This paper can be read as an attempt at providing philosophical foundations to linear logic. The only plausible form of philosophical antirealism deals with practical feasibility rather than with effectivity in principle. The very notion of recognizability is ambiguous, audit has to be considered from a stricter perspective than currently done. The intuitionistic assertability conditions are to be reinforced. This change requires a move towards a frame in which the circumstances of the application of a logical rule can be specified. (...) Gentzen's sequential calculi provide such a frame, when some structural rules have been removed or limited. (shrink)

. Fresh evidence from Free Choice Items (FCIs) in French question the current perception of the class. The role of some standard distinctions found in the literature is weakened or put in a new perspective. The distinction between universal and existential is no longer an intrinsic property of FCIs. Similarly, the opposition between variation-based vs intension-based analyses is relativized. We show that the regime of free choiceness can be characterized by an abstract constraint, that we call Non-Individuation (NI), and which (...) can be satisfied in different ways that match current distinctions. NI says that the information conveyed by a sentence containing a FCI should not be reducible to a referential situation, that is a situation in which particular individuals satisfy the sentence in the current world. The widely used resource of modal variation becomes a particular scenario of free-choiceness, not its essence. In fact, we show that under certain conditions, FCIs can occur in episodic, non-modal sentences, a fact that NI can accommodate. We also discuss more fine-grained aspects of the semantics of FCIs, such as their emotional colour. (. . .) the tripod fell spontaneously, because, though it stood on its feet so as to serve for a seat, it did not fall so as to serve for a seat. Aristotle, Physics II,6. (shrink)

1. Descartes continue d’ordonner Yopus philosophicum à Yesse. Mais conçoit l’intelligence elle-même d’une façon platonicienne, comme ordonnée aux seules essences. 2. De là la nécessité pour lui de compenser — sans arriver à l’équilibre — une tendance idéaliste par une tendance volontariste. Contrastes qui s’ensuivent. 3. De là aussi la nécessité de procéder à des « coups de force existentiels ». Il semble que l’idéalisme moderne ne puisse pas se passer de coups de force de cette nature.

Traiter de la figure du Christ revient à interroger Dieu. Cette démarche peut réunir théologiens et littéraires autour du même objet ; la création romanesque, libre par essence si on se réfère à la théorie des genres, ne peut toutefois s’écarter des fondements du message évangélique sous peine de n’être prise au sérieux par personne. À travers l’analyse de quatre romans contemporains – que Jésus parle lui-même, se révèle dans la contemplation par autrui ou provoque les interrogations fondamentales autour de (...) sa résurrection –, apparaît l’image de Celui qui toujours se révèle de manière indirecte, dans le questionnement des hommes de bonne volonté. (shrink)

L’article part d’une constatation inattendue : la pensée naît renversée!... Je veux dire que la pensée naît “renversée” dans la mesure où elle doit se soumettre à d’innombrables idées reçues pour pouvoir accéder à sa propre originalité – et y parvient, en effet, entre l’enfance et l’adolescence. Mais pas toujours, hélas! Le conflit est donc immédiat entre la censure imposée par l’Ordre établi d’une génération, et les penseurs suivants – en fait, actuellement, tous les êtres humains – qui, au nom (...) de la démocratie, opposent sans cesse aux élus ou aux experts une remise en question de l’indiscutabilité de leurs Lois ou Vérités prétendues absolues. En art comme en science, en religion comme en philosophie. Inversement, la soif d’Absolu des rébellions, dès l’adolescence, aboutit, à gauche, à la même “justification” de la Terreur et des totalitarismes, à droite, à la dictature fascisante des soi-disant libéralismes les plus dévastateurs et, dans les deux cas, à la guerre et à la répression “justifiée” au nom de l’Unité de tous ; redoutable paradoxe! (c’est celui de la morale de l’ambiguïté héritée de Robespierre, dont les contradictions encombrent les réseaux sociaux). Ainsi, selon qu’on s’interdit ou que l’on justifie rationnellement d’anéantir l’être ou la pensée des autres, penser fait vivre ou penser tue… Mais il existe encore une perspective épistémologique autre : la modification du monde par l’actualisation de nos connaissances comme réalisation de la pensée. Ce que j’invite à nommer une diathèse. (shrink)

The aim of this book is to show how supramolecular complexity of cell organization can dramatically alter the functions of individual macromolecules within a cell. The emergence of new functions which appear as a consequence of supramolecular complexity, is explained in terms of physical chemistry. The book is interdisciplinary, at the border between cell biochemistry, physics and physical chemistry. This interdisciplinarity does not result in the use of physical techniques but from the use of physical concepts to study biological problems. (...) In the domain of complexity studies, most works are purely theoretical or based on computer simulation. The present book is partly theoretical, partly experimental and theory is always based on experimental results. Moreover, the book encompasses in a unified manner the dynamic aspects of many different biological fields ranging from dynamics to pattern emergence in a young embryo. The volume puts emphasis on dynamic physical studies of biological events. It also develops, in a unified perspective, this new interdisciplinary approach of various important problems of cell biology and chemistry, ranging from enzyme dynamics to pattern formation during embryo development, thus paving the way to what may become a central issue of future biology. (shrink)

Hypertext may represent a new paradigm capable of exploring legal sources within which links are established according to pertinent relationships found between statute texts and case law. However, to discover relevant information in such a network, a browsing mechanism is not enough when faced with a large volume of texts. This paper describes a new retrieval model where documents are represented according to both their content and relationships with other sources of information.

Twelve essays exploring aspects of literacy and art criticism, retrospective sociology and the effects of relativism on moral behavior.

The individual, a subject of law or a symbolic animal? Discomfort in the law. How can it be explained that the text concerning the prohibition of religious signs in the public sphere in France can be justified in the name of human rights in France and condemned in the name of human rights at the United Nations? The present article attempts to explain this situation on the basis of the notion of dispute expounded by J. F. Lyotard; it tries to (...) explain the new trends in contemporary law on the basis of the distinction between dispute and litigation. (shrink)

The essence of the method of physics is inseparably connected with the problem of interplay between local and global properties of the universe. In the present paper we discuss this interplay as it is present in three major departments of contemporary physics: general relativity, quantum mechanics and some attempts at quantizing gravity (especially geometrodynamics and its recent successors in the form of various pregeometry conceptions). It turns out that all big interpretative issues involved in this problem point towards the necessity (...) of changing from the standard space-time geometry to some radically new, most probably non-local, generalization. We argue that the recent noncommutative geometry offers attractive possibilities, and gives us a conceptual insight into its algebraic foundations. Noncommutative spaces are, in general, non-local, and their applications to physics, known at present, seem very promising. One would expect that beneath the Planck threshold there reigns a "noncommutative pregeometry", and only when crossing this threshold does the usual space-time geometry emerges. (shrink)

Abstract.Since the earliest ages of humanity, the contemplation of the starry sky has invited the human being to ask: “Who am I? Where is my origin? What is my destiny?” The revolution introduced by modem astronomy has affected how humankind understands itself, and the development of aeronautical and then astronautical techniques introduced a new experiment for humanity—that of being citizen of the sky. By carrying out the dream of Icarus, has humanity realized the attempt of Prometheus? Would we take the (...) place of the gods or God? Do religions have to fear the conquest of space? Despite modern science and the knowledge we have accumulated, space still holds its share of mystery, nurtured by its vast dimensions and startling beauty. Space continues to raise the issue of meaning. (shrink)

A group of essays prepared for publication by Maritain in the year before his death. The first series of articles consists of 10 philosophical essays, while second is made up of mainly theological articles. A meditation closes the volume.

To want to describe the world objectively, instead of commenting on texts, sociologists have come to underestimate the contribution of writing and the inevitable presence of a point of view. What are the perceptible traces from the sociologist’s point of view when he describes the indigenous point of view? This article examines ways of writing specific to the interview report. The study of an exemplary case highlights processes that are both trademarks from an author’s point of view and common solutions (...) to difficulties in the treatment of interviews. The sociologist’s point of view has an effect on the reader without needing to be explained. Reporting is a simplified representation, as is modelling from a research perspective. But we tend to forget that data and conclusions are related to this perspective. (shrink)

Le corpus de littéracie avancée réunit des écrits universitaires et professionnels produits par des étudiants du niveau Licence 1 au Master 2. Il contient actuellement 338 textes (+ d’1 million de mots) et est mis à disposition au format xml, assorti de métadonnées (niveau, discipline, genre, consigne d’écriture etc.). Il est à la fois un aboutissement et un point de départ dans le champ de la littéracie avancée : parce que l’enjeu n’est pas tant de constituer des corpus que de (...) les savoir utilisés et de nourrir les recherches actuelles et futures, il est pensé comme un construit évolutif. L’article expose d’abord les objectifs du corpus : le premier, d’ordre descriptif est de cerner les compétences rédactionnelles et les besoins de formation à un niveau avancé ; le second, d’ordre didactique, est qu’il sert de ressource pour la formation, notamment pour des activités d’observation et de manipulation par les apprenants. Sont ensuite présentées les métadonnées, conçues en phase avec les recommandations de la TEI et dans la perspective d’un outillage des linguistes et des didacticiens dans le champ de la littéracie avancée. Enfin, l’article met en évidence les potentialités du corpus : intégrer des données sur les processus d’écriture et des textes annotés par des relecteurs-correcteurs, élaborer des dispositifs didactiques à l’échelle textuelle. à terme, le corpus gagnera à être associé à des outils de requête et à s’enrichir d’annotations diverses, selon les besoins des chercheurs et des formateurs. (shrink)