This book is the first to explore in detail the role that symbolic representation plays in the architecture of Kant's philosophy. Symbolic representation fulfills a crucial function in Kant's practical philosophy because it serves to mediate between the unconditionality of the categorical imperative and the inescapable finiteness of the human being. By showing how the nature of symbolic representation plays out across all areas of the practical philosophy - moral philosophy, legal philosophy, philosophy of history and philosophy of religion - (...) Heiner Bielefeldt offers a unique perspective on how these various facets of Kant's philosophy cohere. (shrink)

According to the predictive coding theory of psychosis, hallucinations and delusions are explained by an overweighing of high-level prior expectations relative to sensory information that leads to false perceptions of meaningful signals. However, it is currently unclear whether the hypothesized overweighing of priors (1) represents a pervasive alteration that extends to the visual modality and (2) takes already effect at early automatic processing stages. Here, we addressed these questions by studying visual perception of socially meaningful stimuli in healthy individuals with (...) varying degrees of psychosis proneness (n= 39). In a first task, we quantified participants’ prior for detecting faces in visual noise using a Bayesian decision model. In a second task, we measured participants’ prior for detecting direct gaze stimuli that were rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression. We found that the prior for detecting faces in noise correlated with hallucination proneness (r= 0.50,p= 0.001, Bayes factor 1/20.1) as well as delusion proneness (r= 0.46,p= 0.003, BF 1/9.4). The prior for detecting invisible direct gaze was significantly associated with hallucination proneness (r= 0.43,p= 0.009, BF 1/3.8) but not conclusively with delusion proneness (r= 0.30,p= 0.079, BF 1.7). Our results provide evidence for the idea that overly strong high-level priors for automatically detecting socially meaningful stimuli might constitute a processing alteration in psychosis. (shrink)

In modern discourse about the history of science, it seems to be widely accepted that at the end of the nineteenth century, Germany was one of the leading countries in the production of science. In the past, historians of science tried to trace back a specific ‘German style’ of science that—in combination with other factors—determined this German dominance around 1900, especially in the life sciences. Considering the theoretical concept of ‘national styles’, it has to be kept in mind that around (...) 1900, contemporaries already proclaimed ‘national styles’ of science as representations of national identity. Thus, the question arises as to how far existing historiographical conceptions of national styles may include earlier claims and prejudices. Careful reconstructions of contemporary discourses on national styles and inquiries into the ‘stylisation’ of a dominant, successful ‘German style’ are necessary. One of the contemporary critics of a ‘German style’ of science was the physiologist Jacques Loeb (1859–1924), who emigrated to the USA in 1891. Loeb corresponded regularly with the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Ernst Mach can be considered Loeb's intellectual father with whom he corresponded about strategic, philosophical, and epistemological questions. Using the Loeb–Mach correspondence, the aim of the paper is to reconstruct Loeb's conception of a ‘German style’ of science and its differences to an ‘American style’. Changes in his views are discussed as well as the roots of his views and some of their consequences. Finally, Loeb's ideas on national styles and his working profiles before and after his emigration are compared to historiographical analyses of ‘American’ or ‘German’ styles of science around 1900. (shrink)

In this contribution, we argue that critical theories of the public sphere (in Habermas, but also in Negt and Kluge as well as Fraser) leave out the socially central field of labour and labour-political disputes, and that a reactualization and refocusing becomes necessary: We define the dynamics of globalization, commodification and digitalization as sequences of a renewed structural transformation of both social self-understanding and gainful employment. With the help of a multi-level model of labour-political publics and counter-publics, class mobilizations can (...) be examined with a public-theoretical lens and important moments of labour-political disputes can also be reflected on their communicative conditions. This is exemplified by two vignettes. (shrink)

Die Menschenrechte bezeichnen eine Kategorie von Rechten, die dem Menschen schlichtweg aufgrund seines Menschseins zukommen und deshalb in jedem Menschen gleichermaßen respektiert werden müssen. Dies macht den normativen Universalismus aus, der die Menschenrechte im Unterschied zu partikularen Rechten auszeichnet. Sie gelten unabhängig von individuellen Vorleistungen, Funktionen, Dokumenten, Mitgliedschaften usw. und haben ihren Grund in der Würde des Menschen.

The presumption in favour of equality is the main argument pro egalitarianism so far. It assigns equality an extraordinary epistemic role: equality would not require special reason, only inequality would do so. The paper examines (and dismisses) five important arguments in favour of the presumption and presents two general objections against it.

This article objects to two major economistic shortcomings of Philippe Van Parijs’s Real Freedom for All: (1) Van Parijs claims that market prices are the best metric for equal real freedom. This is challenged. Market prices admittedly are the best instrument for distributive purposes at hand. They are, however, a means of transport for supply and demand contingendes. Hence market prices are to be considered as an insufficient metric for equal freedom. (2) Van Parijs claims that Real Freedom for All (...) is all there is to social justice. This claim is rejected. Despite its demanding egalitarian ambition, Real Freedom for All fails to protect a flourishing human life. Basic human rights like the right to social recognition and, in part, the right to health care are violated. Curiously even the right to autonomy is in want of full protection. These lacks are caused by the monetarism and the Straightforward market optimism of Real Freedom for All. (shrink)

Wenn es eine Lehre gibt, welche neben der Raum-Zeittheorie der Inauguraldissertation von 1770 für die Genese der Kritik der reinen Vernunft von zentraler Bedeutung ist, dann ist es die von Kant in den frühen Anthropologievorlesungen der siebziger Jahre vorgetragene Theorie eines spontanen, freien und selbstbewußten Ich. Aus welchen systematischen Erwägungen heraus hat er diese Ich-Theorie entwickelt? Was hat ihn dazu veranlaßt, seine Philosophie auf einem spontanen, freien und selbstbewußten Ich zu gründen, welches als eine einfache, numerisch identische, immaterielle und freie (...) Substanz verstanden wird, von der wir eine anschauende Erkenntnis im inneren Sinn haben? Aufgrund welcher konzeptionellen Änderungen wird diese Theorie gegenüber seiner Dissertation überhaupt erst ein sinnvolles Unternehmen? Es wird im Rahmen einer detaillierten Rekonstruktion der Problemlage, mit der sich Kant zwischen 1770 und 1772 konfrontiert war, gezeigt, daß er wesentliche Anregungen durch seinen früheren Schüler Marcus Herz erhalten hat, der in seiner Schrift Betrachtungen aus der spekulativen Weltweisheit einige grundlegende Lehrstücke der Dissertation kritisiert und mit Moses Mendelssohn für die Notwendigkeit eines „ersten Subjekts" plädiert. Nicht Rousseau, sondern Herz und Mendelssohn haben also in ihrer direkt auf die Dissertation bezogenen Kritik Kant davon überzeugt, daß das epistemisch aufgewertete Ich als Grund einer neuen Theorie des Verhältnisses von Denken und Gedachtem fungieren muß, um die Einheit unserer Erfahrung erklären zu können. (shrink)

Huang, Chun-chieh, Konfuzianismus: Kontinuität und Entwicklung: Studien zur chinesischen Geistesgeschichte (Confucianism: Continuity and Development: Studies in Chinese Intellectual History), Edited and translated by Stephan Schmidt Content Type Journal Article DOI 10.1007/s11712-010-9191-0 Authors Heiner Roetz, Faculty of East Asian Studies, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany Journal Dao Online ISSN 1569-7274 Print ISSN 1540-3009 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 4.

Following Snyderman and Rothman, we surveyed expert opinions on the current state of intelligence research. This report examines expert opinions on causes of international differences in student assessment and psychometric IQ test results. Experts were surveyed about the importance of culture, genes, education, wealth, health, geography, climate, politics, modernization, sampling error, test knowledge, discrimination, test bias, and migration. The importance of these factors was evaluated for diverse countries, regions, and groups including Finland, East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Europe, the Arabian-Muslim (...) world, Latin America, Israel, Jews in the West, Roma, and Muslim immigrants. Education was rated by N = 71 experts as the most important cause of international ability differences. Genes were rated as the second most relevant factor but also had the highest variability in ratings. Culture, health, wealth, modernization, and politics were the next most important factors, whereas other factors such as geography, climate, test bias, and sampling error were less important. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations of the survey. (shrink)

: The paper discusses the concepts of obligation and moral evidence in Mendelssohn’s and Kant’s prize essays. I argue that Mendelssohn departs in significant ways from Christian Wolff’s position, and that Kant intends to overcome Wolffian philosophy with Newtonian methodology while still owing a lot to Wolff and to the project of an ethics within the limits of metaphysics. Although quite akin to Francis Hutcheson’s philosophy, it becomes clear that Kant intended to lay the foundation of an innovative concept of (...) obligation, which shares some similarities with Christian August Crusius’s interpretation of it. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 106 Heft: 1 Seiten: 88-96.

Originally published under title: Dictionary of eighteenth-century German philosophers: London: Continuum, 2010.

In this paper, we examine Shaun Gallagher’s project of “naturalizing” phenomenology with the cognitive sciences: front-loaded phenomenology. While we think it is a productive proposal, we argue that Gallagher does not employ genetic phenomenological methods in his execution of FLP. We show that without such methods, FLP’s attempt to locate neurological correlates of conscious experience is not yet adequate. We demonstrate this by analyzing Gallagher’s critique of cognitive neuropsychologist Christopher Frith’s functional explanation of schizophrenic symptoms. In “constraining” Gallagher’s FLP program, (...) we discuss what genetic phenomenological method is and why FLP ought to embrace it. We also indicate what types of structures a genetically modified FLP will consider, and how such an approach would affect the manner in which potential neurological correlates of conscious experience are conceptually understood and experimentally investigated. (shrink)

NA PRIMEIRA PARTE DO PRESENTE ARTIGO, COMEÇO POR UM ESBOÇO SOBRE A RELAÇÃO ENTRE LIBERDADE, MORAL E MUNDO EM KANT. NA SEGUNDA PARTE DISCUTO OS EXEMPLOS DE CHRISTIAN WOLFF E CHRISTIAN AUGUST CRUSIUS COMO DUAS VERSÕES MODERNAS DO INDIFFERENTISMUS MORAL. NA TERCEIRA PARTE, PROPONHO A IDÉIA DE QUE A CONCEPÇÃO DE DEVER MORAL, EXPLICITADA POR KANT NOS ANOS 1780 E 90, PRESSUPÕE A LIBERDADE HUMANA DE PODER ESCOLHER ENTRE UMA AÇÃO POR DEVER, UMA AÇÃO CONFORME AO DEVER E UMA CONTRÁRIA (...) AO DEVER. NA QUARTA E ÚLTIMA PARTE, POR FIM, TENTAREI MOSTRAR QUE A CRÍTICA DE KANT À CONCEPÇÃO DA LIBERTAS INDIFFERENTIAE NA METAFÍSICA DOS COSTUMES NÃO ESTÁ EM CONTRADIÇÃO COM SUA IDÉIA DE QUE, DO PONTO DE VISTA MORAL, O HOMEM PODE E TEM DE SE DETERMINAR LIVREMENTE À AÇÃO. CERTAMENTE ESSA INTERPRETAÇÃO CONDUZ A ALGO COMO UMA DISCRETA ANTINOMIA DA RAZÃO PURA PRÁTICA, EMBORA ESTA NÃO SEJA UMA DENOMINAÇÃO DO PRÓPRIO KANT. (shrink)

Die Arbeit untersucht und kritisiert Brentanos antinaturalistische, aber auch antiessentialistische Grundlegung der Ethik,d.h. des Prinzips der Richtigkeit bzw. Unrichtigkeit von Gemütsbewegungen, die Analogiesetzung zu den Urteilen, die Fundierungim Evidenzbegriff sowie bestimmte Konsequenzen für die moralische Fragestellung.

Ich meine, daß ein erkenntnistheoretischer Skeptizismus nur am Platz ist, wenn ein Ideal der Erreichung der Wahrheit an sich unabhängig von praktischen Zielsetzungen verfolgt und ein universelles Begründungsgebot für hypothetische Aussagen aufgestellt wird. Sieht der Skeptiker gemäß dem Common sense von diesen willkürlichen Forderungen ab, so vermag er gegenüber einem Common-sense-Standpunkt nicht zu zeigen, 1) daß wegen des sogenannten Begründungsregresses eine Begründung von Aussagen unmöglich ist, 2) daß wegen des sogenannten Induktionszirkels eine empirische Begründung von Aussagen unmöglich ist, 3) daß (...) wegen der Möglichkeit konventionalistischer Verfahrensweisen eine Begründung von Aussagen unmöglich ist. Es vermag dies nicht zu zeigen, sofern die Begründungsfrage im Sinne des Common sense sinnvoll ist, d.h. letztlich als praktische Frage gestellt wird. Daher vermag der Skeptiker auch nicht zu zeigen, daß es kein Wissen geben kann, daß alle Glaubenshaltungen gleichwertig sind und ein vermeintliches Wissen einem vermeintlichen Nicht-Wissen berechtigtermassen nicht vorgezogen werden kann. (shrink)

Transgenic mice constitute an entirely new dimension of mammalian molecular genetics. They allow us to observe genes at work in the intact organism. Virtually every sector of biomedical research is likely to be affected.

<I>Aesthetics in Sartre and Camus examines the ideas on aesthetics expressed in the oeuvres of the two French authors. The dispute that arose following the publication of Camus' <I>L'homme revolte and Sartre's criticism of Camus' book culminated in the break up of their friendship in 1952, thereby underlining the differences in the authors' thinking. But by observing the function and significance of art and freedom in their works, fundamental correspondences and areas of agreement are revealed in Sartre's and Camus' writings (...) and are analysed in the present study.". (shrink)

In 1871, the German philosopher Gustav Teichmüller moved from his Basel chair to the much better paid chair in Tartu, and taught there until his untimely death. Besides philosophy, he had studied various disciplines, including the natural sciences. In the preparation of his own philosophy, he explored the history of philosophy for more than twenty years and made pioneering contributions to the history of concepts. Only by the early-1880s did he begin to elaborate his "new philosophy", an original version of (...) personalism, both anti-idealist and anti-materialist. He did this in three major works which built upon each other. Unwritten remained the keystone of his philosophy, the Philosophie des Christentums, in which Teichmüller wanted to show that the philosophical contents of Christianity were encapsulated by his own personalism. One major objective of his philosophy, as I see it, was regaining reality---in particular the reality of the person---after it had been lost in the wake of the failure of modern representationalism. Notwithstanding its coherentist elements, I see Teichmüller's philosophy as a precursor of direct realism. Although he fell into oblivion soon after, his thoughts were received throughout Europe, notably by Friedrich Nietzsche, Aleksey Kozlov and Nicholas Lossky. His extensive literary remains, which are kept in Basel, remain to be explored. (shrink)