O artigo discute passagens importantes da obra de Santo Agostinho e argumenta que muitas são as antecipações de teses comumente atribuídas a Descartes. Entre elas, uma clara antecipação à célebre fórmula “penso, logo existo” na obra do Bispo de Hipona, assim como de outras teses importantes distribuídas ao longo de sua obra. Na segunda parte, culmina o texto com outro dado praticamente desconhecido: o fato de que o estilo meditativo empregado por Descartes também já fora antecipado por uma autora cuja (...) obra era amplamente conhecida na Europa da metade do século XVI e do século XVII. Trata-se da freira Teresa D’Ávila que fora canonizada quando o jovem Descartes estudava com os jesuítas em La Flèche. Levanta-se, assim, a necessidade de repensarmos a historiografia acadêmica à que a maioria de nós fomos submetidos quando iniciamos os estudos filosóficos sem termos sido expostos às verdadeiras fontes das teses centrais que encontramos em muitas obras clássicas do pensamento filosófico. (shrink)

Several critics have reopened the continuing debate regarding the credibility of the auditing profession in part because of auditors' reluctance to issue warning signals to investors. At the root of auditors' lack of independence issues are conflicts of interest resulting from the structural features of auditor-client relationship. The Throughput Model is advanced to illustrate how ethical issues may be influenced by conflicts of interest. In the first stage, the TP provides an isolation of auditors' ethical positions from six ethical different (...) perspectives. In the second stage, previous TP theory is built upon by arguing a simultaneous analysis of how conflicts of interests may induce auditors' behavior. We conclude that in the current low litigation risk environment, auditors' ethical behavior is clearly ' unbalanced' favoring the reluctance to issue warning signals. Finally, we offer a discussion of potential solutions to improve ethical issues. (shrink)

Moral Seduction Theory suggests that auditors are morally compromised by the perceived consequences of their opinions. The root of the auditing problem appears to result in an unintentional bias rather than in dishonesty. Although important accounting reforms have been taken to deal with auditors' trustworthiness, their lack of independence has not been adequately addressed. The new regulation (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) is a consequence of an incorrect understanding of the main true source of auditor's biases. We have developed a cognitive approach by (...) connecting the Throughput Model (TM) to the Moral Seduction Theory. This approach allows a better understanding of how conflicts of interest lead auditors to avoid the issuance of warning signals to stakeholders. We have tested our model by conducting a hypothetical scenario with eighty experienced auditors from international accounting firms. Our results confirm auditors' unintentional reluctance to issue qualified audit opinions alerting investors due to their fear of precipitating clients' final bankruptcy. The main implication is that, more than a regulation, effort should be made in monitoring those conflicts of interest to reduce unintentional bias. (shrink)

Este artigo tem reflexões que tratam da criatividade na arte e na filosofia.A questão de fundo é a dos valores que as tradições artística e filosófica querem impor às novas gerações de artistas e filósofos.

Neste artigo quero mostrar o pesado lastro da tradição no antitradicionalismo do jovem Wittgenrtein.

Neste artigo procuro mostrar o alcance de vários e fundamentais lampejos da República de Platão.

Gostaria de discutir algumas idéias de um filósofo brasileiro que muito admiro e sobre quem já escrevi anteriormente. Trata-se de Oswaldo Porchat Pereira, professor do Departamento de Filosofia da USP e criador do Centro de Lógica, Epistemologia e História da Ciência (CLE) da Unicamp. Recebi de um estudante de pós-graduação em Sociologia Política da UFSC a cópia de uma conferência que Oswaldo Porchat ministrara em maio de 1998 sob o título “Discurso aos estudantes de Filosofia da USP sobre a pesquisa (...) em Filosofia”. Leva um subtítulo instigador: “Gênero: provocatio.” A conferência fazia parte do II Encontro de Pesquisa na Graduação em Filosofia. Diz o professor Porchat: “E a pergunta imediatamente nos acode: pesquisa em Filosofia ou pesquisa em História da Filosofia?” (Grifos do autor) A questão de fundo está posta, mesmo que implicitamente: queremos formar filósofos ou historiadores da filosofia? E isto nos leva a outra questão: como formar filósofos e como formar historiadores da filosofia? (shrink)

Se não se ensina filosofia, mas a filosofar (Kant), como se ensina a filosofar? Obviamente, filosofando. Por outro lado, se a filosofia não se define por um objeto próprio nem a distingue um só método privilegiado, em que consiste, então, essa ação que o filosofar aponta? Que a filosofia não se define por um objeto nem por um método parece claro. No entanto, algo, em geral, deve caracterizar o filosofar. O que parece caracterizá-lo, mesmo que negativamente, é a tentativa de (...) resolução de problemas que com o resultado de outras ciências ou do conhecimento obtido em outras áreas da atividade humana é impossível resolver. Isso nos leva ao objeto desta comunicação: discutir como, efetivamente, é possível ensinar a filosofar e não simplesmente ensinar [história da] filosofia. Ensina-se a filosofar como se ensina outra atividade qualquer: pelo exemplo. Neste caso, pelo exemplo de um agir filosofante, ou seja, discutindo, avaliando e procurando respostas aos problemas que a cada um de nós, filosoficamente, nos preocupam. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa o argumento de Peirce contra o ceticismo e mostra algumas fragilidades do argumento cartesiano.

Há várias maneiras em que podemos conceber o ensino da filosofia. Tradicionalmente, os cursos de filosofia se organizam em torno da História da Filosofia e os professores se limitam a comentar seus textos. Em alguns casos, os alunos já são informados, desde o início do curso, que a filosofia já está completa ou, no pior dos casos, ficam sabendo que eles, simples estudantes, não têm a menor chance de chegar a filosofar ou a ser filósofos. Sendo essas formas de conceber (...) o ensino da filosofia algumas das causas para que um povo não filosofe, discutirei neste texto o que me parece uma aproximação correta ao ensino da filosofia que consiste, em poucas palavras, em provocar no contato com os alunos problemas a serem debatidos e a comparar as soluções dadas pelos alunos com as que foram e ainda são oferecidas pelos filósofos que um dia contribuíram e os que hoje estão contribuindo para o debate filosófico contemporâneo. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre o alicerce metafísico da concepção de história que prevalece no fim do século XX.

Este artigo procura explicar por que a dependência cultural dos países 'em vias de desenvolvimento' faz parte das diretrizes neoliberais para o mundo globalizado.

Neste artigo trato da relação que a metafísica e a Ontologia guardam com a Linguagem, discuto duas abordagens sobre o assunto e proponho soluções à vários problemas que o tema apresenta.

The publication of scientific papers has become increasingly problematic in the last decades. Even if we agree that a renewed model is needed for peer-reviewed scientific publication, we think the problem does not essentially lie in professional publishing—with economic incentives—but in the publish-or-perish culture that dominates the lives of researchers and academics.

Neste artigo apresento vários argumentos para provar que toda tentativa de definir a filosofia está fadada ao fracasso.

The publication of scientific papers has become increasingly problematic in the last decades. Even if we agree that a renewed model is needed for peer-reviewed scientific publication, we think the problem does not essentially lie in professional publishing—with economic incentives—but in the publish-or-perish culture that dominates the lives of researchers and academics.

The price of copper is unstable but it is considered an important indicator of the global economy. Changes in the price of copper point to higher global growth or an impending recession. In this work, the forecasting of the spot prices of copper from the New York Commodity Exchange is studied using a machine learning method, support vector regression coupled with different model schemas (recursive, direct and hybrid multi-step). Using these techniques, three different time series analyses are built and its (...) performance are compared. The numerical results show that the hybrid direct-recursive obtains the best results. (shrink)

According to selective, retentive, scientific realism, past empirical success may be explained only by the parts of past theories that are responsible of their successful predictions being approximately true, and thus theoretically retained, or approximated, by the parts of posterior theories responsible of the same successful predictions. In this article, we present as case study the transit from Ptolemy’s to Kepler’s astronomy, and their successful predictions for Mars’ orbit. We present an account of Ptolemy’s successful prediction of Mars’ orbit from (...) Kepler’s perspective, and scrutinize whether the theoretical elements responsible for Ptolemy’s empirical success are approximately retained in Kepler. In order to give to the realist the best chances, we try different strategies. We conclude that all fail and thereby this case constitutes a prima facie strong anomaly for selective retentive realism. Structural realists may call preservation of structure to the rescue, but the existing notions of structure do not work. In absence of a new notion that works, the burden of the proof lies on the realist side. (shrink)

El presente trabajo desarrolla y discute el concepto de dualidad ontológica cristiana a la luz de la filosofía política de Francisco Bilbao y Jacques Maritain, analizando las condiciones que para cada autor posibilitan la convivencia entre el mundo cristiano y las sociedades democráticas. Se sostiene que, en función de su proyecto liberal, el chileno desfigura los elementos centrales del cristianismo para desarrollar una antropología que reduce a la persona a su dimensión puramente histórica y temporal. Asimismo, proponemos que la reacción (...) personalista de Maritain pretende ser una respuesta tanto al liberalismo que representara Bilbao como al problema de la religión dentro del espacio público. (shrink)

Este repertorio registra información de Husserl en la Internet, una breve historia sobre los Nachlaß, el índice de la Husserliana, un listado de las publicaciones de y sobre Husserl disponibles en la Biblioteca Central de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, y los artículos sobre Husserl que se encuentran en la Hemeroteca. El listado abarca las publicaciones existentes hasta el año 1997.

Este artículo explora el concepto de trauma colectivo y su aplicación en el contexto histórico y social de las sociedades latinoamericanas. La transferencia del término «trauma colectivo» desde el campo del conocimiento psicológico a la esfera social e histórica plantea preguntas sobre su legitimidad y marco conceptual. El estudio examina la fidelidad de esta transferencia conceptual y su relación con la comprensión psicoanalítica temprana de los fenómenos traumáticos. El contexto cultural europeo de finales del siglo xix y principios del siglo (...) xx proporcionó la base para teorizar las consecuencias de experiencias intensas y violentas, lo que resultó en el concepto de «neurosis traumática», influenciado significativamente por el trabajo de Freud. El artículo discute la apropiación de herramientas psicoanalíticas en la crítica histórica y cultural para comprender eventos que desafían marcos tradicionales y la inteligibilidad social, como el Holocausto. La noción del trauma como una fuerza enigmática y recurrente en la experiencia histórica se explora a través del enfoque de los estudios del trauma. El artículo pone de relieve a destacados y destacadas académicas en este campo y su uso de conceptos psicoanalíticos, demostrando la preservación y aplicación significativa de estas nociones en la comprensión de fenómenos históricos y colectivos. Al acortar la brecha entre las experiencias psicológicas individuales y los traumas colectivos, los estudios del trauma ofrecen un enfoque único para interpretar y representar eventos que resisten las narrativas históricas tradicionales. (shrink)

A partir de una reflexión más amplia sobre el _vínculo entre poder e imagen_, y de la imagen como dispositivo y potencia, enfocamos aquí la figura de José “mulato” Gil de Castro –pintor peruano inmigrante en Chile y retratista de las elites eclesiásticas, políticas y militares sudamericanas–, abordando su producción de imágenes inscritas en la _funcionalidad glorificante_ _y generadora de signos del poder soberano_ –incluso allí donde retrata al “pueblo”– en un contexto histórico en que los imaginarios soberanistas colonial y (...) estatal-nacional se organizan al hilo del discurso “humanista” de corte eurocéntrico y del racismo como reverso inmunitario de su norma antropológica. La operación artística de Gil de Castro y su contexto nos ofrecen un interesante escenario microhistórico para comprender el fenómeno de la “secularización” moderna –o “transición”–, en la medida en que la matriz en el campo religioso de su operatoria pictórica se desplaza a un campo político y militar en donde el ejercicio del poder soberano se comprende y se practica como un intento de dar forma a lo social de acuerdo a un _paradigma_ _angelológico_ con raíces en una _metafísica política_ _teo-onto-antropológica_. Finalmente haremos algunas consideraciones sobre la figura de Gil de Castro como complejo cruce entre, por una parte, su condición-estigma de “mulato” en una sociedad racista, y por otra, su operación artística funcional al poder soberano y su articulación “angelológica” de lo social. _Palabras clave:_ Imagen – Poder – Soberanía – Arte – Glorificación. (shrink)

En su anterior estudio sobre la recepción de Vico en el s. XIX español, el autor analizó los casos de importantes intelectuales como Juan Donoso Cortés, Jaime Luciano Balmes, Juan Valera, Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, Alfredo Adolfo Camus y Nicolás Serrano. Con ello se cumplió parte del plan de desmontar la tesis frecuentemente aceptada de una "ausencia" de Vico en España. Este plan se viene a desarrollar ahora con una nueva aportación investigadora en la que el autor muestra y analiza tres (...) importantes casos más de recepción viquiana: la del ecléctico historiador Fermin Gonzalo Morón, la del renovador neoescolástico Ceferino González, y la del fundador de la escuela jurídica catalana Manuel Durán y Bas. Con ellos el autor confirma su tesis de que Vico es apreciado, tanto desde la recepción positiva como desde la crítica, como un pensador modemo y heterodoxo de considerable valía.In his former paper on Vico’s reception during the XIX century in Spain, the author reviewed such significant intellectuals as Juan Donoso Cortés, Jaime Luciano Balmes, Juan Valera, Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, Alfredo Adolfo Camus and Nicolás Serrano. In so doing, the task of dislodging the thesis so frequently held that there is a Vico’s "absence" in Spain was partially accomplished. This task is taken up again in a recent investigation where the author analyzes and assesses three further important cases related with the Spanish Vichian reception: that of eclectic historian Femín Gonzalo Morón, the neo-scholastic Ceferino González and finally the Catalan legal school founder Manuel Durán y Bas. With those examples the author aims to validate his claim that Vico was indeed acknowledged both as a modern and heterodox thinker by the positive as well as by the critical reception. (shrink)

En el proceso de conformación de la clase obrera en la Patagonia argentina se destaca la fundamental presencia de los trabajadores de origen chileno en general, y de quienes eran oriundos de Chiloé en particular. Estos obreros eran necesarios para una región que sufría la escasez de fuerza de trabajo, pero a la vez estaban siempre sindicados como una latente amenaza, ya sea por su nacionalidad, su ideología o sus prácticas sociales. Los trabajadores chilenos sufrieron un permanente control que en (...) muchos casos desembocó en represión abierta, siendo los “chilotes” blanco de una especial discriminación. Trabajamos con un prontuario policial específico del Territorio Nacional del Chubut, realizado a José Modesto Barrientos, obrero petrolero de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, detenido en varias ocasiones por situaciones de desorden público, ebriedad y, especialmente, por sospechas de actividades comunistas. Investigamos algunos rasgos de las prácticas obreras, las formas de resistencia y los ejes de la persecución política y social que desarrollaba la policía del territorio. Observaremos, además, ciertas características sobre la riesgosa labor que estos trabajadores desarrollaban. (shrink)

Habermas’s translation proviso aims to legitimize religious argumentation in the informal part of the public sphere while requiring religious citizens to express their arguments in the formal part of the public sphere using a universal (secular) language. By considering secular scholars Gonzalo Scivoletto’s and Javier Aguirre’s critiques of the meaning of “translation,” this article highlights the inconsistency of the proviso as manifested in its application to the religious concept of tzimtzum (“divine contraction”), from which Habermas attempts to extract a (...) secular worldview and moral intuitions that contradict the beliefs of religious citizens, thus undermining the reassessment of religion in the public sphere. (shrink)

La didáctica se ejecuta con estudiantes policiales de la Escuela de Suboficiales y Nivel Ejecutivo Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, los cuales multiplicaran a los estudiantes rurales del municipio de Sibaté.El propósito del proyecto fue diseñar una estrategia didáctico pedagógica que permita fortalecer las Habilidades Comunicativas implementando la lectoescritura, en los estudiantes policiales y a la vez a los estudiantes de las Instituciones Educativas Rurales de Sibaté Cundinamarca. Metodológicamente, el proyecto se realizó mediante el enfoque cualitativo de carácter etnográfico. En (...) conclusión, se motivó la implementación de varias actividades de lectura y escritura, con extensión a estudiantes del sector Rural. (shrink)

While in agreement with Miranda Fricker’s context-sensitive approach to hermeneutical injustice, this paper argues that this contextualist approach has to be pluralized and rendered relational in more complex ways. In the first place, I argue that the normative assessment of social silences and the epistemic harms they generate cannot be properly carried out without a pluralistic analysis of the different interpretative communities and expressive practices that coexist in the social context in question. Social silences and hermeneutical gaps are misrepresented if (...) they are uniformly predicated of an entire social context, instead of being predicated of particular ways of inhabiting that context by particular people in relation to particular others. I contend that a more nuanced—polyphonic—contextualization offers a more adequate picture of what it means to break social silences and to repair the hermeneutical injustices associated with them. In the second place, I argue that the particular obligations with respect to hermeneutical justice that differently situated subjects and groups have are interactive and need to be determined relationally. That is, whether individuals and groups live up to their hermeneutical responsibilities has to be assessed by taking into account the forms of mutual positionality, relationality, and responsivity (or lack thereof) that these subjects and groups display with respect to one another. The central argument is developed through an examination of what in race theory and in contemporary epistemologies of ignorance has been termed “white ignorance”; that is, the kind of hermeneutical inability of privileged white subjects to recognize and make sense of their racial identities, experiences, and social positionality. (shrink)

Decision Theory and Rationality offers a challenging new interpretation of a key theoretical tool in the human and social sciences. This accessible book argues, contrary to orthodoxy in politics, economics, and management science, that decision theory cannot provide a theory of rationality.

Reliabilist accounts of knowledge are widely seen as having the resources for blocking sceptical arguments, since these arguments appear to rely on assumptions about the nature of knowledge that are rendered illegitimate by reliabilist accounts. The goal of this book is to assess the main arguments against the possibility of knowledge, and its conclusions challenge this consensus. The book articulates and defends a theory of knowledge that belongs firmly in the truth-tracking tradition, and argues that although the theory has the (...) resources for blocking the main standard lines of sceptical reasoning, there is a sceptical argument against which the theory offers no defence, as it doesn’t rely on any assumptions that the theory would render illegitimate. The book ends with the suggestion that the problem might have a metaphysical solution—that although the sceptical argument may make no illegitimate epistemological assumptions, it does rest on a questionable account of the nature of cognition. (shrink)

The author challenges the view that birth cannot be a morally relevant fact in the process of development from zygote to child. He reviews specific arguments against giving any moral significance to the fact of birth. Drawing on recent work in developmental psychology, he contends that the lives of neonates can have a level of self-consciousness that confers moral significance but can only be possessed after birth. He shows that the position he has argued for provides a framework within which (...) the move from the moral validity of aborting sentient fetuses to the moral validity of infanticide might be resisted. He concludes that arguments suggesting that birth can be morally significant support the view that the acquisition of moral significance is a gradual and multilayered phenomenon. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to defend, contra Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini (F&PP), that the theory of natural selection (NS) is a perfectly bona fide empirical unified explanatory theory. F&PP claim there is nothing non-truistic, counterfactual-supporting, of an “adaptive” character and common to different explanations of trait evolution. In his debate with Fodor, and in other works, Sober defends NS but claims that, compared with classical mechanics (CM) and other standard theories, NS is peculiar in that its explanatory models are (...) a priori (a trait shared with few other theories). We argue that NS provides perfectly bona fide adaptive explanations of phenotype evolution, unified by a common natural-selection guiding principle. First, we introduce the debate and reply to F&PP’s main argument against NS. Then, by reviewing different examples and analyzing Fisher’s model in detail, we show that NS explanations of phenotypic evolution share a General Natural Selection Principle. Third, by elaborating an analogy with CM, we argue against F&PP’s claim that such a principle would be a mere truism and thus explanatorily useless, and against Sober’s thesis that NS models/explanations have a priori components that are not present in CM and other common empirical theories. Irrespective of differences in other respects, the NS guiding principle has the same epistemic status as other guiding principles in other highly unified theories such as CM. We argue that only by pointing to the guiding principle-driven nature that it shares with CM and other highly unified theories, something no-one has done yet in this debate, one can definitively show that NS is not defective in F&PP’s sense: in the respects relevant to the debate, Natural Selection is as defective and as epistemically peculiar as Classical Mechanics and other never questioned theories. (shrink)

We argue that there is no general theory of explanation that spans the sciences, mathematics, and ethics, etc. More specifically, there is no good reason to believe that substantive and domain-invariant constraints on explanatory information exist. Using Nickel (Noûs 44(2):305–328, 2010 ) as an exemplar of the contrary, generalist position, we first show that Nickel’s arguments rest on several ambiguities, and then show that even when these ambiguities are charitably corrected, Nickel’s defense of general theories of explanation is inadequate along (...) several different dimensions. Specifically, we argue that Nickel’s argument has three fatal flaws. First, he has not provided any compelling illustrations of domain-invariant constraints on explanation. Second, in order to fend off the most vehement skeptics of domain-invariant theories of explanation, Nickel must beg all of the important questions. Third, Nickel’s examples of explanations from different domains with common explanatory structure rely on incorrect formulations of the explanations under consideration, circular justifications, and/or a mischaracterization of the position Nickel intends to critique. Given that the best and most elaborate defense of the generalist position fails in so many ways, we conclude that the standard practice in philosophy (and in philosophy of science in particular), which is to develop theories of explanation that are tailored to specific domains, still is justified. For those who want to buy into a more ambitious project: beware of the costs! (shrink)