We need to understand the impossible. Francesco Berto and Mark Jago start by considering what the concepts of meaning, information, knowledge, belief, fiction, conditionality, and counterfactual supposition have in common. They are all concepts which divide the world up more finely than logic does. Logically equivalent sentences may carry different meanings and information and may differ in how they're believed. Fictions can be inconsistent yet meaningful. We can suppose impossible things without collapsing into total incoherence. Yet for the leading philosophical (...) theories of meaning, these phenomena are an unfathomable mystery. To understand these concepts, we need a metaphysical, logical, and conceptual grasp of situations that could not possibly exist: Impossible Worlds. This book discusses the metaphysics of impossible worlds and applies the concept to a range of central topics and open issues in logic, semantics, and philosophy. It considers problems in the logic of knowledge, the meaning of alternative logics, models of imagination and mental simulation, the theory of information, truth in fiction, the meaning of conditional statements, and reasoning about the impossible. In all these cases, impossible worlds have an essential role to play. (shrink)

The Description Logic Handbook covers all aspects of the research in the field of knowledge representation. Written by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, and covering the basic technical material and implementational aspects, it is both a unique reference and a self-study guide.

Tractatus 4.024 inspired the dominant semantics of our time: truth-conditional semantics. Such semantics is focused on possible worlds: the content of p is the set of worlds where p is true. It has become increasingly clear that such an account is, at best, defective: we need an ‘independent factor in meaning, constrained but not determined by truth-conditions’ (Yablo 2014, p. 2), because sentences can be differently true at the same possible worlds. I suggest a missing comment which, had it been (...) included in the Tractatus, would have helped semantics get this right from the start. This is my 4.0241: ‘Knowing what is the case if a sentence is true is knowing its ways of being true’: knowing a sentence’s truth possibilities and what we now call its topic, or subject matter. I show that the famous ‘fundamental thought’ that ‘the “logical constants” do not represent’ (4.0312) can be understood in terms of ways-based views of meaning. Such views also help with puzzling claims like 5.122: ‘If p follows from q, the sense of “p” is contained in the that of “q”’, which are compatible with a conception of entailment combining truth-preservation with the preservation of topicality, or of ways of being true. (shrink)

Contemporain de la crise de la philosophie de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, Brentano a voulu contribuer à sa renaissance en revenant à ses sources aristotéliciennes. Husserl a reconnu sa dette - celle de toute la phénoménologie -, et Heidegger aussi, envers ce philosophe autrichien en qui ils voyaient celui qui les avait conduits à la philosophie. Dans sa Psychologie du point de vue empirique, il avait défendu la thèse de l'intentionnalité des faits de conscience et esquissé une théorie (...) de l'évidence. Fondamentale pour l'ensemble de sa philosophie, et en particulier pour penser la rectitude ou la correction du jugement et des sentiments d'amour et de haine, cette théorie ne sera pleinement élaborée qu'en 1889 dans L'Origine de la connaissance morale. Cette conférence, et celle, contemporaine, relative à l'évidence, ainsi que l'ensemble des dictées posthumes qui s'échelonnent de 1889 à 1915 permettent d'en saisir la nature et l'évolution. Récusant aussi bien le kantisme que l'utilitarisme, L'Origine de la connaissance morale sera discuté par les membres du Cercle de Vienne et inspirera, outre Husserl, la phénoménologie morale de Max Scheler. Brentano ne s'est pas contenté d'exposer le versant éthique de sa pensée sans lui donner une assise dans la sphère de la logique : c'est le rôle dévolu à La Doctrine du jugement correct qui invite, de son côté, à une réforme d'autant plus radicale de la logique qu'elle met en question la théorie prédicative traditionnelle du jugement. (shrink)

Emotions are a core factor of learning. Studies have shown that multiple emotions are co-experienced during learning and have a significant impact on learning outcomes. The present study investigated the importance of multiple, co-occurring emotions during learning about human biology with MetaTutor, a hypermedia-based intelligent tutoring system. Person-centered as well as variable-centered approaches of cluster analyses were used to identify emotion clusters. The person-centered clustering analyses indicated three emotion profiles: a positive, negative and neutral profile. Students with a negative profile (...) learned less than those with other profiles and also reported less usage of emotion regulation strategies. Emotion clusters identified through spectral co-clustering confirmed these results. Throughout the learning activity, emotions built a stable correlational structure of a positive, a negative, a neutral and a boredom emotion cluster. Positive emotion cluster scores before the learning activity and negative emotion cluster scores during the learning activity predicted learning, but not consistently. These results reveal the importance of negative emotions during learning with MetaTutor. Potential moderating factors and implications for the design and development of educational interventions that target emotions and emotion regulation with digital learning environments are discussed. (shrink)

Not only does this book further our understanding of Rosenzweig's daunting work, The Star of Redemption -- a seemingly inexhaustible text -- but of Rosenzweig's ...