Résumé Comment une histoire matérielle de l’abstraction peut-elle servir l’histoire intellectuelle ou bien l’histoire des sciences, cela à l’encontre de l’histoire des idées et des généalogies rétrospectives? L’objet est ici l’œuvre de connaissance telle qu’elle est ancrée dans son cadre historique. Cette histoire intellectuelle déborde les coupes disciplinaires. L’article en offre plusieurs exemples qui partent de la recherche de différenciations explicables entre des pratiques intellectuelles d’abstraction. Une séquence s’ouvre alors avec l’émergence d’une conception, puis la formation de théories et finalement (...) la consolidation d’un corpus de choses tenues pour évidentes. Toutes les activités cognitives qui précédent le savoir constitué sont ici visées. (shrink)

The paper challenges the assumption, common amongst philosophers, that the reality described in the fundamental theories of microphysics is all the reality we have. It will be argued that this assumption is in fact incompatible with the nature of such theories. It will be shown further that the macro-world of three-dimensional bodies and of such qualitative structures as colour and sound can be treated scientifically on its own terms, which is to say not only from the perspective of psychology but (...) also ontologically. A new sort of emergentist position will be defended, one which yields the basis of a method for describing the perceptually salient macroscopic world in mathematical terms. Broadly, it will be argued that the macroscopic world exists in virtue of certain specific sorts of boundary-patterns in the field of what is captured by the theories of microphysics. (shrink)

A recently emerging view in music cognition holds that music is not only social and participatory in its production, but also in its perception, i.e. that music is in fact perceived as the sonic trace of social rela- tions between a group of real or virtual agents. While this view appears compatible with a number of intriguing music cognitive phenomena, such as the links between beat entrainment and prosocial behaviour or between strong musical emotions and empathy, direct evidence is lacking (...) that listeners are at all able to use the acoustic features of a musical interaction to infer the affiliatory or controlling nature of an underlying social intention. We created a novel experimental situation in which we asked expert music improvisers to communicate 5 types of non-musical social intentions, such as being domineering, dis- dainful or conciliatory, to one another solely using musical interaction. Using a combination of decoding studies, computational and psychoacoustical analyses, we show that both musically-trained and non musically-trained listeners can recognize relational intentions encoded in music, and that this social cognitive ability relies, to a sizeable extent, on the information processing of acoustic cues of temporal and harmonic coordination that are not present in any one of the musicians’ channels, but emerge from the dynamics of their interaction. By manipulating these cues in two-channel audio recordings and testing their impact on the social judgements of non-musician observers, we finally establish a causal relationship between the affiliation dimension of social behaviour and musical harmonic coordination on the one hand, and between the control dimension and musical temporal coordination on the other hand. These results provide novel mechanistic insights not only into the social cognition of musical interactions, but also into that of non-verbal interactions as a whole. (shrink)

Psychologists live in a globalizing world where traditional boundaries are fading and, therefore, increasingly work with persons from diverse cultural backgrounds. The Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists provides a moral framework of universally acceptable ethical principles based on shared human values across cultures. The application of its moral framework in developing codes of ethics and reviewing current codes may help psychologists to respond ethically in a rapidly changing world. In this article, a model is presented to demonstrate how (...) to use the Universal Declaration as a guide for creating or reviewing a code of ethics. This model may assist psychologists in various parts of the world in establishing codes of ethics that will promote global understanding and cooperation while respecting cultural differences. The article describes the steps involved in the application of the model and provides concrete examples as well as several useful comments and suggestions. This guide for the application of the Universal Declaration may also be used for consultation, education, and training relative to the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists. (shrink)

As social and ecological transition and climate change raise issues that go far beyond individual responses, how can these challenges be balanced with ethical and political responses? This article intends to show that the strength of virtue ethics lies in the fact that it translates these abstract issues into concrete biographical events that shape lifestyles. The search for the good life in these matters then finds in temperance, humility and hospitality three virtues, private and social, to operate this translation. Humility (...) makes explicit the deep interdependencies between the living, while temperance calls for practices that are attentive to these relationships, in the knowledge that our ways of life here have far-reaching consequences on the other side of the globe. This in turn invites us to restore hospitality to its cosmopolitical dimension. (shrink)

La question du sujet se trouve, historiquement, toujours rapportée à Descartes : de Kant à Heidegger, par Nietzsche et Husserl, les critiques s’accordent sur cette paternité. Cette tradition ne peut se contester, mais elle ne doit pourtant pas, dans le détail, être admise sans réserves. En effet, Descartes n’a littéralement pas soutenu la thèse d’un ego sujet, ni substance, ni réfléchissant, etc. Ce qui ne signifie pas que ces thèses postérieures ne proviennent pas, en un sens à préciser, de son (...) initiative conceptuelle, mais au moins qu’elles ne lui sont pas identiques et que l’ego cartésien recèle plus de potentialités que ce que l’histoire y a compris.Descartes hors sujetLa questione dello soggetto se trovà relata per la storia della filosfia a Cartesio : Kant e Heidegger, ne meno che Nietzsche e Husserl, sono d’accordo sù questà paternità. Non si contesterà qui questa traditione interpretativa, purtoppo non dobbiamo accerter la senza qualcune riservazione. E un fatto che Descartes, nella litteralità de sui testi, non ha mai sotenuto che il ego sià un soggetto, una sostanzia, neanche ché si pensà per une reflessione, etc. Questo fatto non significà che queste tese non vengonno dell’impostazione cartesiana, mà che al meno non se identifacono con elle et che il ego di Cartesio tiene anché possibilite molte piu ampie che quelle che l’historia a già vista. (shrink)

Without having directly tackled the question of ecology, the philosophical hermeneutics of Paul Ricœur offers nevertheless an original treatment of the phenomenological theme of “dwelling”. His hermeneutics of the “long path” underscores the fact that our environment is given to us in the form of tools, institutions and the values of historical communities. Whereas the global ecological crisis could easily give rise to a response that is inattentive to cultural diversity, Ricœur’s explicit attention to the question of what it means (...) to dwell on the earth within the symbolic universe of a culture invites us to think quite differently. Phenomenology makes possible a condensation of the human meaning of our belonging to the Earth; hermeneutics shows how this belonging can only take place within instituted environments. (shrink)

The phenomenological theory of constitution promises a solution for the problem of consciousness insofar as it changes the traditional terms of this problem by systematically correlating subject and object in the unifying context of intentional acts. I argue that embodied constitution must depend upon the role of kinesthesia as a constitutive operator. In pursuing the path of intentionality in its descent from an idealistic level of pure constitution to this fully embodied kinesthetic constitution, we are able to gain access to (...) different ontological regions such as physical thing, owned body and shared world. Neuroscience brings to light the somatological correlates of noemata. Bridging the gap between incarnation and naturalisation represents the best way of realizing the foundational program of transcendental phenomenology. (shrink)

Le débat que Suárez engage notamment avec Cicéron dans le De legibus sur le droit naturel est révélateur d’un enjeu éthique et politique entre les anciens et les modernes. Soit pour Cicéron, il faut attribuer au droit naturel un socle correspondant à un ordre universel indépendant de la volonté humaine; cela revient à établir une légitimité échappant à la liberté humaine. Soit pour Suárez, un tel fondement est anthropo-théologique, ce qui signifi e qu’il renvoie au caractère universel de l’être de (...) l’homme: la liberté et la raison. Cette différence présente apparemment un point commun: la recherche de la voie permettant de vivre selon la rectitude aussi bien dans l’ordre moral que politique. Elle ne saurait masquer une divergence qui n’est pas sans conséquence sur la conception du mode d’être humain: pour Suárez, si le fondement du droit naturel échappe à l’homme, il demeure inconcevable indépendamment de l’universalité de l’humain manifestée par la raison et la liberté. Une voie est ainsi ouverte pour une théorie de la constitution de droits subjectifs. (shrink)

Tychastic viability is defined in an uncertain dynamical framework and used for providing a “viability risk eradication measure”, first, by delineating the set of initial conditions from which all evolutions satisfy viability constraints, second, for the other “risky” initial states, by introducing their duration index. This approach provides an alternative to the stochastic representation of chance and these two measures replace the statistical measures (expectation, variance, etc).

Malgré la notoriété de ses chercheurs, les études sur la science menées par la philosophie, l'histoire et la sociologie constituent un champ de recherche souvent méconnu. Or il s'agit d'un domaine décisif. En témoigne le succès des grandes revues de vulgarisation scientifique comme La Recherche ou Pour la science, dont les articles et les dossiers sont le plus souvent confiés à des philosophes, des historiens ou des sociologues des sciences. En insistant plus particulièrement sur les trente dernières années, l'ouvrage tente (...) de resituer la genèse, le devenir, l'organisation et le mode de travail de cette activité particulière " doublement " scientifique, par sa visée et son objet. Pour la première fois, il présente un tableau détaillé et varié d'une activité de recherche qui mobilise des chercheurs de formation et d'horizons très divers. A cette occasion, il propose simultanément un modèle d'investigation et d'analyse sociologiques des champs scientifiques... (shrink)

À partir de sa clinique, l’auteur montre que le fantasme de Cupidon est un des fantasmes organisateurs du couple. Il précise ensuite trois configurations de ce fantasme qui organisent chacune une combinaison particulière du conjugal et du parental.

L'État actionnaire de la télévision publique est soucieux du rendement social de son investissement. Les programmes des chaînes publiques doivent être globalement vus par le plus grand nombre. Mais en même temps, chaque entité du service public doit respecter un cahier des charges et ne peut être une simple addition de «pièges à audience». Au programmateur de gérer ces paradoxes en forgeant une grille qui s'appuie sur ces contraintes et affirme la relation particulière de chaque chaîne avec le public. L'audience (...) est la récompense d'une programmation généreuse, qui prend des risques et produit du sens. La grille de France 3 s'est construite autour des concepts de proximité et de curiosité; France 2 doit être une grande chaîne de divertissement, d'information et de création; France 5 est une chaîne pédagogique qui tente d'apporter à certains publics qui en ont besoin , des clés pour mieux comprendre la réalité de tous les jours.As the main shareholder in public television, the State is of course concerned by the level of social profit in return for its investment. Overall, public channels' programme schedules should be seen by the largest audience possible. But at the same time, each public channel has to respect certain obligations and cannot be a simple accumulation of "audience traps". It is the programmer’s responsibility to manage these paradoxes when constructing a schedule which should be based on these very constraints while affirming each channel's particular relationship with its audience. High audience ratings are the reward for generous scheduling in which risks are taken and a certain meaning is produced. France 3's programming was built around the concepts of proximity and curiosity; France 2 is intended to be a major entertainment, information and creation channel; France 5 is an educational channel aiming to bring keys to better understand everyday reality to certain audiences who need it, particularly young people. (shrink)

Quelques indications préliminaires, pour circonscrire l'objet, l'objectif de ces pages. L'ouvrage auquel nous nous référerons, en priorité, a été publié, en Italie, sous le titre La città del lavoro : sinistra e crisi del fordismo (1ère éd., 1997, Milano, Feltrinelli, coll. « Campi del sapere », 268 p., 2ème éd., 1998, même éditeur, nouvelle éd. revue et augmentée, I. Ariemma éd., LX-260 p., Firenze, Firenze University Press, 2014). C'est la deuxième édition qui a été traduite, en France, sou...

During fifty years Einstein’s theory of gravitation was limited to a backward neo-newtonian interpretation. Nevertheless it was sufficient to as­sure its predominance in regard to Newton’s theory. In the late sixties the studies on the structure of spacetime around a star as well as that concerning the cosmological field were essential for general relativity to get a coherent interpretation. What were the difficulties which explain such a delay to re­consider its interpretation? What were the elements, the concepts that will permit (...) the experts the renewal of the sixties? Cosmology, cosmologists are at the very centre of this revolution. (shrink)

L’intitulé de l’ouvrage fait inévitablement référence à un livre plus ancien, écrit à plusieurs mains : H. A. Frankfort, J. A. Wilson, Th. Jacobsen, et W. A. Irwin, The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man : an essay on speculative thought in the ancient Near East, University Press, Chicago, 1946. On pense également à R. Watson et W. Horowitz, Writing Science Before the Greeks : a naturalistic analysis of the Babylonian astronomical treatise MUL.APIN, Brill, Leyde, 2011. Dans le premier, il...

t. 1. Héritages et héritiers du XIXe siècle -- t. 2. Les approches phénoménologiques et analytiques.

In a series of texts surrounding Specters of Marx, Derrida makes a gesture that seems in contradiction with “deconstruction” and that is apparently closer to a classical phenomenological method. By giving messianicity the status of an irreducible universal structure, these texts give rise to a radicalization and transcendentalization of the temporality of historical messianisms. This article, first, highlights the phenomenological character of this approach and, second, questions its legitimacy in the light of subsequent texts, in which Derrida analyzes the relationship (...) between media and Christianity. (shrink)

Four papers of John Bellamy Foster have been brought together in a short book entitled Marx écologiste. Foster is a theorist of ecosocialism who puts forward an original interpretation of Marx’s work. The latter is frequently presented as a scientist conception the effect of which was to stifle subsequent attempts within the communist movement to apprehend capitalism’s destruction of nature. Foster shows that such an interpretation is not valid. He claims that Marx has an ecologist consciousness. To support his claim, (...) Foster uses three arguments. Firstly, Marx elaborates the concept of metabolism, that is to say the relations between human activities and nature. Secondly, while the word sustainability is not to be found in Marx’s Capital, the idea is indeed present. Thirdly, Marx has understood that nature and the human societies move simultaneously. Foster’s demonstration is convincing. At the least, it will relaunch the discussion about the integration of the ecology in Marxism. (shrink)

Poser la question de l'humanisation des TIC, c'est, en contrepoint, s'interroger sur leurs relations avec l'inhumanité de l'humain. Les TIC résultent d'une convergence entre deux traditions, l'epistèmè d'une part, la technè d'autre part. Elles s'inscrivent aujourd'hui dans une nouvelle convergence, celle du paradigme «nano», regroupant, sous l'hégémonie des nanotechnologies, les TIC, les sciences de la cognition et la biologie. À travers l'extension aux objets artificiels du principe d'auto-organisation, cette convergence est porteuse de risques majeurs pour l'humanité. Elle actualise le mythe (...) de Babel. Construire une alternative humaniste devient urgent. Celle-ci passe par la restauration d'un monde commun concret. L'emprise des TIC sur la vie quotidienne rend nécessaire leur intégration à ce projet. Toutefois, leur ancrage dans le paradigme «nano» la rend délicate et risquée. La voie est étroite. Nous avons essayé de la tracer ici en prenant comme outils la connaissance, le lien social et la diversité culturelle. (shrink)