This article focuses on a specific genre, the report of a university council meeting. It aims to relate the specific features of the text to the body whose minutes it is, and to the institution within which it is produced. To this end, we are analysing a corpus of reports from the University of Nanterre between 1971 and 1973, precisely at the time when the university as we know it was created following the Faure Law. As the archives also (...) revealed the presence of some drafts, it was possible to combine the historical approach with a genetic one, revealing the principles guiding the drafting of these texts. In this way, we have shown that the reports, through the way in which they negotiate the constraints that weigh on their drafting and fulfil their function of 'taking the place' (“tenant lieu”), deliver a certain representation of the council, which the drafts, through their reflexive dimension, make it possible to materialise. (shrink)

The philosophical world is indebted to Alvin Goldman for a number of reasons, and among them, his defense of the relevance of cognitive science for philosophy of mind. In Simulating minds, Goldman discusses with great care and subtlety a wide variety of experimental results related to mindreading from cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social psychology and developmental psychology. No philosopher has done more to display the resourcefulness of mental simulation. I am sympathetic with much of the general direction of Goldman’s theory. (...) I agree with him that mindreading is not a single system based on a single mechanism. And I admire his attempt to bring together the cognitive neuroscientific discovery of mirror system phenomena and the philosophical account of pretense within a unique theoretical framework of mental simulation. To do so, Goldman distinguishes two types of mindreading, respectively, based on low-level and high-level simulation. Yet, I wonder in what sense they are really two distinct processes. Here, I will confine myself largely to spelling out a series of points that take issue with the distinction between low-level and high-level mindreading. (shrink)

This article provides a summary of current knowledge about memory illusions. The memory illusions described here focus on the recall of imagined events that have never actually occurred. The purpose is to review theoretical ideas and empirical evidence about the reality-monitoring processes involved in memory illusions. Reality monitoring means deciding whether the memory has been perceptually derived or been self-generated (thought or imagined). A few key findings from the literature have been reported in this paper and these focus on internal (...) source-monitoring judgments which distinguish perceptual events from imagined events. Finally, the experimental paradigms used to shed light on processes occurring in the failure of reality monitoring in healthy subjects may be extended to an examination of the causes and the prevention of hallucinations in patients. (shrink)

Dans cet entretien avec David Christoffel, la cinéaste décrit et analyse les attentes qui ont pesé sur elle durant le tournage et la réalisation de son film La Vie de Château, qui donne la parole à des demandeurs d’asile regroupés dans un centre d’accueil du cœur de Bruxelles. Pour déjouer les clichés auxquels menace sans cesse de se réduire leur image, elle a réintroduit de la fiction et du merveilleux afin de mieux documenter leurs parcours complexes.

The Jewish Question in the Pages of Contimporanul. It is my interest to investigate how one of the Romanian leading interwar avant-garde magazines, Contimporanul (1922-1932), tackled the Jewish question. In this respect, I will consider the various standpoints the contributors took on the matter, presenting it in all its facets and complexity, as both a political and a cultural phenomenon. The analysis of the numerous articles covering the Jewish question, its causes and consequences, is meant to illustrate the sensibility Contimporanul (...) demonstrates in regard to the Jewish question. Finally, I will conclude that, as in all matters covered, the magazines’ ideological position is democratic – For its contributors’ main claim is that the young Romanian state should prove itself to be united, modern, democratic based on the principles of integration and plurality, and not a nation-state based on ethnic and religious discrimination. (shrink)

A new model of bioturbation has been developed to describe short term sediment reworking induced by macrobenthic communities. The design of the model had to consider the mixing processes, firstly, at the organism level, and secondly, at community level. This paper describes the mixing mode of the four types of bioturbators defined by the authors: the biodiffusors, the upward-conveyors, the downward-conveyors and the regenerators. The mathematical formulation of these sub-models consists of ordinary differential equations. They take into account the size (...) of the bioturbated zone, the output fluxes to the water column, tracer decay, physical mixing due to local currents and the type and intensity of the bioturbation processes. These sub-models make it possible to describe correctly the mixing events that have occurred in cores with each type of bioturbator. They also provide the basis for general bioturbation model, that will take into account the respective degrees of involvement of (i) the different bioturbation processes and their characteristics, (ii) the interference between the different processes, and (iii) make possible to predict the particle reworking in order to include it in studies of organic matter in early diagenesis. (shrink)

Cette toute première édition critique de la version arabo-latine de la _Rhétorique_ d’Aristote réalisée par Hermann l’Allemand est accompagnée d’une étude complète de la tradition latine du texte, et présente les principes d’édition adoptés ici, qui prennent en compte la version arabe de la _Rhétorique_. This is the first critical edition of Aristotle’s _Rhetoric_ in its Arabo-Latin translation made by Hermann the German. It contains a full study of the latin tradition of the text, as well as the principles used (...) in the edition, which takes account of the Arabic version of the _Rhetoric_. (shrink)

When one contrasts pain with the classic five senses, discussions generally focus on vision, which is taken as the paradigmatic example of perception. An intentionalist might argue that if the phenomenal difference between feeling and seeing bodily disturbances cannot be explained at the level of the content, it can be so at the level of the mode of presentation, and more particularly at the level of the structure of the spatial phenomenology of pain. Here I will argue that the spatial (...) phenomenology of pain shares some key features with touch by contrast to sight, but these similarities should not make us neglect major differences between these two types of bodily sensations. I shall then draw the consequences of these differences for the awareness of one’s body as one’s own. In brief, to fix the boundaries of the body that one experiences as one’s own, one must answer two questions: where does the body stop, and the rest of world start? and what matters for self-preservation? I will suggest that touch primarily answers the first question, whereas pain primarily answers the second question. (shrink)

In a recent contribution to this journal, Arjaliès (J Bus Ethics 92:57—78, 2010) suggests that the emergence of socially responsible investment (SRI) in France can be best described as a social movement with a collective identity that aimed to challenge the dominant logic of the financial market. Such an account is at odds with a body of empirical studies that approaches SRI in the French context as a process of market creation led by loosely coordinated actors with contradictory and conflicting (...) interests and values, who have mainly complied with—rather than opposed—the existing dominant financial logic of the asset-management field. In this comment, we build on this prior research to contest Arjaliès' perspective on both theoretical and empirical grounds, with the aim of highlighting the shortcomings of conflating social movements and other forms of collective actions in understanding the building of new markets in organization theory and SRI studies. We contend that in mistaking for social movement forms of collective actions that underpin the emergence of markets, scholars of organization theory may confuse distinct mechanisms in their explanation of SRI emergence across countries, overlook the complex dynamics and interactions of markets and social movements, and, most importantly, fail to evaluate the real political significance of SRI as an empirical phenomenon. We propose that future research on SRI distinguishes carefully "social-movement research as a theoretical framework" from "social movement as an empirical phenomenon" in order to avoid such drawbacks while benefiting from recent advances in social-movement research. (shrink)

Voici un objet qui semble au prime abord bien spéculatif, puisque, jamais, il ne nous sera donné d’entendre cette langue. Voici pourtant l’objet que Magali Année [désormais MA] cherche à restituer et à analyser, dont elle ménage pour nous l’approche en ciselant ses analyses et en exerçant sa grande compétence technique sur la langue grecque. Le présent ouvrage concerne la linguistique certes, mais cette « linguistique vivante » que Saussure appelait de ses vœux, et la philologie nouvelle que...

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Comme Elle Respire:Memory of Breath, Breath of MemoryFrédérique Berthet (bio)Translated by David F. Bell (bio)La poésie est un système de respiration, c'est fait pour mieux respirer.[Poetry is a respiration system, it's made for breathing better.]—Erri De Luca- Stop!- What?- I can hear you breathing!...- Stop!- Breathing?- Yes!—Paul Thomas AndersonLittle paper-fish cutouts have been placed on the ground, on the carpet.We're in the reassuring '70s stylishness of a doctor's office. (...) The carpet is soft and glistens like in interior decoration magazines, it's with it, in. We couldn't care less about what Dyson vacuum cleaners and "purifiers" boast they can eliminate several decades later: acarids, those microscopic domestic arthropods, human parasites (notably), and airborne vectors of infectious disease (colds, coughs, respiratory distress). No, in the spring of 1975, innocently and self-satisfyingly, the urbane doctor flaunts the opulent carpet with curly pile in his luxury apartment with its state-of-the-art waiting room.In this grand interior of a medical office, a man in a white coat plies his important trade. For example, that day a little girl is re-learning how to breathe. One might think that exhaling and inhaling is learned for life—je t'aime comme je respire, elle parle comme elle respire, il ment comme il respire1—from the very first cry at birth. But in fact, sometimes in life breathing gets stuck between the nasal cavity and the bronchial tubes, between the respiratory tract and the lungs. Progressively, imperceptibly, the organism is short of air, a malicious infection spreads and impairs [End Page 92] alveolar diffusion to the point of respiratory exhaustion: Is it serious, doctor? We must act quickly, very quickly. How to liquify what stopped up the system one day to the point of blocking it—the doctors know what to do.This doctor undertook long, arduous and learned studies. He knows functionally how a living being breathes, how a child lives organically. He can also re-teach the little girl what she no longer knows how to do: inhale, exhale using the full volume of the thoracic cage, regulating the ventilatory flow, solidifying the invisible membranes. In the child's family, everyone knows (and knows how to do) important things, but no one undertook extensive studies, much less studies of the aerial exchanges in the human body. This special knowledge possessed by the doctor (unless special means something else unspoken that would explain why this specific doctor was chosen rather than any other) surrounds him with a padding of respect that creates (and the little girl feels this) a sort of protective continuum between him and the walls within which he sees her, where he practices his kind of calm and slow urbane medicine. It's far from the formidable hospital she has just left, with its spherical apparatus next to the bed aspirating the red and yellow pleural liquid, the "treatment room" where the surgeon, the "butcher" as the nurses call him among themselves, manipulated the drain without anesthesia, with no regard for the child's suffering. The doctor, and his place in the elevated tower, even though they are not to be confused, make for a cozy reception space in which one is comfortable, even in passing.This doctor—who is, in truth, a massage-physiotherapist—is located in a designer high-rise building with a façade decorated by white, pointed features that manifest a will toward an architectural act. On the ground floor, the entrance hall is finished in dark-veined, clear brown marble, and the entry threshold between the exterior and interior is marked by large transparent glass panes that must be manipulated with care. The entrance hall has an intimidating sonority and a useless cold nudity from which one escapes in an elevator where one is surrounded by mirrors and gold buttons and in which one speeds upward silently toward floors, clouds.The designer high-rise is located at the outskirts, the outskirts of a city of recent Olympic stature, where several years earlier Olympic athletes were welcomed and trained to increase their respiratory capacity and... (shrink)

Le present ouvrage est ne d'un etonnement: comment se fait-il que la grammaire se soit si tardivement constituee en discipline autonome - entre le second siecle avant J. C. et le premier siecle apres J. C. -, bien posterieure donc a l'invention de la conceptualite philosophique? L'etude du langage, loin d'etre d'emblee presentee comme l'objet d'une discipline specifique, fut longtemps distribuee entre differentes disciplines: phonetique, metrique, onomastique, rhetorique, poetique, logique, dialectique. L'enquete a permis de montrer que le caractere tardif de (...) l'emergence de la grammaire devait etre mis au compte du projet specifique qui unit les philosophies platonicienne, aritotelicienne et stoicienne, projet de dire les realites dans le logoi (discours, enonces, raisonnements...), et de la mainmise correlative, par la philosophie, sur l'analyse du langage. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Analytic philosophy in the mid-twentieth century underwent a major change of direction when a prior consensus in favour of extensionalism and descriptivism made way for approaches using direct reference, the necessity of identity, and modal logic. All three were first defended, in the analytic tradition, by one woman, Ruth Barcan Marcus. But analytic philosophers now tend to credit them to Kripke, or Kripke and Carnap. I argue that seeing Barcan Marcus in her historical context – one dominated by extensionalism (...) and descriptivism – allows us to see how revolutionary she was, in her work and influence on others. I focus on her debate with Quine, who found himself retreating to softened, and more viable, versions of his anti-modal arguments as a result. I make the case that Barcan's formal logic was philosophically well-motivated, connected to her views on reference, and well-matched to her overall views on ontology. Her nominalism led her to reject posits which could not be directly observed and named, such as possibilia. She conceived of modal calculi as facilitating counterfactual discourse about actual existents. I conclude that her contributions ought to be recognized as the first of their kind. Barcan Marcus must be awarded a central place in the canon of analytic philosophy. (shrink)

Leftist Critique or Fight for Democracy? Contimporanul Covering the Trial from Dealul Spirii. The general knowledge about the political dimension of the Romanian historical avant-garde places the groups on the left of the political spectrum. However, there is little work on what this means precisely when it comes to the concrete historical situations. It may well be that Contimporanul, the main press organ of the avant-garde supported a political agenda of socialist origin, but what does it mean specifically? In order (...) to give a complete historical-intellectual picture of the Romanian avant-garde, specifically of Contimporanul, one must also account for the first couple of years of its appearance, when it published a large number of political opinion articles, written mainly by the same authors that would become central for the artistic movement as well. We aim to fill this gap in the scholar writings by giving a detailed account of the reactions found in the pages of Contimporanul related to the political events of that time, notably those that involved the socialist movement. The case in point is the Trial of Dealul Spirii and the alleged political assassinations against socialist leaders committed or condoned by the state authorities. The overall image of the political ideology of Contimporanul from those years shows rather a marked democratic attitude towards the events, and a great deal of journalistic objectivity behind the attacks against the liberal establishment. (shrink)

The Dynamic of the Avant-garde Group around Unu Literary Magazine. Going through the history of Unu literary magazine, the article describes the dynamic relationship of its group members taking into account their artistic and cultural-political stance. The evolution of the group towards a radical approach and its ideology is grasped on taking on two study cases: the Contimporanul– unu debate and the relationship carried among the group’s members. The purpose of the study is to point to how the group’s ideology (...) had an impact on its progress and dynamic constitution. Moreover, finally, the study indicates how the internal and exterior pressure led to the magazine’s dissolution. (shrink)

Le Venezuela de la fin de la période coloniale se distingue sur bien des points des autres régions d’Amérique espagnole : une prospérité économique flatteuse fondée sur le commerce du cacao et que confirment les réformes bourboniennes de la fin du siècle ; une configuration sociale contrastée mais extrêmement fluide et une aristocratie créole, les mantuanos, dont le discours et les généalogies sociales sont repris à leur compte par les autres groupes sociaux émergents, notamment par le monde des pardos (métis) (...) ; mais également l’une des révolutions d’Indépendance les plus violentes du continent. Les sensibilités métisses vont de pair avec une mémoire partagée, au quotidien ou lors d’événements bien particuliers tels que visitas ou procès. D’autant qu’un autre élément contribue à faire de cette société métisse une société en mouvement : les femmes, quel que soit leur statut social ou ethnique. Transgressions des normes sociales et morales par les aristocrates mantuanas, revendications des pardas se voulant nobles et défendant leur « honneur » : se situant dans la perspective de l’histoire des sensibilités, cette étude tentera de faire le point sur ce métissage des représentations, ainsi que sur la subversion du modèle culturel hispanique qui en découle dans les pratiques effectives. (shrink)

This is the first critical edition of Book X of the Latin version of Averroes’ Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s _Nicomachean Ethics_. The text is accompanied by a French translation and explanatory notes, and is preceded by a study of the manuscript tradition and two studies on the Commentary itself. Cette première édition critique de la version latine du Commentaire d’Averroès à l’_Éthique à Nicomaque_, accompagnée d’une traduction française annotée, est précédée de l’examen de la tradition manuscrite du texte et de (...) deux études consacrée à ce Commentaire. (shrink)

Faur's interpretation of this text reveals Maimonides's views on prophecy and philosophy, on imagination and intellect, on providence, on the importance of ...

Je reviens dans cet article sur certaines configurations conceptuelles propres à la logique stoïcienne et concernant le traitement stoïcien de la signification qui, comme on le sait, se découple en signifiant et signifié. La question que je pose est la suivante : à quelles certitudes est-on susceptible de parvenir avec les textes dont nous disposons sur la question des rapports entre signification, donc signifiant, σημαῖνον et signifié, σημαινόμενον, et λεκτόν? À l’occasion de cette interrogation, j’en viens à réouvrir l’enquête sur (...) la part éventuelle de modalité associée au λεκτόν et je propose d’analyser la signification stoïcienne tout en prenant en compte des concepts associés ou solidaires, comme les concepts de πρᾶγμα et de πτῶσις. (shrink)

Je reviens dans cet article sur certaines configurations conceptuelles propres à la logique stoïcienne et concernant le traitement stoïcien de la signification qui, comme on le sait, se découple en signifiant et signifié. La question que je pose est la suivante : à quelles certitudes est-on susceptible de parvenir avec les textes dont nous disposons sur la question des rapports entre signification, donc signifiant, σημαῖνον et signifié, σημαινόμενον, et λεκτόν? À l’occasion de cette interrogation, j’en viens à réouvrir l’enquête sur (...) la part éventuelle de modalité associée au λεκτόν et je propose d’analyser la signification stoïcienne tout en prenant en compte des concepts associés ou solidaires, comme les concepts de πρᾶγμα et de πτῶσις. (shrink)

A contribution to the sixth installment of the Common Knowledge symposium “Apology for Quietism,” this article addresses a) the extent to which the familiar term “Buddhist quietism” is legitimate, b) the use of the term by Jesuit missionaries in Asia at the time that Catholic quietism was briefly flourishing in Europe, and c) the use of the term in the European philosophical controversy over Spinozism. Faure argues that, in most cases, the European critique of Buddhism was aimed at European (...) enemies. Chan Buddhism in China and Zen in Japan came to be associated with nihilism as well as quietism, and the association proved resilient down into the twentieth century, but the Jesuit critique has a peculiar provenance. The Jesuits in China borrowed arguments against Buddhism from neo-Confucianist allies, yet the Confucian critique of Buddhism was itself indebted to arguments that had been directed by Buddhist schools against one another. Certain Chan schools had accused other Chan schools of quietism and nihilism, and Western scholars even in the later twentieth century have taken sides in these disputes as well. However, Faure argues, the “no-thought” of Chan is not the “blank slate” of Christian quietism, on which God engraves his will and blessings. Nor does Buddhist quietism lead to the extasis of mystical union. Moreover, Buddhism was perceived by East Asian rulers mainly as an ideological weapon and only secondarily as a soteriological doctrine. Indeed “warrior monks” in Japan formed bands that attacked all who threatened their interests, and the country could not be unified under Tokugawa rule until this activist Buddhism was quelled. The article concludes with an expression of admiration for quietism and a wish that there might be more of it in Buddhism now. (shrink)

The present discussion derives from a larger research project that concerns the medieval Latin translation of Averroes’ Middle Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics. The translation was carried out by Hermann the German in Toledo in 1240. I am concerned here specifically with nine passages that are distributed over three chapters of the Commentary in which the Latin translation is sprinkled with transliterations based on Greek and Arabic terms. These transliterations, which are not glosses, can be understood on several levels, and (...) these, in turn, raise questions about the boundary between transliteration proper and translation that borrows from the source language a term which is then integrated into the Latin lexicon in the form of a calque or ‘loan translation’. Examining these transliterations makes it possible, first, to show that the translator does not follow a uniform method throughout the text, which could imply the existence of several translators or several collaborators with disti... (shrink)

L’intervention de l’écrivain Thomas Clerc dans l’exposition de Pierre Huyghe au Centre Pompidou en 2013, conçue comme une performance revisitée de L’écrivain public (1995) de Huyghe, interroge le statut de l’auteur-performeur et celui de témoin doublé du statut de spectateur dans la personne de l’écrivain écrivant au cœur d’une exposition dont il fait lui-même partie. Nous interrogeons le déplacement de la fonction de l’écrivain public dans celui du traducteur de sensations et d’émotions propres à un lieu d’art, en situation d’immersion. (...) Faut-il lire ce qui fait événement en un seul et même acte sous la plume de l’écrivain comme autant de traces venant inquiéter le réel dans un travail d’enquête sur le temps d’exposition? Nous questionnons la fonction d’interprète et d’acteur d’une œuvre exposée à travers la figure de l’écrivain à l’œuvre. (shrink)

Este ensayo propone un esbozo de análisis temporal de un momento político relevante en la historia mundial del siglo XX, la Unidad Popular chilena (1970-973). Para ello, se hace una revisión de una parte de la literatura secundaria sobre esta experiencia, a partir de dos conceptos forjados que hemos propuesto para indagar la politicidad del tiempo: batallas cronopolíticas y momentum. Este último es entendido como la dinámica de un tempo social donde se puede actuar, ya sea en su capacidad de (...) mantenerse en la duración u orientar cambios a través de un impulso. Se concluye que el proyecto de la Unidad Popular buscó acelerar el momentum expansivo de esta fase de la historia chilena, lo que provocó discronías y desinscronías que obligaron a la contraofensiva reaccionaria a romper con este momentum. (shrink)

This collection of articles is an important milestone in the history of the study of time conceptions in Greek and Roman Antiquity. It spans from Homer to Neoplatonism. Conceptions of time are considered from different points of view and sources. Reflections on time were both central and various throughout the history of ancient philosophy. Time was a topic, but also material for poets, historians and doctors. Importantly, the contributions also explore implicit conceptions and how language influences our thought categories.

Cet ouvrage publié par la Société italienne des historiennes est le fruit d'un séminaire consacré aux voyages féminins qui s'est déroulé à Florence les 20 et 21 février 1998. Voyages de femmes de l'Antiquité au XIXe siècle propose 16 articles s'échelonnant de l'Antiquité à nos jours (4 sur l'Antiquité gréco-romaine, 1 sur le Xe siècle, 2 sur le Moyen Âge, 1 sur le XVIIe siècle, 3 sur le XVIIIe siècle, 3 entre XIXe et XXe siècles, 1 sur les incidences de (...) la guerre sur la condition et l... (shrink)

En partie issu d’un colloque sur les « Effets de voix : la voix et les voix dans la pensée et la littérature romaines » qui s’est tenu en novembre 2014 à Lille, ce livre rassemble dix-huit contributions, classées selon quatre grandes catégories : I. Philosophie, II. Rhétorique et médecine, III. Acoustique, théâtre et littérature, IV. Linguistique, anthropologie, religion. Il comprend également une bibliographie (p. 385-423), un index des noms (p. 425-429), un index des passages cités (p. 431-...

Les présentes remarques se proposent d’observer la façon dont les noms propres ont été traités par Averroès dans son Commentaire moyen à l’Éthique à Nicomaque, rédigé à partir de la traduction arabe du traité aristotélicien, dont une seule copie unique existe aujourd’hui, conservée dans la bibliothèque Quaraouiyine de Fès. Perdu dans sa version originale arabe, ce Commentaire n’existe – à l’exception d’une trentaine de petits fragments – que dans sa traduction latine, réalisée en 1240 par Hermann l’Allemand, et dans sa (...) traduction hébraïque, achevée par Samuel de Marseille en 1340. Analyser l’attitude d’Averroès devant les noms propres de ENar, qui pour la plupart ont été translittérés par le traducteur arabe, entraîne par voie de conséquence un examen de la façon dont Hermann et Samuel ont à leur tour réagi face à des noms propres, dont ils ne connaissaient pas nécessairement les référents puisqu’ils appartiennent à une aire c... (shrink)

Prise en un sens englobant, la notion d’affordance permet de penser en première approximation notre rapport perceptuel aux objets et surtout à ce que nous faisons du dit rapport comme sujets. Transférer cette notion psychologique à l’observation des données langagières paraît d’autant plus bienvenu qu’elle porte sur le rapport à l’activité de signifiance, au sens de Gibson. Toutefois, outre les relectures successives qui ont contribué à en ajuster l’application à l’émergence aux conventions culturelles, ou en tant que disposition à agir, (...) certaines approches liées à la phénoménologie – ethnométhodologiques et énactivistes, en particulier – ont pu en discuter l’opérativité. Pour questionner sous sa robustesse la précision de ce concept tel qu’on peut en comprendre la manifestation en discours et en interaction, on posera le caractère transitoire de sa valeur opératoire avant d’observer comment il peut croiser diverses catégories praxéologiques. Une étude de cas d’utilisation d’artefacts pour visualiser et communiquer servira de support à la réflexion. (shrink)

Le sens et la fonction de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen furent l’objet de longues et nombreuses controverses. Parmi les différentes approches du texte, juridiques ou sociologiques, nous retiendrons la méthode conçue à propos de Ténoncé performatif par le philosophe anglais J. L. Austin, car elle nous permet de découvrir sur quelles procédures conventionnelles s’appuie la bonne réception de la Déclaration, à quelles règles de conduite existantes, les constituants ont-ils fait appel. Ces conventions, en l’occurrence l’acte (...) de serment et de promesse, apparaissent dans le texte à l’état d’indices, cette dimension étant masquée par l’intensité de la rupture que la Déclaration instaure au plan politique. Ce décodage des intentions des constituants nécessite le recours à une analyse des contextes: contexte socio-historique immédiat et environnement conceptuel.The meaning and the function of the Declaration of the rights of Men and Citizen has been discussed for a long time. We prefer, among different lectures of the text, the method contrived for an explanation of performative utterances, by the english philosopher J. L. Austin: it can enable us to discover on what convention a good reception of the Declaration is based, what rules of conducts the " constituants " have choosed. These conventions - oath and promise - appear in the text as mere indications. The intensity of the political rupture hide them. To decode the " constituante " intentions, a contextual analysis is needed, that is both immediate socio-historical context and conceptual context. (shrink)

Il est de plus en plus fréquent d'entendre parler d'éducation individualisée en même temps que communautaire grâce à l'échange et à l'entraide. Cet ouvrage présente sur le sujet une documentation très fouillée; la 1ère partie fait part des fondements et précurseurs de la méthode, les réalisations font l'objet de la 2e partie et tous les documents et exemples ont été placés en 3e partie.