In December 2019, President Trump pardoned Eddie Gallagher, a Navy Seal convicted of war crimes committed while serving in Iraq in 2017. Did Gallagher commit these crimes because he is a bad person, or were his actions the result of situational factors, such as stress and fatigue? These different explanations of Gallagher’s crimes reflect two ways of thinking about the causes of war crimes and how to prevent them: character-based views and situationist accounts. Character-based views attribute war crimes to failures (...) of individual military personnel to live up to military virtues, whereas situationist accounts focus on external factors (such as battlefield stress) as the primary cause of war crimes. While both situationist and character accounts highlight important aspects of the causes of war crimes, in this article I argue that they do not account for the fact that war crimes can (and have) come to be seen as compatible with military virtues. By not acknowledging this fact, these accounts of war crimes fail to address the fact that some of the most egregious war crimes occurred not because military personnel failed to embody the military virtues of their institution, but because they embodied them all too well. (shrink)

«All’interno di un genere umano ancora proteiforme e in divenire, sempre più persone percepiscono che cosa si stia preparando; la loro percezione cresce di giorno in giorno, e la conoscenza della crisi richiama in loro la sola controforza che può riuscire a elevare essi stessi a “signori” attraverso nuove mete, mete grandi e chiare, imponendosi su tali sediziosi mezzi. Questa controforza è quella che io chiamo il nuovo Umanesimo della fede ».

In a recently published study combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), an early component of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), i.e., M1-P15, was proposed as a measure of transcallosal inhibition between motor cortices. Given that early TEPs are known to be highly variable, further evidence is needed before M1-P15 can be considered a reliable index of effective connectivity. Here, we conceived a new preregistered TMS-EEG study with two aims. The first aim was validating the M1-P15 as a cortical index of transcallosal (...) inhibition by replicating previous findings on its relationship with the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) and with performance in bimanual coordination. The second aim was inducing a task-dependent modulation of transcallosal inhibition. A new sample of 32 healthy right-handed participants underwent behavioral motor tasks and TMS-EEG recording, in which left and right M1 were stimulated both during bimanual tasks and during an iSP paradigm. Hypotheses and methods were preregistered before data collection. Results show a replication of our previous findings on the positive relationship between M1-P15 amplitude and the iSP normalized area. Differently, the relationship between M1-P15 latency and bimanual coordination was not confirmed. Finally, M1-P15 amplitude was modulated by the characteristics of the bimanual task the participants were performing, and not by the contralateral hand activity during the iSP paradigm. In sum, the present results corroborate our previous findings in validating the M1-P15 as a cortical marker of transcallosal inhibition and provide novel evidence of its task-dependent modulation. Importantly, we demonstrate the feasibility of preregistration in the TMS-EEG field to increase methodological rigor and transparency. (shrink)

Abstract“Growth” or “Revolution”? Ernst Cassirer and History of Science. Ernst Cassirer's contributions to history of science have been long time neglected. The aim of this paper is to show the historical and philosophical framework of Cassirer's engagement in this field, starting from his seminal work about the problem of knowledge in science and philosophy of the modern age. Moreover the author suggests that Cassirer's late studies about Galilei and the origins of mathematical science are of some interest in order to (...) comprehend both his commitment to contemporary history of science (from Burtt to Koyré) and his intellectual heritage for our agendas in a post‐Kuhnian era. (shrink)

In the current opinion paper, we provide a comparative perspective on specific aspects of primate empathic abilities, with particular emphasis on the mirror neuron system associated with mouth/face actions and expression. Mouth and faces can be very salient communicative classes of stimuli that allow an observer access to the emotional and physiological content of other individuals. We thus describe patterns of activations of neural populations related to observation and execution of specific mouth actions and emotional facial expressions in some species (...) of monkeys and in humans. Particular attention is given to dynamics of face-to-face interactions in the early phases of development and to the differences in the anatomy of facial muscles among different species of primates. We hypothesize that increased complexity in social environments and patterns of social development have promoted specializations of facial musculature, behavioral repertoires related to production and recognition of facial emotional expression, and their neural correlates. In several primates, mirror circuits involving parietal-frontal regions, insular regions, cingulate cortices, and amygdala seem to support automatic forms of embodied empathy, which probably contribute to facial mimicry and behavioural synchrony. In humans these circuits interact with specific prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortical regions, which facilitates higher order cognitive functions such as cognitive empathy and mental state attribution. Our analysis thus suggests that the evolution of higher forms of empathy, such as mentalizing, is also linked to the coupling between the perceptual and motor system related to face processing, which may have undergone a process of exaptation during primate phylogeny. (shrink)

James Klagge aims to shed light on Wittgenstein’s philosophy by situating it in its biographical–cultural context. While Klagge is not alone in pursuing this aim, his claim to originality lies in his thematic focus on Wittgenstein’s relationship to his time and culture as one of “alienation” (3), expressed by the metaphor of being “in exile” (61). A central concern of Klagge’s is how we, as modern readers living in a “civilized” culture not dissimilar to the one from which Wittgenstein felt (...) himself estranged, can hope to understand the philosophical writings of such a radically distant “other.” Klagge’s suggestion is that through acknowledging and engaging with just how different Wittgenstein was, we can .. (shrink)

DO RESTABELECIMENTO DO PRAZO DE VALIDADE DOS CRÉDITOS DE CELULARES PRÉ-PAGOS: UMA ANÁLISE DA DECISÃO DO STJ A PARTIR DA LEGISLAÇÃO CONSUMERISTA.

RESUMO Este artigo problematiza certos conceitos e proposições da obra de Iuri Lotman que retratam concepções do autor sobre memória e tempo, tais como semiosfera, texto, pancronia e explosão. No âmbito das teatralidades juvenis, mapear tal escopo teórico tem por objetivo compreender a produção de memórias e as codificações temporais como instâncias comunicativas. Consideram-se objetos empíricos, as teatralidades steampunks, experimentadas em encontros presenciais. Esta análise se faz nos espaços urbanos da região Sudeste do Brasil; vale-se de pesquisa bibliográfica voltada a (...) teorias da memória; utiliza pesquisa de campo, seguindo a metodologia da flânerie em eventos frequentados por esses grupos de jovens. Espera-se demonstrar o diálogo entre a semiótica desenvolvida por Lotman e as representações mnésicas e temporais presentes nestas teatralidades. ABSTRACT This paper problematizes certain concepts and propositions of Iuri Lotman that portrayed his conceptions of memory and time, such as semiosphere, text, panchronism and explosion. In the context of juvenile theatricalities, mapping such a theoretical scope aims to understand the production of memories and the temporal codifications as communicative instances. Steampunk theatricalities experienced in face-to-face meetings are considered empirical objects. This analysis is conducted in urban areas of the Southeast of Brazil, counting on a bibliographic research focused on theories of memory, a field work following the flânerie methodology in events attended by these youth groups. It aims to demonstrate the dialogue between the semiotics developed by Lotman and the mnemonic and temporal representations present in these theatricalities. (shrink)

Resumo: Nas comemorações de 40 anos do curso “Hermenêutica do Sujeito”, somos provocados a pensar a potencialidade dessa obra para colocar sob investigação um problema que as atualiza constantemente: a relação entre a subjetividade, verdade e o cuidado de si. Pois foi respondendo a essa provocação que elegemos uma aula de Filosofia numa escola particular para problematizar essa relação. A aula se desdobrou num trabalho em que os alunos eram desafiados a saírem de suas “zonas de conforto” e, assim, entrarem (...) contato consigo mesmos num trabalho de tomar-se como objetos de investigação e de produção de discursos verdadeiros sobre si mesmos. Um trabalho em especial nos chamou atenção e ele que vamos trazer para explorar essas relações do cuidado de si que se renovam na atualidade. Palavras-chave: Subjetividade; Verdade; Cuidado de Si; Educação “I left my comfort zone for the first time without realizing it” – subjectivity, truth and self-care Abstract: In the celebrations of 40 years of the course “Hermeneutics of the Subject”, we are provoked to think about the potential of this work to put under investigation a problem that constantly updates them: the relationship between subjectivity, truth and self-care. Because it was in response to this provocation that we chose a Philosophy class in a private school to problematize this relationship. The class unfolded in a work in which students were challenged to leave their “comfort zones” and, thus, get in touch with themselves in a work of taking themselves as objects of investigation and production of true discourses about themselves. One work in particular caught our attention and we are going to bring it to explore these relationships of self-care that are renewed today. Keywords: Subjectivity; Truth; Self-Care; Education “Salí por la primera vez de mi zona de confort sin darme cuenta” – subjetividad, verdad y cuidado de sí Resumen: En los festejos de los 40 años del curso “Hermenéutica del Sujeto”, nos incita a pensar en las potencialidades de este trabajo para poner en investigación un problema que los actualiza constantemente: la relación entre subjetividad, verdad y cuidado de sí. Porque fue en respuesta a esta provocación que elegimos una clase de Filosofía en una escuela privada para problematizar esta relación. La clase se desenvolvió en un trabajo en el que se desafió a los estudiantes a salir de sus “zonas de confort” y así entrar en contacto consigo mismos en un trabajo de tomarse a sí mismos como objetos de investigación y producción de verdaderos discursos sobre sí mismos. Una obra en particular nos llamó la atención y la vamos a traer para explorar estas relaciones de autocuidado que hoy se renuevan. Palabra clave: Subjetividad; Verdad; Cuidado de Sí; Educación Data de registro: 23/01/2023 Data de aceite: 20/03/2024. (shrink)

Estudos anteriores indicaram que o esgotamento docente pode ser potencializado pelo entusiasmo excessivo ao trabalho. No entanto, a maioria dos métodos investigativos medem o esgotamento balizado pelos sintomas subjetivos informados, havendo poucas evidências que indiquem a causa dos sintomas e a amplitude da participação do entusiasmo do professor pelo trabalho. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi apresentar, as peculiaridades da relação entre o engajamento do docente pelo trabalho e o esgotamento profissional. Este ensaio acadêmico foi organizado a partir de uma revisão (...) narrativa da literatura, adaptando e explorando, reflexivamente, os conceitos e ideias de estudos disponibilizados na literatura. Os resultados evidenciam os estudos que escalonam a ocorrência e a gravidade do burnout em docentes, se concentram, na sua maior parte, em identificar e quantificar os sintomas subjetivos clássicos do fenômeno, não permitindo conclusões objetivas e definitivas sobre as causas dessa ocorrência. Estudos futuros devem investigar controladamente, os mecanismos desencadeantes de burnout para distinguir a amplitude dos desencadeadores do problema. (shrink)

A right to family privacy is considered a cornerstone of American life, and yet access to it is apportioned by race. Our notion of the “racialization of privacy” refers to the phenomenon that family privacy, including the freedom to create a family uninhibited by law, pressure, and custom, is delimited by race. Building upon racial formation theory, this article examines three examples: the Native American boarding school system (1870s to 1970s), eugenic laws and practices (early/mid 1900s), and contemporary deportation. Analysis (...) reveals that state-sponsored limitations on family privacy is a racial project that shapes the racial state. Performing an ideological genealogy with our cases, this article makes three contributions: it illustrates how the state leverages policies affecting families to define national belonging; it reveals how access to family privacy is patterned by race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexuality, and national origin; and it distills how Whiteness and a national racial hierarchy are socially constructed and maintained over time. With the racialization of privacy, we identify how the state seeks to reproduce institutionalized White supremacy and the effects this has on families. We argue that families are the linchpin in state-sponsored racial projects that construct the nation and that the racialization of privacy, as a form of inequality, is a defining characteristic of the color-line. (shrink)

Historically the plan has been about much more than economic planning. By plan-based thought I mean a concept of social governance that requires a multiple but structured articulation of social, economic, administrative and political forces and institutions and aims at shaping new forms of integration and social control using a specific scientific discourse.The following essays provide an analysis of global planning starting from different historical and geographical situations and different disciplinary perspectives. The broad picture that emerges shows points of continuity (...) and discontinuity between different contexts and theories but also reveals a common theme: the conflictual relationship between economics and politics which not only reflects the hierarchies between state and society but also shows the dialectic between different forms and conceptions of power and their social reproduction. Plan-based thought does not only concern temporary institutional transformations, but reacts and is connected to the management of social conflicts over time. (shrink)

The ignorance about Otto Neurath’s thought and action within the Vienna Circle as well as within the “scientific philosophy” definitely belongs to the past. In the last two decades the rediscovery of Neurath’s legacy represents one of the most significant aspects of the historical and theoretical studies on logical empiricism. As Friedrich Stadler has recently pointed out, “the rediscovery of Neurath [is] not merely a phenomenon of academic nostalgia, but itself constitutes research into the conditions and possibilities of changing a (...) paradigm in the philosophy of science”1. Particulary in the last ten years this re-evaluation has been the subject of numerous books and contributions, which offer a radically new view of the life, the philosophy of science and knowledge, the political and economical thought of Otto Neurath, and, last but not least, of his enthusiastic activity for the Encyclopedia-project. It is sufficient for the readers of this Yearbook to recall the enlightening reconstruction of the emergence of Neurath’s naturalism within the Vienna Circle offered in 1992 by Thomas E. Uebel and the extensive, critical description of Neurath’s work and life which was published in 1996 by Nancy Cartwright, Jordi Cat, Lola Fleck and Thomas E. Uebel. (shrink)

This article argues that we cannot separate theology on the one hand and politics, law and economy on the other when trying to understand how to deal with religious and cultural diversity. Through an historical examination of the formation of the right to religious liberty in the West, it shows that the European secular state is still deeply indebted with its theological presuppositions. This conclusion explains why systems of religiously based personal regimes are much less widespread in Europe than in (...) other parts of the world. It also suggests that the best way to manage cultural and religious diversity in Europe consists in strengthening the pluralistic components of the European legal systems, as already shown by recent reforms in the field of family and commercial law. (shrink)

Although it is well accepted that working memory is intimately related to consciousness, little research has illuminated the liaison between the two phenomena. To investigate this under-explored nexus, we used an imagery monitoring task to investigate the subjective aspects of WM performance. Specifically, in two experiments, we examined the effects on consciousness of holding in mind information having a low versus high memory load, and holding memoranda in mind during the presentation of distractors . Higher rates of rehearsal occurred in (...) the high load and distractor conditions than in comparable control conditions. Examination of the temporal properties of the rehearsal-based imagery revealed that, across subjects, imagery events occurred evenly throughout the delay. We hope that future variants of this new imagery monitoring task will reveal additional insights about WM, consciousness, and action control. (shrink)

O Teeteto de Platão é um diálogo maiêutico não propositivo. Nele, Platão não apresenta a sua própria epistemologia, mas discute as posições de alguns autores contemporâneos, entre os quais Protágoras. Ele aplica o procedimento maiêutico à doutrina protagoreana para demonstrar que uma semelhante concepção não é sustentável.

En este libro, que aparece en Italia en 1987, publicado muchas veces y muy comentado también en el extranjero, Vincenzo Ferrari analiza las funciones sociales del derecho en una perspectiva relativista, subjetivista y conflictualista, opuesta a la del funcionalismo sociológico. De tal manera, el derecho se revela como un medio de acción social dirigido a lograr los proyectos de seres humanos empeñados en relaciones variables de cooperación y de lucha. Así, se muestra cómo las normas jurídicas pueden orientar las (...) actitudes y desorientarlas; solucionar los conflictos y agravarlos o fomentarlos; legitimar cualquier forma de poder con argumentos tan válidos como ficticios. Solo al nivel de los ideales se redescubre el valor del derecho, su potencialidad libertadora y su naturaleza igualitaria. (shrink)