In trying to control various aspects concerning utterance production in multi-party human–computer dialogue, argumentative considerations play an important part, particularly in choosing appropriate lexical units so that we fine-tune the degree of persuasion that each utterance has. A preliminary step in this endeavor is the ability to place an ordering relation between semantic forms (that are due to be realized as utterances, by the machine), concerning their persuasion strength, with respect to certain (explicit or implicit) conclusions. Thus, in this article, (...) we propose a mechanism for assessing utterances, in terms of their argumentative force. The framework designed conflates insights from Asher and Lascarides’ SDRT (“Segmented Discourse Representation Theory”), and from Anscombre and Ducrot’s AT (“Argumentation Theory”). These mechanisms are included in a language generation component of a multi-party dialogue system for book reservation applications (i.e., a “virtual librarian”), and thus evaluated via typical human–machine conversations. (shrink)

In this article, we provide a philosophical and ethical reflection about quiet quitting as a tool of political resistance for nurses. Quiet quitting is a trend that gained traction on TikTok in July 2022 and emerged as a method of resistance among employees facing increasing demands from their workplaces at the detriment of their personal lives. It is characterised by employees refraining from exceeding the basic requirements outlined in their job descriptions. To understand why quiet quitting can be a tool (...) of resistance useful for nurses, we first draw on Frédéric Gros' concept of ‘surplus obedience’ and Michael Lipsky's notion of ‘routines and simplification strategies’ to highlight the ethical implications associated with nurses engaging in and sustaining harmful systems, such as the neoliberal healthcare system. Leaning again on Gros, we then propose that ‘obedience a minima’, a concept akin to quiet quitting, can serve as a method of ethical nursing resistance. After describing what the concept entails, we provide a discussion emphasising the potential of obedience a minima as a one method, among many, that can be leveraged by nurses to challenge and resist a system that prioritises financial considerations over patient wellbeing. The article concludes by reflecting on the ethical nature of resistance in the context of nursing, that is the act of obeying oneself and refraining from participating in systems that are detrimental to the lives of Others. (shrink)

It is time to challenge the issue of pleasure associated with the core of medical practice. Its importance is made clear through its opposite: unhappiness—something which affects doctors in a rather worrying way. The paper aims to provide a discussion on pleasure on reliable grounds. Plato’s conception of techne is a convenient model that offers insights into the unique practice of medicine, which embraces in a single purposive action several heterogeneous dimensions. In Aristotle’s Ethics, pleasure appears to play a central (...) role for action’s assessment and intensification. Pleasure is also tightly associated with the Kantian faculty of reflective judgment, which operates at the heart of clinical reasoning. Indeed, practicing medicine means to deal with the particular and the manifold, requiring clinical judgment, but also relying on embodied habitus . With Bourdieu’s notion of habitus , pleasure is the mark of a happy practice, which presupposes a deep involvement in one’s field. Throughout our inquiry, the question of pleasure comes to offer a critical reappraisal of real medical practice and leads to consider ethics more as a component of techne than as a separate realm of concern. (shrink)

This article discusses the meaning of the notion of virtuality in modern physics. To this end, it develops considerations on the introduction and establishment in nuclear physics of two independent concepts at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s: that of the virtual state, used in the context of neutron scattering studies, and that of the virtual transition, useful for the theoretical understanding of strong nuclear forces, which forms the basis of what are now called virtual particles. Their comparative analysis (...) highlights the theoretical nature of virtual entities and processes in modern physics. It also shows how the virtual has been associated with various purely physical attributes, leading to a form of polysemy of the term, from the beginning of the application of these concepts. (shrink)

This chapter contains section titled: The Cartesian Origins of the Question Towards the Origins of Occasionalism: Louis de la Forge The Origin of Physical Motion Minds and Bodies Cordemoy and the Cause of Motion Geulincx, Occasionalism and Self‐Consciousness.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Question Mind and Brain What It Does Global Availability The Grey Area What It's Like.

Gostaria, aqui, de comparar dois modos de argumentar acerca do sonho: o de Descartes nas MeditaçõesMetafísicas, o de Berkeley nos Três Diálogos. Os dois filósofos se defrontam com um elemento fundamentalna nossa experiência de homens em vigília, a exterioridade ou outness: tanto a percepção sensívelquanto o conhecimento físico nos dão a conhecer corpos exteriores uns aos outros e exteriores a nóspróprios. Ambos os filósofos, para pôr à prova essa exterioridade e interrogar sua natureza, sua origem eos limites de sua validade, (...) recorrem a uma de nossas experiências habituais, a do sonho. (shrink)

According to the author the nature of promise presents a twofold problem. First refers to the question why and how an utterance may cause action; second – to the question why and how this action may cause a duteous state, or action. The conclusions drawn from these analyses can facilitate legal statements concerning the nature of promise.

This chapter contains sections titled: Human, All Too Human Thinking Self and Other Locked in the Present? Human Morality Animal Morality? What Else?

This chapter contains sections titled: Animal Spirits Divine Consent Let's Make a Deal.

This chapter contains sections titled: Ecce Homo The Great Chain of Being The Absent Soul The Tree of Life The Kind that Counts.

The End of the Avant-Gardes : May 68 and the Situationists What emerges first and foremost from Debord’s writings in 1968 is that the situationists’ initial reaction to the May “events” was to interpret them as the first example of a spontaneous general strike in the context of what he called “overdeveloped capitalism”. Debord’s position on this question is linked to his questioning of the status of the avant-gardes. At the time, Debord and those close to him sought both to (...) conceptualise and to enact the end of the avant-gardes. And this included the Internationale Situationniste in its status as political, philosophical and artistic avant-garde. e article subsequently sets out to show that if the situationists did have any leverage on the events of May, it was insofar as they practised a maverick Marxism centred on the concept of alienation. is enabled them to conceptualise both the exploitation of the wage-earner and the condition of the consumer. Because they represent a comprehensive critique of capitalism and because, furthermore, they refuse to compromise on the revolutionary and worker dimension of the May-June 1968 moment, Debord’s writings of the period enable us to grasp what, in the strict sense, remains beyond any opportunistic recuperation in these events. (shrink)

Tratarei de uma noção controversa na filosofia de Descartes: o que ele chamou de ideia materialmente falsa. Essa noção suscita questões tanto internas quanto históricas. Neste artigo irei tratar unicamente do problema interno, especificamente colocando em questão a consistência da explicação de Descartes. Para tanto, examinarei a surpreendente noção de falsidade material na Terceira Meditação (seção I) e sua aplicação às meras sensações (seção II), examinarei a troca entre Arnauld e Descartes sobre a falsidade material (seções III e IV) e, (...) finalmente (seção V), comentarei alguns textos tardios de Descartes, principalmente os Princípios. (shrink)

O artigo procura reexaminar o seguinte problema clássico: qual é, no atributo pensamento, o modo infinito mediato? Contrariamente à posição de Gueroult segundo a qual “nada na Ética nos informa a esse respeito e é preciso decidir-se a interpretar”, o artigo procura mostrar que é possível encontrar em Ética V, 36 e seu corolário, ou seja, no amor infinito que Deus possui para consigo mesmo, a resposta buscada. Uma vez que este amor preenche todas as condições requeridas para ocupar o (...) lugar deste suposto “membro ausente”, não é necessário formular uma hipótese interpretativa forte, isto é, “fabricar uma prótese” para substitui-lo. (shrink)

O artigo discute uma tese que o autor julga ser falsa, a saber, a tese que consiste em sustentar que, para Espinosa, a salvação de um indivíduo passa necessariamente pela mediação da relação política e que, no fim das contas, a liberdade ética dependeria da liberação política. A explicitação da inadequação desta tese toma como fio condutor o comentário detalhado do capítulo VII do Apêndice da quarta parte da Ética, com ênfase na análise da função central que a expressão vix (...) aí desempenha. (shrink)

Deleuze, même s’il n’en fait presque jamais mention, connaît très bien la pensée de Nicolas de Cues, qu’il a abordée sans doute par la médiation de Maurice de Gandillac, son directeur de thèse. Le thème où l’influence du Cusain se marque le plus clairement est celui de l’Idiot. L’idiot pour Deleuze est l’homme qui philosophe avec les seules ressources de la raison naturelle, sans révélation ni recours à des traditions livresques. Or, dans la conception que Deleuze se fait de la (...) pensée, l’événement vient sortir l’esprit humain de sa torpeur native et l’invite à faire face à de l’inédit, vis-à-vis duquel la pensée est, au départ, démunie. En ce sens, penser véritablement, « c’est faire l’idiot ». L’article examine aussi quelques thématiques connexes : la philosophie comme production de concepts, la nature du concept constitué de notes caractéristiques, le statut du monde et celui des images dans ses études sur le cinéma. Dans ces différents champs, l’influence de Nicolas de Cues sur Deleuze est indéniable. (shrink)

Parménide n'est-il que le penseur de l'Etre? La présence des multiples déesses n'est-elle que figure poétique de style? Le récit sur le cosmos ne fait-il que décrire la voie de l'illusion, à éviter absolument? En cherchant réponse à ces questions, cet ouvrage met en lumière le rôle incontournable que jouent plusieurs déesses dans la révélation et la compréhension du Vrai. Et, chemin faisant, sont éclairés les liens étroits qui relient ces divinités, l'Etre et le monde du devenir. Ainsi, c'est à (...) partir de l'ontologie fondatrice et d'une théologie inédite que le penseur de l'Etre esquisse une conception non moins originale du cosmos. (shrink)

Ce livre traite d’un point d’histoire et, en même temps, il ouvre un important débat épistémologique. Le point d’histoire à préciser est : quelle est la signification exacte de l’épistémologie bergsonienne? S’agit-il d’une extrapolation métaphysique menée à partir de la psychologie, de la biologie, de l’esthétique, comme il a été dit? Ces hypothèses sont rejetées. Une nouvelle hypothèse est proposée : le bergsonisme est né d’une réflexion sur les capacités noétiques du Calcul infinitésimal, proposé par la pensée mathématique moderne. La (...) science contemporaine vient corroborer l’interprétation bergsonienne. On peut invoquer des témoignages précieux à ce sujet. Ce faisant, on voit s’ouvrir un débat épistémologique de première importance. La référence aux schèmes du Calcul infinitésimal introduit, en effet, dans l’exercice de la raison une référence directe au Mouvement, puis au Temps. Un « nouveau rationalisme » se constitue, qu’on pourrait appeler « rationalisme du Temps », et qui a ses normes, ses capacités noétiques et sa fécondité propres. Il offre, en outre, une conciliation possible entre la science moderne et la métaphysique. On peut espérer que cette analyse de l’épistémologie bergsonienne, en rétablissant la difficile communication entre savants et philosophes, permettra que«s’ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives à l’esprit humain » (J. Ullmo). (shrink)

Dans cet article, on se propose d’étudier la reprise du thème cusain de la docte ignorance par Montaigne et par Pascal à la lumière du savoir mathématique et cosmologique de leur époque. Face à la multiplicité des découvertes de son temps, Montaigne se moque de la prétention à la certitude des mathématiques et aboutit à la pratique de la docte ignorance comme un usage de la critique sceptique. à la différence de Nicolas de Cues, Pascal distingue deux infinis, le grand (...) et le petit, qui plongent l’homme dans le désarroi ; l’infiniment petit s’ouvre comme un gouffre et suscite une horreur que ne ressentait pas le Cusain. Les mathématiques qui, pour lui, illustraient la puissance de la coïncidence des opposés, font découvrir chez Pascal qu’une notion comme le zéro s’insère entre les deux infinis et semble ménager une nouvelle place pour l’homme, celle de l’entre-deux. La docte ignorance devient alors une arme dirigée contre « ceux de l’entre deux » qui n’ont pas emprunté le chemin vers Dieu. Elle est une sagesse du bon usage de la science.Montaigne et Pascal représentent deux étapes sur le chemin de la modernité ; ils sont en route vers l’autonomie du sujet de la connaissance, alors que Nicolas de Cues est encore pris dans la perspective théocentrique du savoir, à la recherche de la perfection de soi. L’homme moderne sera à la recherche de la réforme de soi. (shrink)

The war against terrorism enables the implementation of techniques of exception at all stages of judicial proceedings in criminal cases, front the initiation of a lawsuit to the verdict. It thus puts into question the constitutional mechanisms intended for the protection of privacy. The type of incrimination specific w the accusation of terrorism has created a specifically political crime, i.e., the intention to exert art inappropriate form of pressure on a government or an international organization. It serves as the means (...) for a preventive attack on any process of class recomposition. We thus are witnessing a suspension of the law, which is paradoxically inscribed within the law and belongs to a new legal or juridical order. This amounts to the end of the twofold dimension of the Western legal system as we have known it, namely, the separation between rule of law within and pure violence on the external level. The present imperial organization knowns no externality pure violence has been reinserted at its heart and now belongs to the rule of law. Hence the State of exception as the form of government of the Empire appears above all to be a transitional phase, a tool in the process of installing a more stable form: dictatorship. The end of the formal separation of powers as well as the legal prerogatives appropriated by the executive branch show that this process is well underway. (shrink)

L�homme déchiffre l�énigme de sa sexualité dans des cadres herméneutiques qui la qualifient ou à la disqualifient. La domination du cadre technoscientifique sert aujourd�hui à qualifier la sexualité dans les mots de l�efficacité (la performance), de la réduction biomédicale (précaution et contagion) et de l�évaluation légale et judiciaire (la déviance). Face à ce premier cadre, peut-on faire valoir ce qui, dans notre culture, initie et invente une interprétation plus riche et plus complexe, susceptible de raconter et de se représenter la (...) sexualité ? Ne néglige-t-on pas souvent l�importance d�une poétique et d�une herméneutique des images servant une augmentation iconique de la sexualité ? (shrink)