El artículo aborda las polémicas culturales desplegadas en Cuba en los inicios del magazine cultural de la Unión de Juventudes Comunistas, esencialmente las de El caimán barbudo, durante la permanencia de su primer equipo de redacción (1966-1967), que contó con la influencia notoria de la intelectualidad surgida a raíz del trabajo del Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de La Habana. Para tal fin, se analizan los debates de su director, Jesús Díaz, publicados en las revistas Bohemia (1966) y La (...) Gaceta de Cuba (1966), con Ana María Simó (antigua codirectora de la editorial El Puente) y con Jesús Orta Ruiz, conocido como El Indio Naborí. Asimismo, se retoma la polémica entre el equipo editorial de El caimán barbudo y el poeta Heberto Padilla en torno a las novelas de Lisandro Otero Pasión de Urbino (1966) y del ya por entonces emigrado Guillermo Cabrera Infante Tres tristes Tigres (1967). De este modo, se inquiere en la heterogeneidad que distinguió la práctica cultural de la isla en el período, a la vez que se subraya el afán polemista que caracterizó las discusiones entre arte y política establecidas por las divergentes corrientes estéticas integradas al proceso revolucionario. (shrink)

ABSTRACTDo truth tables—the ordinary sort that we use in teaching and explaining basic propositional logic—require an assumption of consistency for their construction? In this essay we show that truth tables can be built in a consistency-independent paraconsistent setting, without any appeal to classical logic. This is evidence for a more general claim—that when we write down the orthodox semantic clauses for a logic, whatever logic we presuppose in the background will be the logic that appears in the foreground. Rather than (...) any one logic being privileged, then, on this count partisans across the logical spectrum are in relatively similar dialectical positions. (shrink)

Over the last 25 years, there has been an increasing fascination with the “dark” side of leadership. The term “destructive leadership” has been used as an overarching expression to describe various “bad” leader behaviors believed to be associated with harmful consequences for followers and organizations. Yet, there is a general consensus and appreciation in the broader leadership literature that leadership represents much more than the behaviors of those in positions of influence. It is a dynamic, cocreational process between leaders, followers, (...) and environments, the product of which contributes to group and organizational outcomes. In this paper, we argue that, despite this more holistic recognition of leadership processes within the broader leadership literature, current conceptualizations and analyses of destructive leadership continue to focus too heavily on behaviors and characteristics of “bad” leaders. In our view, to achieve a more balanced understanding of destructive leadership, it is important to adopt more integrative approaches that are based in the contemporary leadership discourse and that recognize flawed or toxic leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments as interdependent elements of a broader destructive leadership process. To this end, we offer a critique of the destructive leadership literature, propose a broader definition of destructive leadership, and highlight gaps in our understanding of leaders, followers, and environments in contributing to destructive leadership processes. Finally, we conclude by discussing strategies for examining destructive leadership in a broader, more holistic fashion. (shrink)

The design, implementation, and outcome of game-based learning for learners with disabilities have not been sufficiently examined systematically. Particularly, learner-based and contextual factors, as well as the essential roles played by various stakeholders, have not been addressed when game-based learning applications are used in special education. Therefore, a systematic literature review using the Activity Theory was conducted to analyse studies about game-based learning for learners with disabilities. Content analysis of 96 studies reported relevant information with respect to each activity component— (...) subject, technology, object, rules, community, division of labour and outcome. Furthermore, this study identified existing gaps from the reviewed studies, including occasional lack of parental engagement, difficulty of standardising performance measures due to the heterogeneity of learner profiles and contradictions. Finally, recommendations were made under each activity component. The study concluded that both general and domain-specific guidelines should be created for each disability category proposed in this review to assist practitioners who wish to use game-based learning with learners with disabilities. (shrink)

Esta ponencia es una reflexión acerca de la relación problemática entre Arte y Verdad. Postula ideas sobre el sentido afirmativo de la experiencia estética, a partir de lecturas de Federico Nietzsche. A su vez, intenta iluminar nexos originales entre la experiencia estética y las valoraciones y verdades que nacen en el seno de aquella. Este doble desarrollo se hace en diálogo con aportes de Teodoro Adorno sobre el carácter enigmático de las obras de arte, y con ideas de la fenomenología (...) de Maurice Merleau-Ponty acerca de la evidencia y su conexión con el nacimiento de verdades. El esfuerzo crítico culmina con la consideración del filme: "Secretos del corazón", para proyectar y concretar los planteamientos filosóficos sobre Arte y Verdad. (shrink)

El autor revisa diferentes respuestas que se han dado a la definición de epistemología, destacando de ellas el proceso de reflexión del investigador, tanto individual, como en forma compartida.

The Navarre-Venezuelan philosopher Juan David García Bacca is one of the most notable and original figures of Spanish-speaking thought, although his work has not yet received the attention it deserves. One of the pillars of his philosophy consists of what he calls a transfinite anthropology that considers man as an entity that strives to enhance his being. This anthropological approach is based on a phenomenology of nature that emphasizes the becoming and the transformations that man effects in the world. In (...) this philosophical context, García Bacca soon became interested in the work of Husserl, Scheler y Heidegger. This article deals with the way in which García Bacca describes and values Husserl’s descriptions of intentional consciousness. The problem that García Bacca poses to transcendental phenomenology concerns neither the reality of pure consciousness nor its objective scope. García Bacca is interested in finding out if there is a potentiation of the being of consciousness superior to or deeper than the self-reflection proper to the transcendental attitude. He discovers this potentiation in the notion of an “agonic consciousness” that resists the representation of its annihilation, and whose philosophical antecedent is found in the work of Miguel de Unamuno. Without sharing all of García Bacca’s interpretation of Husserlian phenomenology, the author of the article considers that it nevertheless raises relevant questions concerning the facticity and necessity proper to the transcendental subject. (shrink)

Husserl’s concept of subjectivity doesn’t bound to its logical and episte­­mological aspects, but it extends to its ethic und aesthetic dimensions. The external perception constitutes the original and founding experience of transcendental life. Moreover the per­­ception’s trend to a complete vision of the things moves the whole subject and explains its dynamism. This trend is just an ideal, which any kind of sub­­jective effort could realize. However Husserl considers some experiences, which imply the subject’s “liberation” from the passivity of a (...) tendency to a total intuition of the objects. That’s the case of the aesthetic consideration of the images. Beside she announces a peculiar way of relationship with the world and the others, but in another way as the perception. (shrink)

Las redes sociales pueden promover una estigmatización, cuando las usuarias comparten sus ideas, opiniones, manifestaciones y cuerpos. El estigma crea una “burbuja de la melancolía”, concepto original de esta propuesta: consumen publicaciones con problemas similares, no denuncian el odio, no piden ayuda y no perciben los peligros de las redes. Los algoritmos no ayudan y sugieren contenidos negativos y pesimistas, que las mantienen en una esfera de tristeza. Este artículo realiza una exploración deontológica de las normas comunitarias de las redes (...) sociales Facebook, YouTube, Instagram y TikTok, para saber si se contempla este problema y de ser así, cómo se combate. (shrink)

Anti-ageing medicines are products intended to extend lifespan and healthspan in humans that have a good potential use in public health policies. In the European Union, their development, production and consumption are dependent on regulatory science performed by the European Medicines Agency and its associated epistemic policies. They impose, among other things, an unfavourable burden of proof, a strict standard of proof and meta-methodological constrictions related to some theoretical issues. This results in a distribution of errors that tends to reduce (...) false positives while increasing false negatives, leading to a set of social consequences that are generally accepted when the focus is placed on conventional medicines. However, when the same epistemic policies are applied to anti-ageing medicines, the distribution of errors is imbalanced, and undesirable outcomes like research discouragement and waiting time extensions appear. Three possible strategies that policymakers could implement to unblock the situation are presented for future reflection: the consideration of ageing as a disease, the application of methodological asymmetry and the use of biomarkers during clinical research. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to identify and analyze the changes made to IFRS 3, 9, 10 and 16 since the beginning of COVID-19, and how these affect the presentation of financial statements, influencing decision-making. With the use of the deductive method and applying a qualitative approach, collecting information through the database of the Superintendency of Companies of Ecuador, an evaluative analysis of each company was carried out and how they applied the modifications offered by the IFRS, reviewing the (...) financial statements of 60 companies in the Commercial, Real Estate and Financial sectors where it was obtained that 15% of these companies presented changes in their financial statements, of this percentage 8.3% belong to companies in the commercial sector, 5. 1% comes from entities in the real estate sector and 1.6% are from companies in the financial sector. It is concluded that there is no significant change in the presentation of financial information since COVID-19. (shrink)

O discernimento entre o bem e o mal pode ser considerado a preocupação central da Filosofia, mas seu cultivo requer uma combinação complexa de habilidades cognitivas, linguísticas e sociais complexas. Diferentemente da religião ou da Teologia, espera-se que os filósofos superem a confusão ao apresentarem posições sustentáveis forma puramente lógica, sem apelos à autoridade ou às emoções. Isto deposita altas expectativas sobre o intelecto, a nossa habilidade de usar a razão discursiva. Schopenhauer defendia que a Filosofia seria primariamente teórica ou (...) contemplativa, portanto não orientaria a conduta ou o caráter. Enquanto a Vontade seria ativa, o intelecto seria passivo e instrumental. Nietzsche subordinou o intelecto ao corpo e propôs um critério fisiológico para avaliar filosofias. Piaget investigou o desenvolvimento da inteligência em estádios examinando a interação construtiva da criança com coisas e pessoas. O intelecto permanece em desequilíbrio e deve se adaptar continuamente. (shrink)

This article aims to explore the main topics in business ethics in Indonesia by reviewing manuscripts and conducting focus discussion groups. We adopt Harzing’s PoP application to review 995 manuscripts and VOS Viewer to draw a bibliometric figure, followed by a series of focus discussion groups. This article explores the main topics in business ethics in Indonesia by reviewing manuscripts and conducting focus discussion groups. The results show that the primary business ethics literature in Indonesia focuses on four topics: (1) (...) ethics in the financial market, (2) ethics in education, (3) ethics in the workplace, and (4) Sharia ethics. These key trends of business ethics literature are different from the global literature. The main reason may come from the cultural gap, in which the local cultural diversity provides various terminologies and key recurring concepts. The results present the central local wisdom that comes from the significant ethnicity in this country. In addition, this report also provides future ethical topics at the intersection between business and political ethics by involving digital technological turbulence. In addition, future ethical topics need to address the intersection between business and political ethics by involving digital technological turbulence to explain how Indonesian tech companies strive to integrate ethical practices and strengthen data protection, especially in the gig economy and e-commerce sectors. Hence, the business ethics curriculum should encourage responsible consumers and producers by promoting awareness of false information, cyberbullying, and political manipulation. (shrink)

We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning based on arguments. This approach integrates the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. The main contribution of this paper is a precise, well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. It aims for usability rather than novelty. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes of arguments under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove (...) a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space for checking specificity. In order to implement the theoretical ideas, the language is restricted to Horn clauses for the evidential context. The language used to represent defeasible rules has been restricted in a similar way. The authors intend this work to unify the various existing approaches to argument-based defeasible reasoning. (shrink)

A central debate of Agroecology is the incorporation of socioeconomic and political-cultural criteria in the evaluation of agri-food sustainability. However, the way to define and evaluate these criteria remains an unexplored terrain. In this paper, we aim to systematise how these dimensions are being defined and evaluated through the analysis of 8 initiatives of Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) considered to be part of the agroecological movement in Spain. This analysis identifies those criteria that are commonplace, widely recognised and evaluated by (...) the PGS sample. An in-depth, qualitative analysis of the difficulties that PGS are encountering in defining and evaluating these criteria provides an insight into the complexity of the task. The analysis reveals the hurdles to overcome to better define Agroecology at a supralocal level in order to promote its scaling up and out. (shrink)

I agree with the view expressed in the target article that the early structural organization of the mammalian neocortex (the primordial neocortical organization) is different from its final one and resembles the more primitive organization of reptilian cortex. During the early development of the neocortex, a distinctly mammalian multilayered pyramidal-cell plate is introduced within a more primitive reptilian-like cortex, establishing simultaneously layer I (marginal zone) above it and layer VII (subplate zone) below it. This multilayered pyramidal-cell plate represents a recent (...) mammalian innovation in the evolution of the cerebral cortex of vertebrates. Hence, the term neocortex is preferable to isocortex. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to introduce a model explaining how managers' attitudes, subjective norms, attributions, and the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension affect the way managers' deal with employee bribery in organizations. Twenty-six internal and external attributions related to bribery were identified through a series of structured interviews with 65 subject matter experts. These attributions, together with the other variables in the model, were evaluated by 354 Ecuadorian managers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes and external attributions significantly predicted managers' (...) intentions to discipline employees who accepted a bribe. In addition, external attributions mediated the relationship between individualism-collectivism and intent to discipline corrupt employees. Implications for the management of bribery in Latin American organizations are discussed. (shrink)

This paper defines a Sahlqvist fragment for relevant logic and establishes that each class of frames in the Routley-Meyer semantics which is definable by a Sahlqvist formula is also elementary, that is, it coincides with the class of structures satisfying a given first order property calculable by a Sahlqvist-van Benthem algorithm. Furthermore, we show that some classes of Routley-Meyer frames definable by a relevant formula are not elementary.

In a full survey of the programme and reports produced by the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Canberra, René Padilla notes that though the theme was the Holy Spirit, Pentecostalism continued to be under suspicion in ecumenical circles. The life of the Assembly also illustrated the fact that the WCC must address the limits of theological pluralism and can no longer afford to maintain a separation between its confessional basis and its programmes.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the logic of gift and team performance. We explore this connection empirically, using a detailed data set from the National Basketball Association. In particular, we use the NBA Cares Community Assist Award as a way to measure gift-giving to the community. We explore the response of an entire team after one if its members has been recognized for his gift-giving behavior. Using two winners, we show that after a player has received the (...) award there is an increase in the number of assists given by each member of the team, and that there is also an increase in the number of wins. Therefore, our results show that the team’s performance would improve after a player has been recognized because of his gift-giving attitude. This finding to management implies that managers’ incentivization of a sharing and giving philosophy would not only improve their relationship bond but it would also help them increase their performance. (shrink)

El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha abierto una nueva discusión sobre la capacidad lingüística de esta tecnología y su potencial impacto en todas las dimensiones de la actividad humana (Brynjolfsson y McAfee, 2014). A fin de evaluar similitudes o diferencias entre la capacidad lingüística de la IA y la humana, este trabajo analiza específicamente el comportamiento argumentativo en términos de los puntos de vista que adopta Chat GPT, versión 3.5, frente a una situación controversial expresada en un dilema (...) moral del Cuestionario D.I.T. (Rest, 2013) y se compara con una muestra similar de adultos humanos (Noemi, 2019), sometida a la misma tarea discursiva. La investigación siguió un estudio comparativo de casos múltiples (Flick, 2020) a través de una metodología mixta (Johnson y Onwuegbuzie, 2004), que combinó un enfoque cuantitativo con uno cualitativo. Los resultados muestran que el 100% de la muestra de IH emite un punto de vista (a favor o en contra), mientras que de la muestra producida por el Chat GPT, sólo el 23,4% lo hace. Los resultados animan a pensar que las diferencias encontradas se podrían explicar por la debilidad de la IA de ser sensible al contexto (falta de una competencia pragmática relevante) y la inexistencia de un proceso de autoimplicación para enfrentar tareas de razonamiento moral. (shrink)

Bi-intuitionistic logic is the result of adding the dual of intuitionistic implication to intuitionistic logic. In this note, we characterize the expressive power of this logic by showing that the first order formulas equivalent to translations of bi-intuitionistic propositional formulas are exactly those preserved under bi-intuitionistic directed bisimulations. The proof technique is originally due to Lindstrom and, in contrast to the most common proofs of this kind of result, it does not use the machinery of neither saturated models nor elementary (...) chains. (shrink)

In this work I propose an initial model of argumentative complexity from the theoretical framework of text linguistics. For this purpose, I have explored aspects of both the ability underlying the activity of speaking (the ἐνέργεια) and the product created by this competence (the ἔργον). The work supports the hypothesis that the ability or level of the ἐνέργεια is related to formal argumentative complexity (ἔργον) in many discourses. Broadly, this relationship has been only partially addressed. In order to account the (...) generative capacity (ἐνέργεια), I show some cases of the score in the Tasks in Critical Thinking Test obtained by university students, as well as the product (ἔργον) the same subjects produced. This product, an essay, has been analyzed qualitatively following the procedures of the grounded Theory. The results showed that the subjects with higher scores in the ability of ἐνέργεια produced more intricate essays, in terms of argumentative complexity. This research constitutes an initial endeavor to establish a normative model of the notion of “argumentative complexity”. (shrink)

Pain: groans and birth pangs of the divine enjoyment -- Yearning: traces of the divine erotic existence in the cosmos -- Permeability: the open wounds of the lovers' flesh -- Intensity: passionate becomings of the divine complex -- Impropriety: incarnations of carnivalesque passion and open-ended boundaries.

En el siguiente trabajo se aborda la confrontación de Eugen Fink con Martin Heidegger de cara al concepto de mundo. En este sentido se analiza el contraste entre un concepto existencial de mundo, del modo como el Heidegger de la ontología existencial lo desarrolla, y un concepto cosmológico de mundo, que Fink propone a partir de su interpretación del giro (Kehre) heideggeriano y que lo conduce hacia el despliegue de una ontología cosmológica del juego, cuyo camino filosófico-metódico queda abierto por (...) una fenomenología especulativa en contraposición o como superación de la fenomenología hermenéutica heideggeriana. (shrink)

In Logische Syntax der Sprache von Camap (1935) spielen die metalogischen Untersuchungen von 1931 eine wesentliche Rolle. Seine Metalogik von 1931 besteht in der Beschreibung und Erforschung des formalen Systems. Dazu mußte er eine sogenannte „Erläuterungssprache" entwickeln. Bezüglich des Charakters dieser Sprache haben Tarski, Gödel und Camap verschiedene Auffassungen vertreten. In den metalogischen Untersuchungen werden u.a. die Begriffe „Aussage" und „Folgerung" analysiert und bei beiden Begriffen zeigen sich die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen von Camap und Tarski. Camap definiert mit dem Folgemngsbegriff weiter (...) die Begriffe „analytisch" und „kontradiktorisch", wogegen Tarski einwendet, daß Camap seine Erklämng auf den Begriff „kontradiktorisch" verlagert und die metalogischen Untersuchungen dadurch unnötig verkompliziert. (shrink)

In Logische Syntax der Sprache von Camap (1935) spielen die metalogischen Untersuchungen von 1931 eine wesentliche Rolle. Seine Metalogik von 1931 besteht in der Beschreibung und Erforschung des formalen Systems. Dazu mußte er eine sogenannte „Erläuterungssprache" entwickeln. Bezüglich des Charakters dieser Sprache haben Tarski, Gödel und Camap verschiedene Auffassungen vertreten. In den metalogischen Untersuchungen werden u.a. die Begriffe „Aussage" und „Folgerung" analysiert und bei beiden Begriffen zeigen sich die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen von Camap und Tarski. Camap definiert mit dem Folgemngsbegriff weiter (...) die Begriffe „analytisch" und „kontradiktorisch", wogegen Tarski einwendet, daß Camap seine Erklämng auf den Begriff „kontradiktorisch" verlagert und die metalogischen Untersuchungen dadurch unnötig verkompliziert. (shrink)

Verdad se usa con frecuencia para expresar que una proposición se corresponde con los hechos, la realidad o es fiel a algo original. Muchas actividades humanas se sirven del concepto de “verdad” si bien se presupone su significado intuitivo. El concepto de verdad se debate en este libro principalmente desde tres tradiciones distintas: la teoría clásica, la propuesta semántica y la opción alternativa. Comúnmente, la verdad se ve como la correspondencia del lenguaje o el pensamiento con una realidad independiente. Por (...) el contrario, una teoría semántica de la verdad es una teoría que sostiene que la verdad es una propiedad de las proposiciones. Este punto de vista ha recalcado en presentar una definición satisfactoria que sea materialmente adecuada y formalmente correcta del predicado verdadero. La concepción semántica de verdad se relaciona de diferentes maneras tanto con la correspondencia como con las concepciones deflacionistas. Sin embargo, una convención que satisfaga el predicado de verdad para ciertos enunciados de un lenguaje dado no se puede definir dentro de ese lenguaje. Mediante esta propuesta se intenta resolver la paradoja del mentiroso. Por el contrario, las propuestas alternativas consideran que la definición de semántica es artificiosa empobreciendo así la dimensión veritativa del lenguaje ordinario en el que los hablantes se expresan. Su propuesta pretende devolver al lenguaje natural su significatividad original del predicado “verdad(ero)”. Kripke demuestra que un lenguaje puede contener consistentemente su propio predicado de la verdad, algo que Alfred Tarski consideraba imposible. El enfoque se asienta en definir “verdad” como propiedad parcialmente definida sobre el conjunto de enunciados gramaticalmente bien formados en el lenguaje. El libro aborda los temas afines, presentando las pruebas y refutaciones propuestas en cada alternativa. (shrink)

This volume gathers papers, which were read at the congress held at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Toledo (Spain), in September 2007, under the general subject of phenomenology. The book is devoted to Wittgenstein s thoughts on phenomenology. One of its aims is to consider and examine the lasting importance of phenomenology for philosophic discussion. For E. Husserl phenomenology was a discipline that endeavoured to describe how the world is constituted and experienced through a series of conscious acts. His (...) fundamental concept was that of intentional consciousness. What did drag Wittgenstein into working on phenomenology? In his 'middle period' work, Wittgenstein used the headline 'Phenomenology is Grammar'. These cornerstones can be signalled by notions like language, grammar, rule, visual space versus Euclidean space, minima visibilia and colours. L. Wittgenstein s main interest takes the form of a research on language.". (shrink)