In a number of very influential publications, Epstein and Hoover (among other authors) have recently argued that a thoroughly micro-foundationalist approach towards economics is unconvincing for metaphysical reasons. However, as we show in this article, this metaphysical/social ontological approach to the debate fails to resolve the status of micro-foundations in the practice of economic modelling. To overcome this, we argue that endogenizing a model—that is, providing micro-foundations for it—correlates with making that model more complex. Specifically, we show that models with (...) more micro-foundations tend to have more parameters or variables. This matters, as there are well-established methodological reasons for preferring models with fewer parameters or variables—ceteris paribus. We therefore conclude that, from a practice-based point of view, micro-foundations are only defensible to the extent that they significantly improve the ability of the relevant model to fit the data of interest. In this way, we arrive at a practice-based, methodological reconceptualization of the debate surrounding the need for micro-foundations in economics. (shrink)

Systemic epistemic failings in institutions are often explained through settler epistemologies and settler colonial frameworks that both obscure and reproduce the conditions necessary for those failings to endure. What is never questioned in the standard picture of institutional epistemic injustice is the implicit origin myth of an ‘institutional big bang’ that spawned many modern social institutions out of presumably noble orienting goals for a well-functioning society in democratic nation-states. We are concerned with the functional outcomes of institutions in settler colonial (...) societies, and how these outcomes consistently undermine whitewashed narratives of any inherent institutional design allegedly aimed at promoting testimonial justice in settler colonial societies. Institutions are built to target and maintain a status quo, especially (but not only) when they are charged with securing part of the social order or fabric of settler colonial societies. We will illustrate this concern through a discussion of various functional outcomes of the U.S. institution of asylum using Shannon Speed’s (2019. Incarcerated Stories: Indigenous Women Migrants and Violence in the Settler-Capitalist State. The University of North Carolina Press) analysis of the violence Indigenous women migrants from Latin America experience within the complex administrative web of U.S. migration and asylum systems. (shrink)

Since time immemorial, the phenomenon of leadership and its understanding has attracted the attention of the business world because of its important role in human groups. Nevertheless, for years efforts to understand this concept have only been centred on people in leadership roles, thus overlooking an important aspect in its understanding: the necessary moral dimension which is implicit in the relationship between leader and follower. As an illustrative example of the importance of considering good morality in leadership, an empirical study (...) is conducted in which a good performance of the "leader-follower" relationship is reflected when individuals perceive ethical leadership in higher hierarchical managerial levels. To be precise, findings of this study demonstrate that follower job response is improved through an ethics trickle-down partial effect from the Top Manager to the immediate supervisor, and also reveal both key aspects and managerial level on which the practice of ethical leadership should rest upon to have a stronger effect on the follower positive job response. Practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are finally presented. (shrink)

This paper argues that there is a class of terms, or uses of terms, that are best accounted for by an expressivist account. We put forward two sets of criteria to distinguish between expressive and factual terms. The first set relies on the action-guiding nature of expressive language. The second set relies on the difference between one's evidence for making an expressive vs. factual statement. We then put those criteria to work to show, first, that the basic evaluative adjectives such (...) as ‘good’ have expressive as well as factual uses and, second, that many adjectives whose primary meanings are factual, such as ‘powerful’, also have expressive uses. (shrink)

Background: Several authors have focused on the aesthetics of nursing care from diverse perspectives; however, there are few studies about the sublime and the beautiful in nursing. Aim: To identify beautiful and sublime moments in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care. Methods: A theoretical reflection has been contemplated about sublime and beautiful values in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care from the cultural history perspective. For that purpose, a revision of this issue has been completed. The (...) terms ‘beautiful’ and ‘sublime’ have been analysed to identify the characteristics of both in the context of nursing care. Ethical consideration: We have followed all ethical requirements regarding the sources, conducting research and authorship. There is no conflict of interest in this paper. Results: With aesthetic knowledge, the nurse expresses the artistic nature of nursing care by appreciating the act of caring for individuals. The sublime is a complex phenomenon, since apparently contrary feelings are interwoven. Nursing care is an art with an anthropological object-subject on which the ‘artist’ applies their prior knowledge and skills. Feelings and emotions that develop during the clinical nursing practice – especially at times sublime and beautiful, aesthetic – constitute experiences which are professionally significant. (shrink)

A evidência textual primária confirma que Schopenhauer estava ciente da adoção generalizada do confinamento solitário no sistema penitenciário americano e alguns de seus efeitos prejudiciais. Ele entende sua perniciosidade no que diz respeito ao tédio, fenômeno pelo qual é conhecido por ter nele pensado e analisado extensivamente. Neste artigo, eu interpreto o relato de Schopenhauer sobre o tédio e sua relação com o confinamento solitário. Defendo Schopenhauer contra a objeção de que os casos de confinamento servem apenas para ilustrar a (...) inadequação geral de sua explicação do tédio como a falta de coisas para se querer. Esta defesa chega à conclusão de que, ao contrário, alguém pode muito bem sofrer da falta de coisas para querer como resultado direto de estar confinado; e que o tédio, entendido como a privação de vontade — fenômeno que sugiro poder ser chamado de privação conativa — faz uma contribuição esclarecedora para a nossa compreensão teórica da nocividade do confinamento solitário. (shrink)

La obra filosófica de Michel Henry forjó una filosofía del cristianismo que se articula como una Fenomenología de la Vida, engarzada con una filosofía de la carne y consumada como una Fenomenología de la Encarnación. El núcleo de dicha fenomenología comienza distinguiendo entre la fenomenología del mundo y la Fenomenología de la Vida. La fenomenología del mundo planteó y plantea siempre un pensamiento confinado en la exterioridad, en el estar fuera; en lo ek-stático, que siempre olvida y niega la vida. (...) La Fenomenología de la Vida, en cambio, es la inmanencia y la auto-afección (el experimentarse a sí del viviente), que se expone desde las intuiciones esenciales del cristianismo: una vida que es auto-revelación; que es auto-donación, y que está caracterizada por el gozo infinito de sí en el abrazo patético de Sí, en la auto-afección. Ello, la Vida absoluta (Dios Padre, Dios de la Vida) auto-engendra eternamente a Dios Hijo, Cristo, el Primogénito, el Archi-Hijo. En Él nacemos a y por la Vida los vivientes, que somos los Hijos de Dios, Hijos de la Vida en el Archi-Hijo. Él nos singulariza engendrándonos en su Archi-Ipseidad. La carne del viviente es engendrada en el Verbo hecho Carne; Palabra de Vida, Palabra de la Verdad, Verbo de Vida, Verbo de Amor. (shrink)

In this paper we review and argue for the relevance of the concept of open-ended evolution in biological theory. Defining it as a process in which a set of chemical systems bring about an unlimited variety of equivalent systems that are not subject to any pre-determined upper bound of organizational complexity, we explain why only a special type of self-constructing, autonomous systems can actually implement it. We further argue that this capacity derives from the ‘dynamic decoupling’ (in its minimal or (...) most basic sense: the phenotype–genotype decoupling) by means of which a radically new way of material organization (minimal living organization) is achieved, allowing for the long-term sustenance of systems whose individual-metabolic and collective-historical pathways become thereafter deeply intertwined. (shrink)

En el presente artículo analizamos en sus aspectos fundamentales la evolución teórica que ha experimentado la interpretación de la obra de Marx desde las primeras corrientes que se derivan de ella hasta las más actuales. Nos ocupamos primero del marxismo tradicional, de su concepción determinista del materialismo histórico y su interpretación historicista de la teoría del valor. Abordamos después las corrientes del marxismo occidental que se oponen a las concepciones reduccionistas y economicistas de la interpretación marxista dominante, para centrarnos finalmente (...) en las interpretaciones más recientes de la teoría social de Marx como crítica del carácter fetichista de las formas de conciencia burguesas y las categorías de la economía política. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

Traditionally, research focused on determining the causes of employee pay satisfaction has investigated the influence of job-related inputs, both extrinsic and intrinsic to the job itself. Together with these inputs, pay-related fairness issues have played an important role in explaining the phenomenon. However, few studies consider the factors linked to fairness issues, such as ethical leadership. Because ethical leadership necessarily entails the concept of fairness, it seemingly should have a positive effect. Furthermore, because the presence of supervisor ethical leadership (SEL) (...) offers strong chances for employees to achieve moral accomplishments and excel in the practice of their jobs, SEL should enhance the effects of intrinsic job inputs. Whereas high job motivating potential (JMP) makes it easier for employees be self-actualized, moral fulfillment is necessary for them to obtain authentic self-actualization at work and minimize the impact of pay deficiencies. Along with SEL, JMP should be shaped to increase positive experiences of job meaningfulness, responsibility for job outcomes, and knowledge of results at work, which can lead to enjoyment in doing the job in itself, not just for compensation-related motives. Hierarchical regression analysis with a sample of 151 employees in a diverse set of Spanish organizations supports the direct effects of JMP and SEL and shows that higher levels of SEL increase the positive effects of JMP on pay satisfaction. The practical implications of these findings and further research directions conclude this article. (shrink)

El qigong es un ejercicio físico y de concentración que ha experimentado una gran expansión a nivel mundial. Esta rápida difusión ha propiciado que se transmita desligado de su base filosófica y que se proyecte una mezcla confusa de conceptos relacionados básicamente con la salud física y mental. En este trabajo se interpreta el qigong desde una perspectiva filosófica. Para ello se ha tomado como referencia el concepto de armonía integral de Fang Dongmei y se ha elaborado un marco teorético (...) que aporta una nueva lectura del qigong adaptada al momento actual. El ensayo resultante da consistencia a la praxis actual del qigong. (shrink)

“There is nothing deep down inside us except what we have put there ourselves, no criterion that we have not created in the course of creating a practice, no standard of rationality that is not an appeal to such a criterion, no rigorous argumentation that is not obedience to our own conventions.” Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism I. Introducción: ¿es Richard Rorty el hombre que mató a la verdad? En el año 2003, apenas cuatro años antes de la muerte de (...) Richard Rorty, la cadena BBC emit... (shrink)

This article seeks to correlate some topics from Hobbes (especially the sovereignty problem) to reconstruct, in Foucault, the resistance problem. To this end, working with the state of nature example and with several commentators from both authors, an analysis will be carried out whose intersection point is the command­obedience pair, more specifically concerning the voice issue, such as referenced by Veyne. Merging two theoretical approaches, as far as Hobbes is concerned, a structural perspective was chosen, respecting the author's geometric methodology; (...) regarding Foucault, it is operated from a heuristic aspect, aiming to approach his experimentalism. (shrink)

We cannot simply observe that Emile Durkheim, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Pierre Bourdieu all received philosophical training and subsequently asserted, in surprisingly similar terms, that escaping from philosophy or breaking away from philosophical modes of thought was a necessary condition for any research in the human and social sciences, without considering whether there might be a direct relationship between the sociological ethos and a particular attitude towards philosophy. The "rupture" with philosophyis never complete: the sociologists' conception of sociology is, on the (...) contrary, heavily influenced by the negative image they have of philosophy, which they always invoke as something to be avoided or a specter that must be exorcised. The sociological perception of philosophy thus constitutes a system of oppositions, a set of likes and dislikes deeply ingrained in the minds of practitioners in the human and social sciences, and which, so to speak, form the very foundation of the discipline and its definition of its identity. By reconstructing it, this article proposes a sociological analysis of the genesis, structure, and function of the sociological unconscious. (shrink)

La política de relaciones internacionales de los países del bloque occidental puso en marcha a mediados del siglo XX las políticas de cooperación al desarrollo. En España, a partir de los años 50 surgieron ONGD que iniciaron su camino en la cooperación al desarrollo, entre ellas Manos Unidas. La evolución del propio concepto de desarrollo y de cooperación al desarrollo fue recogida en los diferentes boletines informativos que se publicaban en Manos Unidas y reflejan los avances realizados en las diferentes (...) etapas. Este artículo analiza las acciones de desarrollo y de cooperación internacional a través de las publicaciones realizadas por la ONGD Manos Unidas. (shrink)

Summary 1898 marked a crucial point in the end of the nineteenth-century Spanish crisis. The military defeat ending the Spanish-American War was seen as proof that the country was in terminal decline. With the ideals of regeneration spreading throughout Spanish society, the State became more interested in supporting and sponsoring science and technology, as well as in creating a modern educational system. The resulting reforms reflected this strong interest in scientific education, and consequently, the first decades of the twentieth century (...) saw a turning point in the development of science and technology in Spain. Some recent papers have discussed various initiatives taken by Spanish governments, particularly in the creation of new official institutions. Such institutions played an important role in the development of science and technology, but their activity in the promotion of scientific education was very limited. However, other governmental initiatives were taken in order to develop this area, particularly focusing on the acquisition of scientific instruments. Scientific instruments were needed not only to improve Spanish scientific research but also to improve the teaching of experimental sciences. These instruments were specifically adapted for use by students. This paper aims to present some of the lesser-known individuals and firms who, in the new social and cultural context, provided scientific instruments for educational centres in order to meet the increasing demand for this material in Spanish educational institutions during these years. (shrink)

Resumen:El artículo explora la relación entre memoria y tecnología en la obra de Bernard Stiegler, centrando su análisis en la "retención terciaria", una forma de memoria externalizada en artefactos técnicos. La tecnología, más allá de almacenar información, reconfigura los procesos mnemotécnicos e identidad humana, desafiando las distinciones tradicionales entre memoria orgánica y artificial. La era digital transforma cómo recordamos y construimos narrativas personales y colectivas, presentando tanto posibilidades de enriquecimiento cognitivo, como riesgos de erosión de la memoria interna y la (...) identidad cultural. El enfoque filosófico de Stiegler invita a una reflexión crítica sobre las implicaciones éticas y existenciales de la tecnología en la sociedad contemporánea.Palabras clave: memoria; tecnología; retención terciaria; identidad; externalización. (shrink)

In this chapter we offer a critical analysis of organizational models about the process of origins of life and, thereby, a reflection about life itself (understood in a general, minimal sense). We begin by demarcating the idea of organization as an explanatory construct, linking it to the complex relationships and transformations that the material parts of (proto-)biological systems establish to maintain themselves under non-equilibrium dynamic conditions. The diverse ways in which this basic idea has been applied within the prebiotic field (...) are then reviewed in relative detail. We distinguish between “network” and “protocell” approaches, discussing their specific implications and explaining the greater relevance of the latter in the current state of affairs. Despite the key role that such organizational approaches play (and should keep playing) to advance on the problem of primordial biogenesis, the second half of our contribution is devoted to argue that they must be combined with other explanatory accounts, which go beyond the physiology of any single (proto-)organism. With that aim, we underline the fundamental differences between the autonomous, metabolic dynamics that individual (proto-)cells perform and the evolutionary and ecological dynamics that take place in a collective and trans-generational dimension. Apart from obvious gaps in the characteristic temporal and spatial scales involved, the corresponding causal and interactive regimes also reveal themselves as neatly distinct, what is reflected in the unpaired functional integration and the agent behavior displayed by biological individuals. Nevertheless, any living organism (and life in a wider, general sense) derives from the deep interweaving of those two phenomenological domains: namely, the “individual-metabolic” and the “collective-evolutionary” domains. At the end of the chapter, we propose the principle of dynamical decoupling as the core idea to develop a more comprehensive theoretical framework to understand how this intricate, causally asymmetric connection must be articulated during the actual process of biogenesis (as it happened here on Earth or anywhere else in the universe), so that life’s minimal complexity threshold is reached. (shrink)

Prisoners sometimes die in prison, either due to natural illness, violence, suicide, or a result of imprisonment. The purpose of this study is to understand deaths in custody using qualitative methodology and to argue for a comprehensive definition of death in custody that acknowledges deaths related to the prison environment. Interviews were conducted with 33 experts, who primarily work as lawyers or forensic doctors with national and/or international organisations. Responses were coded and analysed qualitatively. Defining deaths in custody according to (...) the place of death was deemed problematic. Experts favoured a dynamic approach emphasising the link between the detention environment and occurrence of death rather than the actual place of death. Causes of deaths and different patterns of deaths were discussed, indicating that many of these deaths are preventable. Lack of an internationally recognised standard definition of death in custody is a major concern. Key aspects such as place, time, and causes of death as well as relation to the prison environment should be debated and incorporated into the definition. Systematic identification of violence within prison institutions is critical and efforts are needed to prevent unnecessary deaths in prison and to protect vulnerable prisoners. (shrink)

Este artículo realiza un análisis del papel clave de las mujeres y sus organizaciones como constructoras de paz y como defensoras de derechos humanos en el marco de la violencia armada en Colombia, resaltando la utilización de las practicas estéticas, artísticas y vivenciales (PEAV), como parte de su estrategia de trabajo y como herramientas para la construcción de paz, el empoderamiento de las mujeres y la defensa de los derechos humanos. A partir de la literatura feminista y la investigación sobre (...) la participación de las mujeres en los procesos de construcción de paz, este estudio pretende destacar el uso de las PEAV como estrategias eficaces para la memoria histórica, promover la reconciliación, la cultura de paz y fomentar el empoderamiento de las mujeres en Colombia. Utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinar, esta investigación examina las praxis entorno del uso de las PEAV, su presencia y diversidad entre las principales organizaciones feministas y de mujeres a nivel nacional que las utilizan para la construcción de paz y el empoderamiento. (shrink)

Among the many approaches to leadership, servant leaders stand out for the emphasis they place on the importance of service to their followers, the organization, and the broader community. We develop and test a multilevel mediation model, in which the relationship between servant leadership and team performance is sequentially transmitted through individual-level organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and team-based internal social capital. Multilevel structural equation modeling was applied to a sample of 343 teams, reflecting 835 respondents from various departments at 171 (...) hotels in Spain; both top-down (between team leaders and individual employees) and bottom-up relationships (individual employee behavior and team outcomes) were assessed. As anticipated, individual-level OCB and group-level internal social capital fully mediated the positive effect of servant leadership on team performance. Our findings illustrate that servant leadership in the team-based business enterprise context can foster virtuous individual-level OCB to help build task-focused community, in which leaders, followers, and teams can flourish for the common good. Thus, managers should know that serving their team members first and foremost is a positive for the flourishing of all involved. As such, policymakers should pursue communication and training initiatives to encourage the practice of servant leadership. (shrink)

Traducción crítica de las dos cuestiones_ quodlibetales_ dedicadas por Enrique de Gante al origen causal de la imposibilidad, precedida de un estudio introductorio que analiza ambas cuestiones en el marco general de su ontología relacional. En la primera (VI.3), Enrique concluye que la imposibilidad de algo proviene _ex parte rei_; mientras que en la segunda (VIII.3), concluye que la imposibilidad de algo proviene _ex parte dei_. El estudio de ambas cuestiones muestra, por una parte, la continuidad y la dependencia de (...) la segunda cuestión respecto de la primera y, por otra, la debilidad de la distinción propuesta por Enrique entre la constitución formal de la _res_ y su posibilidad objetiva, así como la originalidad y el valor de la noción de nada (_purum nihil_) que logra precisar en ellas. (shrink)

In past decades, significant work in behavioural economics has decisively revealed the limitations of the human agency model known as Homo Economicus, whereby humans are purely driven by material self-interest. These behavioural findings are, however, far from integrated in mainstream economic theory, which builds heavily on the neoclassical tradition. Unbeknown to modern economics, Bernard Mandeville and Adam Smith already proposed a richer model of human agency in which choices also depend on the desire for social approbation. The social approbation mechanism (...) complements material self-interest and provides a more diverse toolset, which is able to explain social preferences. Mainstream economic agency confines the study of human action to an artificially-limited spectrum because it reduces society to atomistic individuals who maximise one all-purpose measure of value: utility, which is often instrumented by consumption. Collective action is therefore only sustainable where material incentives are in place, as the economic agent rides for free unless financially penalised. To explain pro-social behaviour from the standpoint of self-interest, Mandeville and Smith proposed that agents also maximise social approbation, which conveys incentives to act pro-socially because the desire for others' approval encourages compliance with social norms. The upshot for collective action is that, assuming social norms represent common interests, approval from others provides an extrinsic motive for pro-social behaviour. I formalise the mechanism by proposing a simple utility function in which agents maximise social approbation as well as material self-interest. (shrink)

Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 5, May 2022.

Teaching business ethics effectively may prepare future leaders and managers to better deal with delicate situations that they might face in the workplace. However, such an aim is one of the biggest challenges that educators at universities are called on to solve. An increasing number of scholars are invoking the role of prudence in the virtue ethics context as a viable approach to teach students how to manage ethical dilemmas. In this regard, this paper discusses the “St. Albans Family Enterprises” (...) case study that can serve as an instrument to help students and practitioners develop their ethical decision-making ability and to foster a disposition towards applying sound judgment or what can be called in classical terms, prudence. The teaching note that accompanies the case study offers guidance to educators about how the case can be used for teaching purposes, and explains the implications of exercising practical wisdom within a virtue ethics framework. (shrink)

1. Bergson, Husserl, Russell, scheler, Jaspers, Heidegger -- 2. Quiles, E. Pucciarelli, M. Merleau-Ponty, F.G. Asenjo, P. Ricoeur.

1. Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hobbes, Berkeley, Hume, Lock, Voltaire, Condillac, Rousseau, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel -- 2. Schopenhauer, Comte, Feuerbach, Kierkegaard, Marx, Engels, Nietzsche.

T. 1. San Agustín, Boecio, Escoto Erigena y San Anselmo -- T. 2. Arabes y judíos, Tomás de Aquino, Buenaventura, Duns Scot, Occam, Eckhart.

El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar sobre el concepto de revuelta popular para precisar su valor heurístico en relación con la comunidad política. Para ello se realiza un recorrido teórico de la idea de revuelta popular en algunos textos de Arendt, Rancière, Blanchot, Nancy, Agamben y Esposito. Propongo que la revuelta debe ser entendida en el marco de una ontología de la comunidad. Se concluye que la revuelta popular supone el rechazo de un orden de desigualdad sostenido en un desacuerdo (...) y la exigencia de no perder la comunidad entendida como el lugar mismo de nuestra existencia. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the concept of popular revolt in order to clarify its heuristic value in relation to political community. The essay traces a theoretical trajectory of the idea of popular revolt in some texts of Arendt, Rancière, Blanchot, Nancy, Agamben and Esposito. I propose that popular revolt must be understood in the context of an ontology of the community. I conclude that popular revolt presumes the rejection of an order on inequality sustained by a disagreement and the requirement of not to lose the community understood as the very place of our existence. (shrink)

I. On Philosophical Education To many philosophical sensibilities the expression “Pragmatic Naturalism” may sound like a sort of oxymoron. We have a good news: it is not. John Ryder’s new book The Things on Heaven and Earth will not persuade perhaps the most reluctant partisans of both sides, but it certainly shows how “pragmatic naturalism” is not necessarily a contradictio in adjecto, but rather an exciting theoretical approach. After reading this book, one acquires the confidence that prag...

El presente trabajo versa sobre las posibilidades de agencia animal (en términos de cultura, lenguaje, ética y política) en la novela Su nombre era muerte del escritor mexicano Rafael Bernal, a través del concepto de devenir animal de la filosofía contemporánea. Como punto de partida, se toma la apertura de mundo acontecida en esta novela —el aprendizaje del protagonista del lenguaje de los moscos anófeles de la Selva Lacandona—; después, se presenta un resumen de distintas posturas filosóficas sobre el lugar (...) de los animales en la cultura: la modernidad cartesiana, el vitalismo de Nietzsche, la reconstrucción ontológica del posthumanismo y el devenir animal en Deleuze, Guattari y otros filósofos contemporáneos. El objetivo del texto es repensar las capacidades creadoras de la vida animal (así como sus límites y abusos) dentro de la construcción cultural de las sociedades contemporáneas. (shrink)

Emmanuel Levinas, uno de los filósofos occidentales más profundamente originales del siglo XX, ha recibido en los últimos años una atención considerable por parte de educadores y filósofos de la educación. Son muchas las implicaciones éticas que tiene para la educación en áreas relacionadas con la educación moral, cuestiones de diversidad, multiculturalismo y políticas de reconocimiento. Este artículo se apoya en Levinas para quien el concepto de responsabilidad constituye la piedra angular de su obra filosófica y encuentra su mejor expresión (...) en la acogida al otro. Educar es acoger, acompañar y ayudar al educando en su proyecto de vida. Desde la ética levinasiana, la acogida no se concibe como un mero objeto de instrucción o de enseñanza, se “aprende” por contagio, por mímesis. Por ello, los autores se muestran contrarios a la propuesta de actuaciones educativas concretas previamente programadas, y apuestan por la creación de un clima educativo en el aula que favorezca la apertura al otro, especialmente al diferente cultural. Concluyen en la importancia de una educación hospitalaria que profundice en el sentido de la responsabilidad y haga de la experiencia del alumno el punto de partida de la acción educativa. (shrink)