明治の近代化のなかで、日本人が初めて海外に向けて、自国の文化の全体像を示した書である『武士道』。義、勇、仁、礼、信、そして名誉、忠義...。桜花にたとえられた武士の精神と、日本人の依って立つ思考や道徳 意識は、いかにして生まれたか。グローバル・スタンダードの荒波が押し寄せ、寄る辺ない風潮の漂う今だからこそ、本書を通して考える―日本とは、日本人とは何なのか、と。.

Death in the life of the samurai -- An introduction to Yamamoto Tunetomo's Hagakure -- The Hagakure -- A leisurely chat in the evening shadows -- A samurai must devote his heart firmly to bushidō -- Hardship is a beneficial experience -- There is nothing as deep as giri -- Close your eyes and think of your lord -- Death is a punishment not meted out lightly -- Even if it contains poison, what's the big deal? -- Naritomi Hyōgo's (...) words about achieving victory -- The quarrel (kenka) of Araki Kuzaemon -- You are weaker than you look -- "Victory or defeat is a trivial matter" -- Military strategies. (shrink)

In recent years several books by major figures in Japan's modern philosophical tradition have appeared in English, exciting readers by their explorations of the borderlands between philosophy and religion. What has been wanting, however, is a book in a Western language to elucidate the life and thought of Nishida Kitaro, Japan's first philosopher of world stature and the originator of what has come to be called the Kyoto School. No one is more qualified to write such a book than Nishitani (...) Keiji, whose lifetime coincides with the rise and flowering of the Kyoto School and whose own critical contribution to Japanese thought has been so important. _Nishida Kitaro_ is a translation of essays Nishitani wrote about his teacher from 1936 to 1968 and published as a book in 1985. This series of meditations by one master on another provides a remarkable, living portrait of Nishida the person and conveys the enthusiasm he aroused in his students. Examining Nishida's most important work, _An Inquiry into the Good_, Nishitani penetrates to the core of his thought and presents it in language that is a marvel of clarity. (shrink)

Using fMRI, we investigated how right temporal lobe gliomas affecting the posterior superior temporal sulcus alter neural processing observed during speech perception and production tasks. Behavioural language testing showed that three pre-operative neurosurgical patients with grade 2, grade 3 or grade 4 tumours had the same pattern of mild language impairment in the domains of object naming and written word comprehension. When matching heard words for semantic relatedness (a speech perception task), these patients showed under-activation in the tumour infiltrated right (...) superior temporal lobe compared to 61 neurotypical participants and 16 patients with tumours that preserved the right postero-superior temporal lobe, with enhanced activation within the (tumour-free) contralateral left superior temporal lobe. In contrast, when correctly naming objects (a speech production task), the patients with right postero-superior temporal lobe tumours showed higher activation than both control groups in the same right postero-superior temporal lobe region that was under-activated during auditory semantic matching. The task dependent pattern of under-activation during the auditory speech task and over-activation during object naming was also observed in eight stroke patients with right hemisphere infarcts that affected the right postero-superior temporal lobe compared to eight stroke patients with right hemisphere infarcts that spared it. These task-specific and site-specific cross-pathology effects highlight the importance of the right temporal lobe for language processing and motivate further study of how right temporal lobe tumours affect language performance and neural reorganisation. These findings may have important implications for surgical management of these patients, as knowledge of the regions showing functional reorganisation may help to avoid their inadvertent damage during neurosurgery. (shrink)

1. Tetsugaku jiban no ten'i : hi bunri jutsugosei basho hi jiko --.

The Hagakure is one of the most influential of all Japanese texts--written nearly 300 years ago by Tsunetomo Yamamoto to summarize the very essence of the Japanese Samurai bushido ("warrior") spirit. Its influence has been felt throughout the world and yet its existence is scarcely known to many Westerners. This is the first translation to include the complete first two books of the Hagakure and the most reliable and authentic passages contained within the third book; all other English translations (...) published previously have been extremely fragmentary and incomplete. The principal pillars of Bushido are loyalty, filial piety, bravery and mercy. Yamamoto lived his life based on these principles and was willing to sacrifice his own life to bring them to ultimate fruition once his lord died. However, Shogunate law forbade Samurai retainers from taking their lives after their liege and master died, so Yamamoto became a monk instead--spending the last years of life in seclusion recording his wisdom and insights in the Hagakure for the edification and training of future Samurai warriors in the essence of bushido. Alex Bennett's completely new and highly readable translation of this essential work is the only full version of the Hagakure published to date. Its extensive footnotes fill in many cultural and historical gaps found in previous translations. This unique combination of readability and scholarship gives Bennett's translation a distinct advantage over all other English editions of this work. Reading this compendium of tales of a faithful and devoted samurai provides a unique insight into the nature of samurai service and its role in Japanese history and society until today. (shrink)

商品の魅惑と横暴さによって見えなくされている“資本”、それは「利子生み資本」とは異なる「つつましやかな資本」の可能条件である。「利潤」を生む資本と「剰余価値」を生む資本とを区分し、原発危機・経済危機を 産みだしている悪しき「ふとどきな資本」に分水嶺を設定し、物象化の構造化された諸構造を超えていく自己技術と資本パワーを示す、画期的な書。場所資本、環境資本、文化資本の理論場を切削する。.

Tool use is a central topic in research on cognitive evolution and behavioral ecology in non-human animals. Originally thought to be a uniquely human phenomenon, many other species have been observed making and using tools for a variety of purposes, starting with Goodall’s groundbreaking work with chimpanzees in Gombe. Despite the frequent attention and great research interest in animal tool use, and ubiquity of the behavior, we argue here that chewing sticks by dogs should be included as a case of (...) tool use. We discuss alternate possible explanations and then propose several testable predictions regarding this hypothesis. We suggest that tool use may be more common than is often assumed and that many cases of animal tool use may be overlooked. (shrink)

Roelcke non-precompactness, simplicity, and non-amenability of the automorphism group of the Fraïssé limit of finite Heyting algebras are proved among others.

_ This scholarly article explores the critical role of professional ethics in the field of counseling and psychotherapy. Ethical considerations are fundamental to maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of mental health professionals. The paper examines the core principles and ethical guidelines that govern the practice of counseling and psychotherapy, addressing the complexities and challenges that practitioners may encounter. Through an in-depth analysis, the article emphasizes the significance of ethical decision-making, confidentiality, cultural competence, and ongoing professional development in fostering positive therapeutic (...) outcomes. _. (shrink)

Homologous chromosome pairing is required for proper chromosome segregation and recombination during meiosis. The mechanism by which a pair of homologous chromosomes contact each other to establish pairing is not fully understood. When pairing occurs during meiotic prophase in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the nucleus oscillates between the cell poles and telomeres remain clustered at the leading edge of the moving nucleus. These meiosis‐specific activities produce movements of telomere‐bundled chromosomes. Several lines of evidence suggest that these movements facilitate homologous (...) chromosome pairing by aligning homologous chromosomes and promoting contact between homologous regions. Since telomere clustering and nuclear or chromosome movements in meiotic prophase have been observed in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, it is suggested that telomere‐mediated chromosome movements are general activities that facilitate homologous chromosome pairing. BioEssays 23:526–533, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

A total of 366 UK children in four different schools, one in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and two in England, were asked to respond to 20 potentially stressful life experiences. Each event was rated on a scale ranging from 7 to 1 , and the scale value and interquartile range were calculated. In addition, whether or not a given event was actually experienced was noted. Across the groups, there was a very high degree of agreement on all three measures, (...) the median correlations being 0.95 for scale values, 0.70 for interquartile ranges, and 0.92 for incidence. Furthermore, the pooled UK results were found to correlate equally closely with the figures previously obtained in the USA and five other countries. The possibility of a prevalent ‘culture of childhood’, cutting across geo‐political boundaries and ethnic groupings, appears to receive further support. (shrink)

Vivre et mourir sans se départir de son courage et perdre son honneur est au coeur du Hagakure, une série de textes écrits par un samouraï du XVIIIe siècle, Yamamoto Tsunetomo. Ce livre est une fenêtre ouverte sur l'esprit du samouraï, éclairant le concept de bushido (la Voie du guerrier), qui précise la manière dont les samouraïs devaient se comporter, se discipliner, vivre et mourir. Alors que pendant de nombreuses années, le Hagakure demeura un texte secret, connu uniquement des (...) samouraïs au service du clan Nabeshima auquel appartenait l'auteur, il fut plus tard reconnu comme un grand classique de la pensée du samouraï. A l'origine, le Hagakure était composé de plus de 1300 textes courts que Tsunetomo dicta à un jeune samouraï sur une période de sept années. William Scott Wilson a sélectionné et traduit ici 300 des textes les plus représentatifs pour créer un ouvrage plus accessible, un guide du samouraï. Aucun autre traducteur n'a su rendre ce texte avec autant de profondeur et d'érudition. Wilson éclaire le Hagakure sous un jour différent : Tsunetomo fait référence au bushido comme à " la voie de la mort, " une description qui a engendré une fascination morbide chez ses lecteurs, particulièrement pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Mais à l'époque de Tsunetomo, le bushido relevait d'un concept plus nuancé qui était étroitement lié au concept zen de muga, la " mort de l'ego ". L'introduction de Wilson fournit l'arrière-plan historique et philosophique pour une lecture plus métaphorique du Hagakure. (shrink)