Introduction: The actions taken by the government to deal with the consequences of the coronavirus diseases 2019 pandemic caused different levels of restriction on the mobility of the population. The need to continue offering physical exercise to individuals after stroke became an emergency. However, these individuals may have barriers to adhere to the programs delivered remotely. There is a lack of evidence related to adherence, attendance, safety, and satisfaction of remote exercise programs for this population.Objective: The aim was to evaluate (...) adherence and barriers to attend a remote physical exercise program for individuals after stroke. We aimed to identify adherence and attendance rate of the remote physical exercise program ; to identify the safety of a remote physical exercise program ; and to identify the overall experience to participate in a remote program.Materials and methods: This is a longitudinal study, including 36 stroke survivors who already attended a face-to-face physical exercise program prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The remote physical exercise program included sessions for 2 days/week for a duration of 22 weeks, with a total of 44 sessions, which were delivered asynchrony via recorded video sessions. As outcome measures, we performed two questionnaires to identify attendance, barriers, safety, and overall experience related to the program.Results: The adherence rate was 86. The attendance rate was 19, with a total of 8 sessions. The main barriers for lower attendance rate were as follows: lack of motor skills and physical fitness to workout in 80 reports, followed by no exercise companion in 44 reports. The remote physical program has been shown to be safe, and the overall experience was positive from the perspectives of the participants and the family members.Conclusion: Although the adherence rate was high, the attendance rate was low on the remote physical exercise program. The main barriers to attending the program remotely reflect the need of tailoring individually an asynchrony mode of delivering the sessions to individuals after stroke. Our results also indicate how the COVID-19 impacted the health conditions of stroke survivors. The program was safe, and the overall experience indicated a change in the mental, physical, and social health of individuals after stroke and their family members. (shrink)

Esta investigação apresenta algumas abordagens acerca da Educação Infantil, acrescentando um debate sobre Educação remota que foi proposta em 2020 até 2021 devido aos problemas sanitários da pandemia global do vírus covid-19. Além disso, trata de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consiste em investigar as principais teorias para fundamentar a prática pedagógica na Educação Infantil, que promovam variadas possibilidades de aprendizagem do educando, refletindo sobre a aplicabilidade da BNCC.

Background: The guarantee of human rights in the healthcare of individuals with mental disorders is a global challenge. Health practices frequently fail to integrate relational ethical principles in the promotion of holistic and inclusive care. It is therefore crucial to investigate how healthcare professionals perceive and conduct their practices in this context. Objective: To understand, in the light of Relational Ethics, the perceptions and conduct of healthcare professionals regarding the guarantee of human rights and the recovery process of individuals with (...) mental disorders. Research Design: An exploratory study was conducted using ideas storming techniques and field notes for data recording, which were analyzed through Thematic Analysis and discussed in the light of the core elements of Relational Ethics. Participants and Research Context: The study involved 26 healthcare professionals (15 community health workers, 5 nurses, 3 nursing assistants, 2 doctors, and 1 pharmacy assistant) from a primary healthcare unit in a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during the application of the module “Recovery and Right to Health” of the WHO QualityRights training. Ethical Considerations: The research project to which this study belongs was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (report number 6.257.303). Findings: Three themes were identified: (1) Feeling worthless when facing the lack of structure of mental health services: appearance, accessibility, and privacy; (2) dealing with barriers to the recovery of individuals with psychosocial, intellectual, or cognitive disabilities; and (3) an ethical duty: to understand the roles of families and other supporters in promoting recovery. These themes primarily explored resource scarcity, social stigma, and emotional support. Conclusions: The study reinforces the need for practices that integrate ethical care, respect for autonomy, and dialogue, which are fundamental to ensuring human rights and facilitating the recovery process. (shrink)

O artigo verificou se após um programa de alfabetização, pessoas adulto-idosas com doenças crônicas apresentaram capacidade cognitiva à autonomia e autoconfiança aos cuidados de saúde. De método qualitativo na transversalidade com a pesquisa-ação, realizado no interior da Bahia com um grupo de mulheres, idade entre 53 a 73 anos, de um núcleo interdisciplinar de cuidados à saúde, todas com déficit de autocuidado potencializado pelo analfabetismo. Os resultados demonstraram que no ciclo vital tardio, mães/avós encontraram na alfabetização o empoderamento da cidadania (...) a da autogestão dos cuidados de si próprios. A prática educacional então, se tornou uma estratégia-chave à potencialização do letramento ao cuidado humano das pessoas relacionado à promoção de sua saúde. Palavras-chave: Alfabetização, Empoderamento, Pessoa Idosa, Cuidado de si. (shrink)

Objetiva-se no texto analisar o ensino de história na formação inicial e continuada, através do estágio docente obrigatório em espaços escolares, tematizando o racismo institucional e o sexismo. O conceito de racismo institucional será interseccionado com o de sexismo, pois a análise destaca fenômenos observados com jovens estudantes negras, licenciandas do Curso de História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Sob a perspectiva da abordagem qualitativa, consideram-se as práticas pedagógicas, construídas em processos de ensino e pesquisa, desenvolvidas a (...) partir de autorreflexões e entrevistas abertas com estudantes negras em formação inicial. Problematiza-se a presença da branquitude, do sexismo e do racismo nas formas de viver e pensar essas práticas pedagógicas. Fundamenta-se em autoras como bell hooks, Grada Kilomba, Nilma Lino Gomes e Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva, em associação com produções do campo específico do ensino de história no Brasil. As considerações parciais apontam a presença hegemônica das maneiras de agir e de pensar da branquitude no imaginário das comunidades escolares e universitárias, produzindo ações de discriminação racial e de gênero. (shrink)

O presente trabalho busca investigar a formação propagada pelos cursos de Direito do Estado de Alagoas, objetivando avaliar se atendem aos postulados da Educação em Direitos Humanos. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que ainda preponderam o dogmatismo e o olhar legalista na formação dos futuros bacharéis, deixando em segundo plano a formação humanística, adotou-se como opção teórico-metodológica a abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com ênfase na revisão de literatura e na análise dos 18 currículos dos cursos de Direito ofertados em Alagoas. Para (...) a análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, elegendo como categorias a presença da disciplina “Direitos Humanos” nos currículos dos cursos de Direito e a proporção de disciplinas de Formação Humanística em relação às técnico-jurídicas. A fim de compreender como a educação em direitos humanos pode influenciar a formação do estudante de Direito, foram analisados os resultados do Enade nos anos de 2006, 2009, 2012 e 2015, nas questões que abordaram, de forma direta ou indireta, os direitos humanos. O referencial teórico pauta-se por autores como: Tardif, Apple, Giroux, Tomaz Tadeu, Barbosa, dentre outros. Palavras-chave: Educação em Direitos Humanos. Cursos Jurídicos. Currículos. Enade. Alagoas. (shrink)

O estudo etnográfico permite aos professores uma ampla percepção dos aspectos socioeducacionais que perpassam o contexto escolar, permitindo que se desenvolvam, a partir deste estudo, ações pedagógicas para problematizar conhecimentos socioambientais do contexto local e global. No Pibid Interdisciplinar: Educação Ambiental, o estudo etnográfico foi realizado em uma escola do campo, no interior de Jequié-BA, situada numa zona de mata atlântica. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar a etnografia como propulsora da realização das ações socioambientais de replantio de árvores e (...) da Semana de Meio Ambiente. Os resultados indicam que a articulação dos diversos saberes coloca os alunos campesinos como protagonistas do seu contexto sociocultural, além de permitir uma integração maior do que foi observado etnograficamente e do que pode ser trabalhado na perspectiva socioambiental no contexto da educação do campo. (shrink)

HAN, Byung-Chul. Sociedade do cansaço. Vozes, Petrópolis: 2017.

A Educação Continuada de professores é reconhecida como indispensável e fundamental para a qualificação dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Para tanto, neste estudo, levaremos em consideração alguns aspectos dessa temática. Em primeiro lugar, precisamos ter conhecimento das diretrizes que tratam da Educação Continuada de professores, ou seja, compreender de onde viemos e qual é a proposta das legislações nacional e internacional. Em segundo lugar, explanaremos e discutiremos conceitos teóricos que tratam da temática, em especial a visão de Gert Biesta, (...) o importante filósofo da educação. Finalmente, com base nos dois itens citados, entrelaçaremos considerações e indagações para uma Educação Continuada que possa fazer diferença no cotidiano dos professores. Portanto, o principal foco desta pesquisa é analisar, criticamente, essa educação dos professores, à luz das concepções propostas por Gert Biesta. Palavras-chave: Educação Continuada. Professores. Diálogo. Gert Biesta. (shrink)

This article presents a scoping review aimed at mapping the main sources of moral distress among nursing professionals. The review was conducted according to the Arksey and O’Malley methodology, using the SPIDER framework to guide the systematic search in the BVS, PubMed, PsycArticles, Scielo, and Scopus databases. Initially, 2320 publications were identified. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected for analysis in terms of their methodological characteristics, objectives, practice contexts, and various sources of moral distress (...) identified. The analysis facilitated the grouping of these sources into specific situations, reflecting the challenges experienced by nurses under different practice settings. This review augments the knowledge of the causes of moral distress in nursing, highlighting the impact of this phenomenon on the physical and mental health of professionals, as well as on the quality of care provided. (shrink)

Objective: To analyze the empathic profile and the empathy scores of freshmen of the nursing course. Design and participants: Descriptive study involving 399 freshmen students of two modalities of nursing courses: Bachelor and Bachelor and Teaching Diploma, in the period from 2012 to 2015. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Empathy Inventory were applied. Ethical considerations: The research received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. The students registered their acceptance (...) to participate in the research by signing the Free and Informed Consent Form and anonymity was guaranteed. Findings: The mean age of the participants was 19 years, being 85.5% female. The students were grouped by course modality and all groups presented high empathy scores. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found, which indicates that students of the Bachelor and Teaching Diploma program presented a higher degree of empathy for the General Score, Domain 2 (Interpersonal Flexibility), and Domain 3 (Altruism) in relation to students in the Bachelor program. Conclusion: Results show that nursing undergraduate freshmen are emphatic, with minimum differences between the two courses. This profile is relevant for the development of future professionals capable to demonstrate a balance between instrumental and expressive competences. (shrink)

Resenhas dos seguintes livros: Scarlett Marton. Nietzsche e as mulheres: Figuras, imagens e tipos femininos. Autêntica, 2022; Marie-Frédérique Pellegrin. Pensées du corps et différences des sexes à l’époque moderne. ENS Éditions, 2020; e Ana Gabriela Colantoni; Georgia Cristina Amitrano; Carla Milani Damião (orgs.). Ensaios de filósofas brasileiras. Ape’Ku Editora, 2022.

NIK1 is a receptor‐like kinase involved in plant antiviral immunity. Although NIK1 is structurally similar to the plant immune factor BAK1, which is a key regulator in plant immunity to bacterial pathogens, the NIK1‐mediated defenses do not resemble BAK1 signaling cascades. The underlying mechanism for NIK1 antiviral immunity has recently been uncovered. NIK1 activation mediates the translocation of RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with LIMYB to fully down‐regulate translational machinery genes, resulting in translation inhibition of host and viral (...) mRNAs and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. Therefore, the NIK1 antiviral immunity response culminates in global translation suppression, which represents a new paradigm for plant antiviral defenses. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses in nik1 mutant suggest that NIK1 may suppress antibacterial immune responses, indicating a possible opposite effect of NIK1 in bacterial and viral infections. (shrink)

Aim: To analyze the empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates. Background: Empathy is a fundamental skill for nursing practice and should be analyzed during the student’s education. Methods: Descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 968 undergraduate students, including 215 (22.2%) Brazilians from a university in the state of São Paulo and 753 (77.8%) Portuguese students from a higher education institution in central Portugal. The Portuguese and Brazilian versions of the Empathizing/Systemizing Quotient have good internal consistency (...) and reliability. Ethical considerations: In Brazil, approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (protocol 191/2016) and in Portugal, from the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Higher School of Nursing (protocol P362-09/2016). Results: Most (86%) participants were female and aged between 20 and 24 years. In the general profile analysis between both groups, the domains “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes” scored higher. Gender differences exist for the feeling of empathy and systemizing, as women scored better on the short version of the Empathy Quotient and men on the Systemizing Quotient. Conclusion: As demonstrated in the domain scores for “Social Skills,” “Contents,” and “Processes,” the undergraduate nursing students analyzed have the ability to deal intuitively and spontaneously with social situations; they are also characterized as methodical people, who like to follow rules, and experience practice better than theory, and the women have a higher empathetic level than men, who in turn are more systemizing. (shrink)

Several countries maintain universal health coverage, which implies responsibility to organize delivery formats of healthcare services and products for citizens. In Brazil, the health system has a principle of universal access for more than 30 years, but many deficiencies remain and the country observes a day practice for those seeking judicial decisions to determine provision of healthcare.

Tem como objetivo refletir acerca do preconceito e da discriminação no âmbito das práticas colaborativas de representação de conteúdos por meio da Folksonomia. A pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo e a hermenêutica enquanto método, aliado à interdisciplinaridade de campos e de teorias. Quando não considerados no âmbito da Folksonomia, o preconceito e a discriminação emergem como uma gap epistêmica, uma vez que ambos podem se apropriar da Folksonomia para prosperar. Destaca que a Folksonomia não pressupõe a imposição de regras para a (...) seleção de tags a serem utilizadas pelos(as) usuários(as) em ambiente web, haja vista o seu caráter colaborativo. Por isso ela pode ser utilizada através da lógica do preconceito e discriminação, aplicada por humanos e/ou robôs (autônomos ou assistidos) para a rápida popularização de fake news e da cultura do cancelamento- algumas das estruturas perversas que promovem a vertigem da Sociedade da Informação, e que têm refletido sobre os sujeitos LGBTQIA+. (shrink)

Este estudo buscou analisar como os currículos se originaram, estabelecendo como ponto de partida a tradição romana e sua arqueologia do saber jurídico, para, em seguida, adentrar nas reflexões em torno da ciência e da técnica na modernidade, desnudando aspectos valiosos a fim de se (re)pensar uma pauta humanista nessa seara. Como opção teórico-metodológica, adotou-se a abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com ênfase na revisão de literatura. Como resultado, ficou evidente a necessidade concreta de um modelo de educação jurídica que possa (...) romper com a configuração socioeducacional atual e que seja capaz de assegurar a junção equilibrada entre o Humanismo, a Ciência, a Técnica, as Artes. (shrink)

São escassas as investigações sobre problemas internalizantes em adultos brasileiros. Estudos epidemiológicos apontam que ansiedade e depressão são mais comuns em mulheres. Este estudo apresenta uma investigação com 240 adultos de diferentes municípios da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, com uso do Adult Self Report. Dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial, considerando a variável sexo. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres da amostra em termos de problemas internalizantes, ansiedade/depressão, retraimento e queixas somáticas. Resultados são discutidos (...) à luz de dados epidemiológicos sobre transtornos mentais em outros recortes populacionais brasileiros. Ficam sugeridos novos estudos com ampliação de amostra. (shrink)

Quem trabalha com filosofia analítica na graduação e na pós graduação já deve ter se deparado diversas vezes com a dificuldade dos alunos de entenderem as noções de significado, sentido, referência, extensão, intensão, dêixis, anáfora, quantificação e modalidades, além de muitas outras relacionadas. Estas são noções técnicas que precisam ser dominadas pelos alunos que exploram os textos de ou sobre Frege, Davidson, Putnam e muitos outros. Esse problema requer uma solução que capacite os estudantes sem ocupar muito tempo dos cursos, (...) e isto pode ser feito através da semântica formal. (shrink)

Arthur Schopenhauer, filósofo do século XIX, conhecido como o “filósofo da vontade”, aborda a questão sobre o que é justiça e qual o papel do Estado em alguns parágrafos da sua obra ‘O mundo como vontade e representação’. Ele trata sobre conceitos morais e menciona o direito positivo como regulador da sociedade, mesmo tendo um embasamento no direito natural. O presente artigo pretende evidenciar qual a visão do filósofo sobre o conceito de vontade e como ela influencia diretamente na sua (...) concepção sobre o que é justiça. Partindo desse ponto, será mostrado como o Estado age para estabelecer o bem-estar social dos indivíduos diante da visão schopenhaueriana. (shrink)

In this essay, I explore the question concerning truthmakers for attributions of memory of events, which I express with the schema “S remembers E”. To answer this question, I distinguish remembering in the descriptive sense, which is based on subjective experience, from remembering in the normative sense, which requires some correspondence with actual past events. As a method of approaching attributions of memory, I will use the method of cases. Based on this method, I address the metaphysical problem of the (...) past as the ontological foundation of present truths about memories. This approach, in turn, leads us to a critical analysis of Aristotle's solution, which focuses on the mode of consideration of a mental image. I conclude that while the Aristotelian approach offers valuable insights, a contemporary theory of truthmakers for memory attributions must incorporate elements of the philosophy of memory in order to adequately address the complexities of memory attributions. (shrink)

Any experimental field consists of preparing special conditions for examining interesting objects for research. So naturally, the particular ways in which scientists prepare their objects determine the kind and the content of knowledge produced. This book provides a framework for the analysis of experimental practices - the Social Epistemology of Experiment - that incorporates both the ‘material’ and the ‘social’ dimensions of knowledge production. The Social Epistemology of Experiment is applied to experimental economics and in so doing, it introduces the (...) epistemic role of the participation of human subjects in experiments and the causal efficacy of institutions in constraining and enabling human behaviour. It also develops the role of the social and socially established practices in overcoming the methodological difficulties associated with experimenting with humans subjects in the social sciences as well as the effect of scientists’ interventions in the laboratory worlds. This book provides an historical and contextualized account of the emergence of experimental economics, the methodological discussions that have informed and constituted it, its main research programmes, and stylized facts. The analysis of its three main research programmes – market experiments, game theory experiments and individual decision-making experiments – shows how economics experiments are particularly tailored to produce knowledge about market institutions and individual behaviour in contexts where there might be conflicts of individual and social goals, and also about the processes of individual decision-making. (shrink)

El presente estudio intenta poner de relieve la posición filosófica de don Miguel frente a la “ciencia” y la “religión”. El insigne rector salmantino, al partir del hecho de que la “ciencia” no puede satisfacer las últimas inquietudes y aspiraciones vitales de la existencia humana, presentó la “religión” como único movimiento espiritual capaz de otorgar un sentido ultraterreno al hombre, irremediablemente abocado a la muerte terrenal. Su tesis podría ser condensada en la siguiente proposición: ninguna “sociedad perfecta”, sea entendida como (...) la de Bebel o la de Kropotkine, puede ser una medicina para la muerte. Precisamente, por ello, justificó la existencia y sentido de la “religión” como respuesta más anhelada al tremendo problema de la precariedad y de la finitud de la existencia humana. (shrink)

The world of work has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high instability observed in the labor market, bringing several new challenges for leaders and employees. The present study aims to analyze the role of organizational and job resources in predicting employees’ job insecurity during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, through the mediating role of work engagement. A sample of 207 Portuguese employees participated, of which 64.7% were women. Data was collected using an online (...) survey, including self-report measures of organizational resources, job resources, job insecurity, and work engagement. Data showed that job and organizational resources negatively influenced job insecurity. Moreover, work engagement was a significant mediator of the relation between performance feedback and job insecurity. Findings suggest that investing in job and organizational resources can act as protective factors to minimize feelings of job insecurity. Likewise, leaders should foster work engagement among employees to help them balance the relation between these resources and job insecurity, especially in crisis situations. Overall, this study takes a new, underexplored perspective, theoretically bridging organizational and job resources with job insecurity and work engagement during a time of great uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

A teoria ciclica da historia tem muitas variantes. Em Vico a teoria ciclica é adaptada a teoria do progresso.

In this text, I explore the issue of the accuracy of experiential memories, focusing on the fit between the imagistic elements of an experiential memory and the experience that is remembered. My starting point is the taxonomy of memory, which clarifies what I am talking about, as I will only focus on long-term memories that involve mental imagery. Having clarified this, I will move on to a discussion of the normative requirements of memory, focusing on the requirement that a memory (...) conforms to what was previously experienced by the subject. I then discuss how this requirement is treated by two contemporary philosophical views on the nature of memory: causalism and simulationism. Next, I discuss two ways memory can adjust to the past: by adjusting to the remembered event (alethism) or the past perception of the event (authenticism). Finally, I present descriptivism and pictorialism, two views on how the mental imagery that constitutes an experiential memory can adjust to the past, and defend the explanatory superiority of pictorialism. (shrink)

Synthetic biologists design and engineer organisms for a better and more sustainable future. While the manifold prospects are encouraging, concerns about the uncertain risks of genome editing affect public opinion as well as local regulations. As a consequence, biosafety and associated concepts, such as the Safe-by-design framework and genetic safeguard technologies, have gained notoriety and occupy a central position in the conversation about genetically modified organisms. Yet, as regulatory interest and academic research in genetic safeguard technologies advance, the implementation in (...) industrial biotechnology, a sector that is already employing engineered microorganisms, lags behind. The main goal of this work is to explore the utilization of genetic safeguard technologies for designing biosafety in industrial biotechnology. Based on our results, we posit that biosafety is a case of a changing value, by means of further specification of how to realize biosafety. Our investigation is inspired by the Value Sensitive Design framework, to investigate scientific and technological choices in their appropriate social context. Our findings discuss stakeholder norms for biosafety, reasonings about genetic safeguards, and how these impact the practice of designing for biosafety. We show that tensions between stakeholders occur at the level of norms, and that prior stakeholder alignment is crucial for value specification to happen in practice. Finally, we elaborate in different reasonings about genetic safeguards for biosafety and conclude that, in absence of a common multi-stakeholder effort, the differences in informal biosafety norms and the disparity in biosafety thinking could end up leading to design requirements for compliance instead of for safety. (shrink)

O expressivismo sobre autoatribuição de estados mentais tem respostas aos desafios semânticos que costumam ser aglomerados de “o ponto de Geach”? Nossa proposta, nesse artigo, é empregar o princípio de caridade interpretativa para apresentar o expressivismo como uma posição maximamente plausível. A partir dessa postura, esperamos dar evidências suficientes de que o expressivismo tem uma explicação plausível para o acesso que cada um tem aos seus próprios estados mentais conscientes presentes.

Neste artigo apresentamos, de forma concisa e em português, alguns elementos-chave dos principais debates contemporâneos na filosofia da memória. Nosso principal objetivo é tornar essas discussões mais acessíveis aos leitores de língua portuguesa, fornecendo uma atualização importante para esforços anteriores (Sant’Anna & Michaelian, 2019a). Começamos introduzindo a noção de viagem no tempo mental, a qual estabelece a base empírica para a metodologia empregada em trabalhos recentes, antes de apresentar dois debates centrais. Primeiro, o debate entre causalistas e simulacionistas sobre a (...) teoria da lembrança filosoficamente correta (§2). Segundo, o debate entre continuístas e descontinuístas sobre a relação entre lembrança episódica e certas formas de imaginação (em particular, o pensamento episódico acerca do futuro) (§3). Na segunda parte do artigo, apresentamos e exploramos dois tópicos de discussão crescente: a natureza do sentimento de passado característico da memória episódica (§4) e questões de meta-nível relativas ao próprio caráter das controvérsias exploradas na primeira parte do artigo (§5). (shrink)

In the literature on enculturation—the thesis according to which higher cognitive capacities result from transformations in the brain driven by culture—numerical cognition is often cited as an example. A consequence of the enculturation account for numerical cognition is that individuals cannot acquire numerical competence if a symbolic system for numbers is not available in their cultural environment. This poses a problem for the explanation of the historical origins of numerical concepts and symbols. When a numeral system had not been created (...) yet, people did not have the opportunity to acquire number concepts. But, if people did not have number concepts, how could they ever create a symbolic system for numbers? Here I propose an account of the invention of symbolic systems for numbers by anumeric people in the remote past that is compatible with the enculturation thesis. I suggest that symbols for numbers and number concepts may have emerged at the same time through the re-semantification of words whose meanings were originally non-numerical. (shrink)

Anti-exceptionalists about logic claim that logical methodology is not different from scientific methodology when it comes to theory choice. Two anti-exceptionalist accounts of theory choice in logic are abductivism and predictivism. These accounts have in common reliance on pre-theoretical logical intuitions for the assessment of candidate logical theories. In this paper, I investigate whether intuitions can provide what abductivism and predictivism want from them and conclude that they do not. As an alternative to these approaches, I propose a Carnapian view (...) on logical theorizing according to which logical theories do not simply account for pre-theoretical intuitions, but rather improve on them. In this account, logical theories are ameliorative, rather than representational. (shrink)

This article discusses how to deal with the relations between different cultural perspectives in classrooms, based on a proposal for considering understanding and knowledge as goals of science education, inspired by Dewey’s naturalistic humanism. It thus combines educational and philosophical interests. In educational terms, our concerns relate to how science teachers position themselves in multicultural classrooms. In philosophical terms, we are interested in discussing the relations between belief, understanding, and knowledge under the light of Dewey’s philosophy. We present a synthesis (...) of Dewey’s theory of inquiry through his naturalistic humanism and discuss its implications for the concepts of belief, understanding, and knowledge, as well as for the goals of science teaching. In particular, we highlight problems arising in the context of possible conflicts between scientific and religious claims in the school environment that result from totalitarian positions. We characterize an individual’s position as totalitarian if he or she takes some way of thinking as the only one capable of expressing the truth about all that exists in the world, lacks open-mindedness to understand different interpretative perspectives, and attempts to impose her or his interpretation about the facts to others by violent means or not. From this stance, any other perspective is taken to be false a priori and, accordingly, as a putative target to be suppressed or adapted to the privileged way of thinking. We argue, instead, for a more fallibilist evaluation of our own beliefs and a more respectful appraisal of the diversity of students’ beliefs by both students and teachers. (shrink)

Ortega y Gasset enriqueceu os seus estudos na Alemanha entre 1905 e 1908, nas cidades de Leipzig, Berlim e Marburgo, tendo sido aqui discípulo do neokantiano HermannCohen. Tomando essa circunstância como ponto de partida, propõe-se, neste artigo,levar a cabo uma indagação sobre as ideias estéticas de Ortega, contrastando com os fundamentos das fontes kantianas ou neokantianas da sua formação universitária alemã,traçar uma linha que permita demarcar claramente até onde Ortega segue Kant e onde,pelo contrário, o filósofo espanhol trilha o seu (...) solitário e original caminho. Tomam-se como baluartes desta análise os quatro momentos do juízo de gosto inerentes à terceira crítica kantiana e a questão da genialidade. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como objetivo trazer para discussão como o processo de esquecimento é refletido no terreno da memória individual e da memória coletiva. Tomamos como base teórica os estudos do filosofo francês Paul Ricoeur, em sua obra “A memória, a história, o esquecimento” edição publicada no Brasil em 2007, especificamente, seu estudo sobre o esquecimento. Neste sentido, buscaremos entender como essas questões se problematizam e quais seus reflexos.

Maíra Dos Santos Matthes Da Costa Au cours des dernières décennies, l’approche walzérienne de la guerre juste fit l’objet de vives critiques de la part de l’école révisionniste, qui est devenue l’approche dominante dans le débat universitaire portant sur ce sujet. Sa révision de la philosophie walzérienne de la guerre englobe deux points fondamentaux, à savoir : 1) le refus de comprendre la guerre comme une situation exceptionnelle dans laquelle nos jugements moraux se distingueraient significativement de ceux que l’on (...) formule dans des contextes de paix ; 2) le refus du dualisme moral et de l’indépendance entre des ordres de jugements concernant le jus ad bellum et le jus in bello. Dans cet article, nous allons nous pencher sur ces deux points fondamentaux, pour en conclure qu’ils proposent une conception apolitique de la guerre. (shrink)

Minha proposta, nesta introdução a “Autoconhecimento e os limites da autenticidade”, texto de Sven Bernecker traduzido e publicado neste número de Sképsis, é dar razões para que defensores do anti-individualismo que sejam partidários da estratégia do autoconhecimento básico, no que diz respeito ao debate sobre a compatibilidade entre anti-individualismo e conhecimento de si, mudem de posição, e passem a defender anti-individualismo com teoria da autenticidade.