The possibility and extent of thought without language have been subject to much controversy. Insight from non- or minimally verbal humans can inform this debate empirically. Since most such individuals are on the autism spectrum, of which they make up a sizable 25–30%, an important connection between language and autism transpires. Here we propose a model which makes sense of this link and explains why the non-verbal human mind, as present evidence suggests, represents a fundamentally different cognitive phenotype. This model (...) views the relevant part of the autism spectrum as reflecting the breakdown of a cognitive phenotype of which language is an inherent element and which will manifest principled limitations in the latter's absence. (shrink)

¿Qué confluencias se dieron entre las obras de dos literatos como Kafka y Roth? ¿Es posible descubrir una raíz oculta de corte hasídico, a partir de la renovación espiritual que Buber llevó a cabo, en la obra de aquellos dos grandes escritores? ¿Cómo hacer dialogar a la filosofía y la literatura desde los problemas que el pensamiento judío finisecular tuvo que enfrentar? De estos problemas se ocupa el último libro de Gabriel Insausti, que desde prismas muy diferentes pero con (...) un fuerte componente filosófico nos pone ante el problema fundamental de la existencia judía y la experiencia de la extranjería en los albores del corto siglo XX. (shrink)

This paper offers a new version of a historically influential, yet today unpopular, neglected, and on the whole insufficiently developed argument for socialism: socialism makes it possible for people to really act together. This idea of socialist action, combining the claims that there is a particularly valuable form of joint action and that socialism is about making such action possible, played an important role in the history of the labor movement, going back to the early Marx and running through various (...) strands of socialist thought. I shall argue that socialist action should be seen as central to the socialist project, its critique of capitalism, and the institutional alternatives envisaged by it. (shrink)

Multiple studies show that periodic reanalysis of genomic test results held by clinical laboratories delivers significant increases in overall diagnostic yield. However, while there is a widespread consensus that implementing routine reanalysis procedures is highly desirable, there is an equally widespread understanding that routine reanalysis of individual patient results is not presently feasible to perform for all patients. Instead, researchers, geneticists and ethicists are beginning to turn their attention to one part of reanalysis—reinterpretation of previously classified variants—as a means of (...) achieving similar ends to large-scale individual reanalysis but in a more sustainable manner. This has led some to ask whether the responsible implementation of genomics in healthcare requires that diagnostic laboratories routinely reinterpret their genomic variant classifications and reissue patient reports in the case of materially relevant changes. In this paper, we set out the nature and scope of any such obligation, and analyse some of the main ethical considerations pertaining to a putative duty to reinterpret. We discern and assess three potential outcomes of reinterpretation—upgrades, downgrades and regrades—in light of ongoing duties of care, systemic error risks and diagnostic equity. We argue against the existence of any general duty to reinterpret genomic variant classifications, yet we contend that a suitably restricted duty to reinterpret ought to be recognised, and that the responsible implementation of genomics into healthcare must take this into account. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis book assumes that basic ways of thinking about history are hard‐wired in the brain. Since different styles of discourse with which we talk about the past are hardwired, Blum infers that a protohistorical consciousness is necessary for the existence of language. Historical logics reflect some preconceived part–whole relation. Blum discerns four kinds of part‐whole structure, which he terms continuity, quantum, continuum, and dialectic. Blum believes that these part–whole relations rest on universal, prereflective intuitions. He concludes that humans have different (...) prelinguistic intuitions of time.Blum claims that people's variable innate temporality is expressed in their historical style. It follows that historical style antedates history as a genre. Hence we are not talking about historical style, but about how individuals apply their sense of the relation between parts and wholes to the problem of time. Our study of historical context becomes secondary to the assumptions we make about the interface between part–whole relations and time. The temporality of history is derivative of a phenomenon that is not historical.Certain conclusions are suggestive. First, modality precedes tense in evolution. Second, we ourselves are continuing to evolve. Blum believes that we are moving “towards a selection of abstract thinkers ruled by pure reason.” Instead of viewing cultures as organisms, it is more profitable to think of the evolution of structures of thinking, and to show that some are more prominent at present than they have been in the past.For Blum, historical thinking is a dependent variable. It depends on tense and modality, which are given before language and culture. Historical thinking reflects a primary experience, but it is not such a primary experience itself. (shrink)

To achieve impact, academics need to create personal impact development plans, focused on what and on whom to have an impact and the necessary competencies to do so. Profession and university leaders play a critical role in the successful implementation of such plans.

El Estado de Hegel es el Estado de Derecho. Sin embargo en su Filosofía del Derecho se encuentran fundamentos decisivos para una teoría del Estado Social. Siguiendo el hilo de las Líneas fundamentales de la Filosofía del Derecho, se empieza por ver el derecho al bienestar, tal como se formula en la Moralidad (1). En la familia aparece el derecho de los hijos "de ser alimentados y educados" (2). El Derecho al bienestar se concreta en la sociedad civil (3), se (...) hace posible en el sistema de las necesidades (3.1.) y efectivo en la policía y la corporación (3.2 y 3.3), que ejercen funciones de suplencia de la familia. El mayor problema es la pobreza, tanto la que surge por contingencias subjetivas y sociales como por el funcionamiento mismo de la sociedad civil: la plebe. A este problema la sociedad es incapaz de darle una solución. (shrink)

Groups are ubiquitous in our lives. But while some of them are highly structured and appear to support a shared intentionality and even a shared agency, others are much less cohesive and do not seem to demand much of their individual members. Queues, for example, seem to be, at a given time, nothing over and above some individuals as they exemplify a certain spatial arrangement. Indeed, the main aim of this paper is to develop the more general thought that at (...) a given time, a group is nothing over and above some individual members as they exemplify a certain complex condition. The general conception of groups that emerges is able to accommodate a variety of constraints on a reasonable answer to the question of what are groups. (shrink)

In order to give a compositional semantics for IF -languages, we shall describe their syntax in a different way. We shall not any longer have quantifiers of the form (∃y/{Q1x1, ..., Qkxk}), (∀y/{Q1x1, ..., Qkxk}), (Qi ∈ {∃, ∀}) but instead (∃xn/{xi1, ..., xim}), (∀xn/{xi1, ..., xim}).

Resumo O curso proferido por Heidegger, no semestre de verão de 1923, e publicado posteriormente, sob o título de Ontologia: a hermenêutica da facticidade, é um dos importantes loci nos quais Heidegger deixa entrever tanto a influência e importância de Kierkegaard quanto algumas de suas avaliações acerca do pensamento do filósofo dinamarquês. Uma delas, em especial, não obstante formule um interessante juízo sobre a relação entre Kierkegaard e Hegel - a partir da figura de F. A. Trendelenburg -, um dos (...) temas mais revisitados da literatura interpretativa sobre Kierkegaard, não tem sido objeto frequente de avaliação por aqueles intérpretes. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é expor, analisar e avaliar as teses de Heidegger sobre a relação Kierkegaard-Hegel, a fim de sopesá-las em sua correção. Por fim, o artigo apresenta algumas reflexões metafilosóficas, avaliando o juízo de Heidegger sobre Kierkegaard, quanto a não ter se “desprendido de Hegel”.The course delivered by Heidegger during the Summer semester of 1923, and published later under the title of Ontology - The hermeneutics of facticity, is one of the most important loci in which we can have a glimpse of Kierkegaard’s influence on and importance to Heidegger, as well as of some of his interpretations about the thought of the Dane philosopher. One of them, notwithstanding puts forward a very interesting assessment of the relation between Kierkegaard and Hegel - through F. A. Trendelenburg -, one of hottest topics in the Kierkegaardian scholarship, is not usually analyzed by that scholarship. Hence, this paper aims to show and analyze Heidegger’s theses on the relation between Kierkegaard-Hegel in that work in order to evaluate their correctness. As final remarks, this paper presents some metaphilosophical reflections on the very notions of relation and dependence between philosophers. (shrink)

Philosophers often explain what could be the case in terms of what is, in fact, the case at one possible world or another. They may differ in what they take possible worlds to be or in their gloss of what is for something to be the case at a possible world. Still, they stand united by the threat of paradox. A family of paradoxes akin to the set-theoretic antinomies seem to allow one to derive a contradiction from apparently plausible principles. (...) Some of them concern the interaction between propositions and worlds, and they appear to afford the means to map classes of propositions into propositions – or, likewise, classes of worlds into worlds – in a one-to-one fashion that leads to contradiction. Yet another family of paradoxes threaten the view that whatever could exist does, in fact, exist, which is in line with modal realism, for example. This article aims to survey and identify the source of each family of paradoxes as well as to outline some responses to them. (shrink)

Ethical issues at the workplace have once again become topical and important due to considerable adverse publicity surrounding reports of unethical business practices by corporate managers. Accordingly, this paper re-visits the question of whether gender, age and work experience do have an effect on ethical judgement, using 655 business students as respondents. This is necessary as business students are likely to become managers during their career and will face complex ethical concerns and dilemmas in their daily, routine affairs. The findings (...) currently demonstrate that females are more ethically aware than their male counterparts – that is, there are differences between males and females regarding ethical judgement. There is also evidence to suggest that age is a factor that does impact on ethical judgement. However, we also found evidence to suggest that in some cases, the age factor does not necessarily have a significant impact on ethical awareness. The results further indicate that there is a difference in ethical judgement related to work experience. However, at the same time, in one question there is no evidence to suggest the claim that work experience does impact significantly on ethical judgement. Overall, it appears that ethical awareness does increase alongside work experience. (shrink)

I present a puzzle for absolutely unrestricted quantification. One important advantage of absolutely unrestricted quantification is that it allows us to entertain perfectly general theories. Whereas most of our theories restrict attention to one or another parcel of reality, other theories are genuinely comprehensive taking absolutely all objects into their domain. The puzzle arises when we notice that absolutely unrestricted theories sometimes impose incompatible constraints on the size of the universe.

L’assurance de mort qu’enveloppe notre condition d’êtres finis nous expose à la tentation d’adhérer à une doctrine de désespoir qui considère toute chose sous le signe du non-être. Il appartient à la pensée dialectique de préparer la commutation de cette systématique négative en une méta-prgblé- matique de l’être ; mais cette commutation elle-même ne peut être que l’oeuvre d’une liberté qui choisit de s’ouvrir au transcendant, dont elle reconnaît la sollicitation a tergo dans l’acte même par lequel elle le salue (...) et l’invoque. (shrink)

Summary Although the Copernican hypothesis is popularized in Japan by Shiba Kōkan's books published between 1793 and 1805, the whole of the conceptions of the Occidental astronomy remains unknown at that time to most of the Japanese. Through the publication of Ensei kanshō zusetsu in 1823, Yoshio Nankō does achieve posthumously the project designed two years earlier by his young disciple, Kusano Yōjun, to spread this knowledge widely among the society. The book is a great and unprecedented success. Well known (...) nowadays for its appendix (Chidō wakumon) and the influence that its content, while claiming the mobility of the Earth, did exert on the propagation of the heliocentrism in Japan until the very end of the Edo period, the book also provides as we think an unexpected and completely new platform for classical science, being the emissary of certain concepts invented by Shizuki Tadao from his relentless studies of Newtonian mechanics. Once we briefly recount Yoshio's career and discuss the sources and the morphology of his work, we give some arguments towards it. (shrink)

Thought: A Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.

O presente artigo objetiva realizar um estudo de caso que aplica o modelo de inferência da melhor explicação (inference to the best explanation, IBE) de Peter Lipton ao episódio histórico da construção do modelo de dupla-hélice do DNA, no século XX. Procura avaliar a eficiência de tal modelo quando confrontado com a história da ciência e em que medida é capaz de rivalizar com ou superar outros modelos de explicação já consolidados na literatura de filosofia da ciência, tais como os (...) modelos nomológico-dedutivo e indutivo-estatístico de Carl Hempel, o modelo de relevância estatística de Wesley Salmon, ou, ainda, o modelo pragmático de explicação de Bas van Fraassen. Por fim, a conclusão apresentada é que o modelo de inferência da melhor explicação se mostra mais eficaz para ilustrar esse episódio da história da genética do que as outras propostas filosóficas analisadas. (shrink)

The article considers the philosophical potential of Heraclitean ambiguity and implications for how one might engage philosophically with Heraclitus. While works on Heraclitus most commonly offer new interpretations or dispute or add nuance to established interpretations, this work somewhat sidesteps interpretive disputes to consider the philosophical value and relevance of Heraclitus’s fragments themselves. Specifically, a hermeneutical tool proposed by William Desmond called a “companioning approach,” is supported. Desmond’s companioning approach is considered in the context of Pierre Hadot’s account of the (...) history of hermeneutical practices to show that it merely defines and legitimizes a longstanding hermeneutical activity. Further, a recent work by A. V. Halapsis shows that Heraclitus’s ambiguity may have been a consequence of his anthropological commitments and that he may have intended to allow for something like a companioning engagement. (shrink)

We show that if a first-order structure${\cal M}$, with universe ℤ, is an expansion of (ℤ,+,0) and a reduct of (ℤ,+,<,0), then${\cal M}$must be interdefinable with (ℤ,+,0) or (ℤ,+,<,0).

We present two studies investigating the impact of causal perceptions and the moral emotions of anger, shame, and guilt on the justification of deviant workplace behavior. Study 1 tests our conceptual framework using a sample of undergraduate business students; Study 2 examines a population of practicing physicians. Results varied significantly between the two samples, suggesting that individual and contextual factors play an important role in shaping the perceptual and emotional processes by which individuals form reactions to undesirable affective workplace events. (...) Implications of these findings for the study of ethics, emotions, and attributions, as well as for promoting ethical behavior, are discussed. (shrink)

L’absence de l’amour dans Être et temps a souvent été remarquée. Qu’il s’agisse ou non d’une lacune dans l’analytique existentiale, cette absence est bien ce qui a motivé Ludwig Binswanger à proposer en 1942, dans les Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins (Formes fondamentales et connaissance du Dasein humain), une description phénoménologique de l’amour qui s’appuie directement sur les structures existentiales du Dasein telles que les a dégagées Heidegger. Ce faisant, l’ambition de...