (...) aim is to conceptualise the desire for Italian fountains as an engine for continental circulation, taking into consideration several cases of stolen, abducted, or captive works of sculpture whose stories navigate the dubious boundaries of historical truth and resemble more popular episodes of thefts of relics or the kidnapping and trafficking of enslaved people. Sometimes demonstrable facts, sometimes charming legends linked to the suggestive power of water, these episodes disclose the life of monumental art in motion and subvert the widespread reading of fountains as site-specific objects. (shrink)

Forsyth’s (1980) Ethics Position Questionnaire and Hunt et al.’s (1989) Corporate Ethical Value Questionnaire are used to examine the ethical ideologies of senior managers from organizations listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The results indicate how corporate ethical values, religion, gender, and age are related to the idealism and relativism of senior Australian managers. After discussing the results, limitations of the study are offered. Finally, managerial implications are provided and recommendations for future research are given.

We give an elementary proof of the strong normalization of the atomic polymorphic calculus Fat.

Every model of IΔ0 is the tally part of a model of the stringlanguage theory Th-FO . We show how to “smoothly” introduce in Th-FO the binary length function, whereby it is possible to make exponential assumptions in models of Th-FO. These considerations entail that every model of IΔ0 + ¬exp is a proper initial segment of a model of Th-FO and that a modicum of bounded collection is true in these models.

Contra el "sentido ordinario" de que la justicia implica, entre otras cosas, dar a cada quien lo que se merece, en su teoría de la justicia como equidad John Rawls adopta una perspectiva normativa radicalmente anti-meritocrática al considerar que nadie merece su lugar inicial en la sociedad y, por lo tanto, los factores contingentes no pueden tener incidencia distributiva. Desde el comunitarismo, se argumenta que la concepción rawlsiana del sujeto –despojado de casi toda particularidad– impide abordar la cuestión del mérito (...) en tanto bien social propio de la esfera del reconocimiento. El libertarismo de derecha nozickeano, en tanto, recusa las pretensiones rawlsianas ya que desconoce la validez de la regla contractual que impide sacar provecho total de los atributos moralmente arbitrarios. Desde el igualitarismo relacional, Thomas Scanlon procura una rehabilitación limitada del mérito, en la medida en que sea o bien institucionalmente dependiente o merecimiento puro. Así, en lo que sigue, examinaremos la propuesta rawlsiana y la de sus críticos, para mostrar que, en definitiva, la anti-meritocracia de Rawls sale airosa de los embates más radicales y, en cierta medida, puede alojar la posición de Scanlon pero al precio de volverse menos exigente. ARK: ark:/s18537960/thqx/xirg. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é evidenciar a contribuição dos argumentos do ensaio “ideologia e educação”, publicado por Marilena Chaui originalmente em 1980, para a fundamentação de uma percepção pedagógica da ideologia presente no interior das práticas educativas e escolares. a partir de um resgate dos eixos fundamentais da reflexão colocada por chaui pretendemos aclarar a atualidade do tema no brasil e explicitar a dimensão dos problemas por ela levantados no processo de transformação do licenciando em educador. finalmente, em forma de (...) relato, descreverei como esta transformação foi experimentada não só por mim, quando estudante de pedagogia, mas também por colegas de curso. (shrink)

The notion of linguistic correction with which Augustine of Hippo introduced his Ars pro fratrum mediocritate breuiata seems central to the philosopher's grammatical discussion, not only because of the various examples that Augustine offers about the definitions of barbarism and soloecism at the end of this treatise, but also because the subject of correction and, consequently, of the deviations of language, are also presented in other non-grammatical works: The confessions, De ordine and De doctrina Christiana. In this article, we propose (...) to evaluate the conceptual outlines of the notions of barbarism and solecism in the work of Augustine, considering, on the one hand, the definitions present in the Ars breuiata, and, on the other, the way in which Augustine also presents them in his philosophical work. We propose that the normative orientation contained in the text of ars must be relativised by ethical questions that arise from the comments present in the Confessions, the De ordine and the De doctrina Christiana. (shrink)

Este artículo rastrea el concepto de “felicidad” en la obra Anti-Séneca o Discurso sobre la felicidad de Julien Offray de La Mettrie (2010). Antes de explorar el término “felicidad”, es indispensable responder la pregunta: ¿qué entiende La Mettrie por “ser humano”? Para ello, en la primera sección se analiza la idea de “cuerpo humano”, entendido como máquina orgánica. En la segunda sección discutimos los daños físicos o enfermedades que pueden afectar la máquina o cuerpo humano. En la tercera parte exploramos (...) la concepción de “felicidad” entendida como placer carnal, voluptuosidad y felicidad orgánica o arterial. En la cuarta sección examinamos los diferentes caminos para alcanzar la vida feliz. Concluimos que la felicidad, para La Mettrie, es el resultado de la organización o composición del cuerpo humano; por lo tanto, el individuo, al actuar según su naturaleza, debe quedar exento de recriminación o juicios éticos. (shrink)