Summary This paper discusses the emergence of new medical experimental specialties at the Medical School of Surgery (Escola Médico-Cirúrgica) and the Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon University (Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa) between 1897 and 1946, as a result of the activities of Marck Athias's (1875?1946) histophysiology research school. In 1897, Marck Athias, a Portuguese physician who had graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, founded a research school in Lisbon along the lines of Michael Foster's physiology (...) research school in England and Franz Hofmeister's physiological chemistry school in Germany. His research programme was highly innovative in Portugal. Not only did it bring together many disciples and co-workers, but it branched out and created new medical specialties within Portuguese medical science. These new disciplinary areas grew out of the study of the histology of the nervous system but eventually expanded into normal and pathological histophysiology, physiological chemistry and experimental endocrinology. The esprit de corps that existed between research school members ensured the school's success and influence in various fields social and political as well as scientific. Athias's school was strongly influenced by positivist ideals and promoted a teaching and research style that sought inspiration in Humboldt's university model, thus helping to bring about a change in the dominant scientific ethos and to modernize scientific research in Portugal during the first half of the twentieth century. (shrink)

Josefa Amar y Borbón, une intellectuelle espagnole du XVIIIe siècle, défendit dans ses ouvrages et dans sa vie la raison des femmes, à partir de sa propre tradition culturelle mais simultanément avec d’autres intellectuelles européennes de son temps. Elle se forgea un prestige intellectuel et intervint publiquement dans le débat sur l’admission des femmes dans les sociétés réformistes, contre l’opinion négative d’une partie des hommes des élites éclairées espagnoles. La lecture de ses textes et leur comparaison avec la pensée de (...) sa contemporaine Mme d’Épinay montre que, dans des contextes sociaux et culturels différents, ces deux femmes avait des idées concordantes sur la raison, l’éducation et la condition social des femmes, loin des opinions plus répandues, celles des auteurs comme Thomas, Rousseau et d’autres contemporains espagnols. Elles avaient aussi des stratégies vitales communes, qui visaient à occuper et à revendiquer pour les femmes des possibilités et des espaces dans l’activité culturelle et la sociabilité des Lumières. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem dois objectivos: por um lado, o de analisar os conceitos de percepçáo e memória no cinema segundo a fenomenologia de Maurice Merleau-Ponty em “Le Cinéma et la Nouvelle Psychologie” e, por outro lado, o de analisar estes mesmos conceitos no filme de Christopher Nolan, Memento . A nossa principal referência será a fenomenologia da percepçáo em Merleau-Ponty de modo a melhor compreendermos o interesse fenomenológico do cinema e deste filme em particular.

María Zambrano Alarcón fue una filósofa metafísica española que vivió de lleno el siglo XX al compás de su circunstancia. Comprometida con los hechos más significativos de su tiempo, pertenece a la generación que algunos llaman "de la libertad", precedida de grandes maestros como Ortega, Unamuno, Machado y otros, preocupados todos por España, aspirando a una nueva sociedad y, según María, a una "nueva forma de vida". Durante la segunda mitad del siglo, Zambrano vivió en el exilio, donde dedicó cuarenta (...) años a plasmar su pensamiento en una obra tan extensa como intensa, labor que la sitúa entre las intelectuales europeas como Arendt o Weil, quienes por primera vez aportan al pensamiento filosófico una huella profundamente femenina aún por estudiar. Su metafísica se enmarca en la tradición occidental, cuyo objetivo principal es el universo y la vida humana. Discípula de Ortega y Gasset, su visión del hombre es la de un ser que se hace a base de nacimientos y renacimientos que lo ponen en movimiento espiritual, según su proyecto vital o vocación. Para María, la forma de la vida del hombre es la manera de vivir, la de su ética y su estética, la de la cultura a la que pertenece, el molde en el que se imprime. Y una vida será aquella que sepa discurrir por su tiempo a la manera despierta y libre como debe estarlo el hombre. (shrink)

Durante el período Ilustrado hubo un discurso difundido que aclamaba la supremacía de la esfera económica sobre lo político y lo ético. Adam Ferguson, destacado filósofo de la Ilustración escocesa, no lo compartía, juzgándolo monolítico y reductor. Pensaba que la llegada de la sociedad comercial –del mercado-, decisiva para el progreso económico, fue también factor de desequilibrios que amenazaban el porvenir de la sociedad. Lo político era un elemento fundamental de la reproducción social. Se confrontaban dos modelos: uno basado en (...) el principio que parecía guiar, universalmente, las relaciones entre los hombres: el intercambio económico; y una representación de la sociedad civil basada en la virtud del ciudadano. Ferguson defendió el segundo: un hombre virtuoso no es el que serenamente contempla lo que pasa a su alrededor, sino aquel que ejerciendo su virtud activa mira a lo político. En esta perspectiva, lo virtuoso y lo político se encuentra estrechamente enlazados. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) aspirations by companies have been identified as a motivating factor for active employee participation in CSR implementation. However, a failure to practise what one preaches can backfire and lead to attribution of hypocrisy. Drawing on a qualitative study of an award-winning sustainability pioneer in the cosmetics sector, we explore the role of moral judgement in how and when employees interpret word–deed misalignment in CSR implementation as hypocritical. First, our case reveals that high CSR aspirations by companies (...) raise employees’ moral expectations. Second, we develop a framework that explains variations in employees’ hypocrisy interpretations based on consequentialist and deontological forms of moral judgement. Our research advances a contextual view of hypocrisy, not as an objective characteristic of an organisation, but as an outcome of interpretative processes of perceived motives and results in CSR implementation. Our framework thereby explains why even highly committed organisations may face accusations of hypocrisy. (shrink)

Drawing on the self-determination framework, the study examined the effect of coaches’ autonomy support on the leisure experience of young male football players. Specifically, a model was tested analyzing the long-term predictive power of the players’ perception of coach-autonomy support at the beginning of the season on the subjective vitality of young football players at the end of the season through needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Moreover, we tested whether the effects of coach-autonomy support on the aforementioned variables (needs satisfaction, (...) intrinsic motivation, and subjective vitality) at the end of the season remained at the beginning of the following season. Because the coach in the second season was not the same one as in the first season, the perception of coach-autonomy support at the beginning of the second season was used as a control variable. Three hundred and sixty football players (M age = 12.60 years; SD = 0.52) completed a questionnaire on the variables of interest at the beginning of the first season (T1), at the end of the first season (T2), and at the beginning of the second season (T3). The results of the path analyses showed that player’ perceptions of coach autonomy support at the beginning of the season (T1) positively predicted needs satisfaction at the end of the first season (T2), which in turn predicted intrinsic motivation at the end of the first season (T2). Additionally, intrinsic motivation significantly and positively predicted subjective vitality at the end of the first season (T2). Finally, needs satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and subjective vitality at the end of the second season (T2) positively predicted these same variables at the beginning of the second season (T3). Results emphasized the importance of the autonomy support offered by the coach in promoting the quality of young people’s leisure experience playing football and its benefits for their well-being. (shrink)

Hearing loss has been identified as a major modifiable risk factors for dementia. Adult candidates for cochlear implantation represent a population at risk of hearing loss-associated cognitive decline. This study investigated the effect of demographics, habits, and medical and psychological risk factors on cognition within such a cohort. Data from 34 consecutive adults with post-lingual deafness scheduled for CI were analyzed. Pure tone audiometry and Speech Discrimination Score were recorded. The Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status for Hearing impaired (...) individuals was used to measure cognition. Demographics, habits, and medical factors were evaluated. Depression was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and social inhibition with the Type D questionnaire. All participants suffered from severe to profound hearing loss. The mean RBANS-H total score was 83 ± 16. Participants reported a mean of years of formal education of 12 ± 5 years. The prevalence of habits and medical risk factors was: physical inactivity, body mass index >30, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, and diabetes. Regarding psychological factors, the mean scores of social inhibition and depression were 10 ± 6 and 6 ± 5, respectively. The number of years of education was significantly correlated with the RBANS-H total score, and with the domains “Immediate memory”, “Visuospatial/constructional”, and “Attention”. The mean RBANS-H total score in participants who had university studies or higher level was 97 ± 9, with the remaining participants reporting a mean score of 75 ± 15. Men performed better in the “Visuospatial/constructional”. Physical inactivity was associated with lower scores in the “Delayed memory” ; hypertension correlated with lower RBANS-H total scores and “Attention”. Depression and social inhibition were negatively correlated with RBANS-H total score and with the “Immediate memory,” “Visuospatial/constructional,” and “Attention”. In adults with late-onset deafness scheduled to CI, educational level has a significant effect. Additionally, sex, physical inactivity, hypertension, and psychological traits of social inhibition and depression may also influence cognitive status. Long-term studies with more participants would enable us better understand the effects different risk factors on cognitive status. (shrink)

A liberdade religiosa foi um dos temas mais debatidos no século 17 na Inglaterra. Essa questão estava intimamente relacionada com o problema da extensão da jurisdição civil ou, ainda, da relação entre o poder civil e o poder eclesiástico. John Locke participou ativamente das discussões da época. Ele dedicou vários escritos ao tema, entre eles a Carta sobre Tolerância (1689). Nela está presente um dos argumentos lockianos em defesa da tolerância que mais influenciou a modernidade, a saber, a distinção Igreja-Estado. (...) O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a separação entre a comunidade política e a comunidade eclesiástica pela diferenciação entre suas finalidades, objetos e instrumentos, tal como o filósofo a desenvolve na Carta e no Segundo Tratado, a fim de alcançar as bases racionais da sua doutrina. (shrink)

El artículo constituye un acercamiento a las razones que sustentan la necesidad de elevar la calidad de la orientación a las familias de niños en la primera infancia y su objetivo consistió en capacitar al personal de la salud para desarrollar la orientación familiar en función de la prevención de desviaciones en el desarrollo en esta etapa. En él se aborda el rol que tiene la familia en la formación de los niños y la incidencia de los médicos y enfermeras (...) en su orientación; se encuentran reflexiones y comentarios sobre cómo elevar la calidad de la orientación para que la familia pueda desarrollar, en las condiciones de convivencia familiar, la prevención de desviaciones en el desarrollo mediante la realización de un proceso educativo de calidad. The article is an approach to the reasons that support the need to improve the quality of the guidance given to families of early childhood children and its objective consisted on training health staff to develop family guidance according to the prevention of deviations in development during this stage. It deals with the role family plays in children's education and the impact of doctors and nurses on its guidance. Thoughts and comments on how to improve the quality of guidance can also be found so that the family can develop, on family living conditions, the prevention of deviations in development through a quality educational process. (shrink)

Like many humans in the wake of genocide and war, most wildlife today has sustained trauma. High rates of mortality, habitat destruction, and social breakdown precipitated by human actions are unprecedented in history. Elephants are one of many species dramatically affected by violence. Although elephant communities have processes, rituals, and social structures for responding to trauma—grieving, mourning, and socialization—the scale, nature, and magnitude of human violence have disrupted their ability to use these practices. Absent the cultural, carrier groups who traditionally (...) lead and teach these healing practices, humans must assume the role. Trauma theory has brought attention to victims' severe, sustained psychological damage. Looking through the lens of trauma theory provides a better understanding of how systematic violence has affected individuals and groups and how the pervasive nature of traumatic events affects human-nonhuman animal relationships. The framing of recent trauma theory compels conservationists to create new relationships—neither anthropocentric nor powerbased—with nonhuman animals. The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, Kenya, shows how humans, taking on the role of interspecies witness, bring orphan elephants back to health and help re-build elephant communities shattered by genocide. (shrink)

Evaluating the Knowledge and Practice of Limitation of Therapeutic Effort in Health Workers at a Health Care Institution for Cancer Patients in Medellín, 2018Avaliação do conhecimento e da prática da limitação de esforço terapêutico em equipe de atendimento de uma instituição prestadora de serviços de saúde para pacientes oncológicos de Medellín, 2018Limitation of therapeutic effort is any action that involves suspending or not initiating medical treatment or therapeutic measures in patients who will not receive any clinical benefit. In Latin America, (...) some research has proven a lack of familiarization and disagreement with the subject and its practices. The present study tried to objectify the knowledge of LTE of healthcare personnel at an institute in Medellín using a self-administered survey that allowed conducting a cross-sectional descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling. Within the results, 56.5 % of respondents understood the concept of LTE, and 90 % applied it actively. However, there were discrepancies regarding the core concepts of the definition and practice.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoVallejo LI, Palacio AM, Marulanda V, Restrepo A, Yepes LA, Valencia NL, Cruz MA. Evaluación del conocimiento y práctica de la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en personal asistencial de una institución prestadora de servicios de salud para pacientes oncológicos de Medellín, 2018. 2020;24:177-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.5Recibido: 19/07/2019Aceptado: 08/08/2020Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)

This paper presents a discussion about how the necessity and teleology are present in the theory of nature in Empedocles and Aristotle. For this task we go through the fragments relate to the thought of Empedocles in the Poem From Nature as a central reference to the work The presocratic philosophers of Kirk and Raven, and the work Physics I and II of Aristotle.

The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of Spanish nurses in relation to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In an online questionnaire completed by 390 nurses from Andalusia, 59.1% adequately identified a euthanasia situation and 64.1% a situation involving physician-assisted suicide. Around 69% were aware that both practices were illegal in Spain, while 21.4% had received requests for euthanasia and a further 7.8% for assisted suicide. A total of 22.6% believed that cases of euthanasia had (...) occurred in Spain and 11.4% believed the same for assisted suicide. There was greater support (70%) for legalisation of euthanasia than for assisted suicide (65%), combined with a greater predisposition towards carrying out euthanasia (54%), if it were to be legalised, than participating in assisted suicide (47.3%). Nurses in Andalusia should be offered more education about issues pertaining to the end of life, and extensive research into this area should be undertaken. (shrink)

In this article, we examine the role of several consumers’ cognitive and psychographic traits in their perceptions of retailers’ deceptive practices and the different effects on perceived deception associated with online vis-à-vis in-store shopping. Building on theoretical models of persuasion in consumer behavior, we hypothesize that the antecedents of perceived deception in traditional settings are the same as those on the Internet, while the intensity of the impact of these antecedents differs between the online and the offline environment. Results suggest (...) that the effects of individual’s cognitive traits and risk aversion on perceived deception are more relevant when consumers shop online than when they purchase from traditional stores. Conversely, psychographic traits play a more important role in explaining perceived deception in the traditional shopping context as compared to the online channel. Several theoretical and managerial implications are derived from these findings. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar el libro de viajes de uno de los corresponsales que el periódico británico The Morning Chronicle envió para cubrir la Primera Guerra Carlista. John Moore, Poco Mas, como hicieron muchos otros periodistas contemporáneos, utiliza sus notas tomadas en el campo de batalla y sus reflexiones para publicar, años más tarde, una visión personal del conflicto que, además, refleje las características de un país y una sociedad diferente a la propia, con sus peculiares (...) costumbres y su reacción ante un conflicto que estaba mermando su población, agotando sus recursos y destruyendo su valiosísimo acervo cultural. (shrink)

_The serpent of corruption slithers through societies, injecting its venom into the veins of economies, constricting growth, and poisoning trust. This article delves into the labyrinthine terrain of corruption's economic effects, unraveling the intertwined threads of reduced efficiency, distorted markets, and undermined development. By navigating this labyrinth, we illuminate the hidden costs of graft and explore potential remedies for safeguarding economic health and fostering ethical prosperity. Charting a course towards a future free from corruption's corrosive touch requires a nuanced understanding (...) of its economic consequences, unwavering commitment to transparency, and robust institutional reforms._. (shrink)

Esta obra procura celebrar a conclusão do restauro de 56 pinturas da paisagem urbana carioca, que se encontram desde o Caju à Rodoviária Novo Rio. No livro, os autores registram o processo e documentam as imagens, além de trazer as versões das mensagens do Profeta em inglês e espanhol.

This article proposes that the social function of judges has evolved in line with the changes that have occurred in our societies, and so it must always be contextualised. The basic guarantee which judges should provide from the point of view of their social function is translated into offering a solution to the conflicts of legitimate rights and interests, and therefore the achievements must be viewed on the basis of the kind of judge acting in each case. Nonetheless, it can (...) be seen that, in practice, a number of obstacles exist which prevent this provision from being real and effective and this makes it necessary to address this issue. (shrink)

This article is concerned with Extreme Case Formulations in multiple-party TV programmes in two different languages: Spanish and English. I examine the role of ECFs in Spanish pre-electoral debates and in English panel interviews. English data is 77 minutes and 58 seconds long and comprises nine different panel interviews of political, socio-political and social issues and Spanish data is 78 minutes long and includes four political pre-electoral debates. The results will disclose that the number of ECFs found in the Spanish (...) and in the English corpora differs considerably. And in relation to the type of recording, the data will reveal that interviewers and interviewees deployed many more ECFs in political recordings than in socio-political or social recordings ; and politicians used more ECFs than any other type of interviewees. (shrink)

A partir da constatação de problemas no desempenho leitor de universitários, projeto de pesquisa realizado na Universidade de Caxias do Sul buscou oportunizar aos alunos o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura pelo uso de material instrucional composto por sequências didáticas baseadas em diferentes gêneros do discurso. Descrevemos aqui a sequência que tem como núcleo o editorial. Os alunos envolvidos, ingressantes em cursos de graduação, foram divididos em grupo experimental (GE), submetido à sequência de leitura aqui descrita, e grupo de controle (...) (GC), que trabalhou os mesmos textos do GE com enfoque voltado à análise textual. A questão ecológica constituiu o núcleo temático, e, em cada sequência, propuseram-se quatro instâncias: pré-leitura, leitura-descoberta, pós-leitura e atividade interativa. Os resultados da investigação sugerem que o ensino explícito de leitura, apoiado em princípios sociointeracionistas e metacognitivos, pode contribuir positivamente para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura. (shrink)

In Brazil, the normative landscape around advertising is complex, not the least because of limitations inherent to dispute resolution mechanisms. Focusing on unhealthy food and beverages, this case study identifies some challenges and opportunities around advertising restrictions, including in relation to freedom of speech.