The proposal of this article is to present and discuss the methodology applied in the frame of a socio-anthropological research held in Bolivia and Peru on child development and growth. The objectives of the investigation were to study the mother?s perceptions (and those of other related caretakers..

Written by an ardent spokesman for the Libertarian philosophy, this is an important book for Americans, most of whom have been steeped in the concept that their ...

The mammalian oocyte is a round cell arrested at prophase I of meiosis. It is characterized by the presence of a large nucleus, called the germinal vesicle, in the middle of which is the nucleolus. Before it can be fertilized, the oocyte must resume meiosis, enter metaphase II and be ovulated. The nucleolus is dissolved during this process. However, the nucleoli of the male and female pronuclei in the zygote are both of maternal origin. A recent paper1 demonstrates that the (...) maternal nucleolus, together with other nucleoplasmic elements, is essential for early embryonic development. These nucleolar and nucleoplasmic factors remain undetermined. BioEssays 30:613–616, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Wie kann man einen historischen Blick auf das eigene Fach werfen? Diese Frage ist nicht einfach zu beantworten – will man einerseits nicht in einer Nabelschau und Hagiographie enden, andererseits aber auch keinen umfassenden Entwurf einer zukünftigen Historiographie vorlegen. Die hier als Bausteine zu einer Oral History der Wissenschaftsgeschichte in loser Folge publizierten Interviews mit bekannten Protagonisten der Berliner Wissenschaftsgeschichte von ca. 1970–1990 in West und Ost rücken die Geschichte des Faches deshalb in einem bestimmten Milieu in den Fokus und (...) versuchen, die Historiographie jenseits einer Institutionen‐ oder Theoriegeschichte voranzutreiben. Welche Motivationen oder Probleme bewegten einzelne Wissenschaftler:innen, sich der Geschichte ihres Faches zu widmen oder sich etwa aus der Soziologie oder Philosophie in die Wissenschaftsgeschichte zu bewegen? Welche Ausbildungspraxen existierten in diesem heterogenen, zwischen den Disziplinen angesiedelten Feld, welche Anregungen bezog man aus welchen Kontexten? Wie war Lehre strukturiert und welche Netzwerke bildeten sich mit der Zeit? Kurz: Mit welchem Interesse kam man zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und was wurde daraus? Die Auswahl der Interviewees erfolgt ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit oder Proporz; der Fragenkatalog der Interviews richtet sich individuell nach den Biographien und dem Werk und entfaltet sich oft spontan im Gespräch. Die Interviews wurden digital aufgezeichnet, transkribiert, der Schriftsprache angepasst, gegebenenfalls gekürzt, annotiert und von den Interviewees authentifiziert. Wir beabsichtigen mit dieser Serie von Interviews zunächst die Dokumentation rezenter Geschichte durch eine Oral History, die subjektive Wahrnehmungen und persönliche Erlebnisse einschließt. Auf diese Weise werden Segmente einer größtenteils ungeschriebenen Geschichte anhand von Biographien erfahrbar und damit auch einer weiteren kritischen Bearbeitung und Integration in ein Gesamtbild zugänglich. Da uns im Zuge der jeweiligen Vorbereitung und Durchführung, Transkription und Abstimmung der Interviews daran gelegen war, aus Sicht der Akteure wichtige Sammelbände und Aufsätze, Graue Literatur oder Monographien zu erfassen, wird nebenbei eine kommentierte Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Wissenschaftsgeschichte entstehen. Unsere Hoffnung besteht darin, mittels dieser Sammlung mit Berlin einen fruchtbaren Raum und mit den 1970er und 1980er Jahren eine produktive Zeit des Faches jenseits von Reminiszenz oder Nostalgie zu erkunden nicht zuletzt auch, um den Blick für gegenwärtige Herausforderungen des Faches zu schärfen.Mathias Grote, Anke te Heesen. (shrink)

The article takes the term "technoscience" literally and investigates a conception of science that takes it not only as practice, but as production in the sense of a material labor process. It will explore in particular the material connection between science and ordinary production. It will furthermore examine how the historical development of science as a social enterprise was shaped by its technoscientific character. In this context, in an excursus, the prevailing notion will be questioned that social relations must be (...) conceived of as pure interactions. Finally, the article will go into the relationship between the epistemic dimension of science and its technoscientific character. (shrink)

Theology and philosophy in the recent past; an introductory essay, by P. LeFevre.--Process philosophy as a resource for Christian thought, by C. Hartshorne.--Phenomenology as resource for Christian thinking, by Q. Lauer.--The two faces of Socrates; language analysis as resource for Christian thought, by F. Ferré.--Existentialism and Christian thought, by J. Macquarrie.

The focus of this contribution lies on eighteenth-century chemistry up to Lavoisier’s anti-phlogistic chemical system. Some main features of chemistry in this period will be examined by discussing classificatory practices and the understanding of the substances these practices imply. In particular, the question will be discussed of whether these practices can be regarded as natural historical practices and, hence, whether chemistry itself was a special natural history (part I). Furthermore, discussion of the famous Methode de nomenclature chimique (1787) raises the (...) question of what modes of classification tell us about chemists’ understanding of the substances they deal with (part II). Finally, in investigating what taxonomic orders reveal about deep structures of chemists’ understanding of the world of substances, the contribution will examine the question of whether Lavoisier’s anti-phlogistic chemical system was a revolution on the level of a deep structure or a revision within the untouched frame of such a structure (part III). (shrink)

This addresses the transformations of metaphysics as a discipline, the emergence of analytical mechanics, the diverging avenues of 18th-century Newtonianism, the body-mind problem, and philosophical principles of classification in the life sciences. An appendix contains a critical edition and first translation into English of Newton's scholia from David Gregory's Estate on the Propositions IV through IX Book III of his Principia.

In the introduction to her book Professor Chimisso gives two reasons for writing it. The first is to show how Bachelard’s work is inextricably situated in the educational system and intellectual climate of France in his time. The second is to offer his insights as a perspective for discussing current topics in the historiography and philosophy of science. Her book accomplishes these purposes admirably. The reflective reader, however, will discover that her work accomplishes a third purpose that makes it well (...) worth reading even if one has no particular interest in Bachelard or in the philosophy of science. That is, it rather forcibly invites the reader to reflect on complex issues involving the relationships between one’s own intellectual life, personal history, culture, self image, professional image, and participation in intellectual and social structures. (shrink)

The present note first discusses the concept of s-convex pain functions in decision theory. Then, the economic behavior of an agent with such a pain function is represented through the comparison of some recursive lotteries.

Les sacrifices de poissons sont rares dans la pratique cultuelle grecque : les sources écrites ne les mentionnent que dans des cas particuliers, en dehors des sacrifices alimentaires communautaires. L’iconographie présente un cadre similaire. La mise à l’écart des poissons dans la pratique cultuelle grecque semble correspondre au régime alimentaire des populations égéennes , même si le rôle joué par la faune marine a été en partie sous-estimé jusqu’à présent. Or les découvertes paléoenvironnementales faites dans le temple B du sanctuaire (...) de Kommos ne s’accordent pas avec ce cadre d’ensemble : des restes significatifs de poissons ont été mis au jour dans ce lieu de culte; ils furent en partie consommés lors de repas rituels et en partie brûlés pour les divinités. L’hypothèse d’une origine proche-orientale de cette pratique est envisagée : elle pourrait s’expliquer par la présence dans le sanctuaire des marchands levantins qui installèrent le tripillar shrine dans le temple B. Le rôle joué par les poissons dans les cultes proche-orientaux, et notamment dans celui de la déesse Atargatis aux époques hellénistique et romaine, est mis en exergue.Fish sacrifices are rare in Greek cult practices; apart from communal sacrifices, the literary and iconographical evidence presents us with only a few special cases. This situation seems to reflect the Greek population’s diet, based on cereals, fruits, vegetables ²and bred livestock. However, to date, the importance of fish has been partly underestimated by scholars. The excavation of the Kommos sanctuary reveals a new aspect: fish remains are found in some contexts, sometimes heavily burnt as part of a ritual. We take into account the possibility that this sacrificial practice originated in the Levant and was introduced by the same Levantine traders that set up the tripillar shrine in temple B. Finally, we emphasize the importance of fish in the religious beliefs of the Near East, especially in the Hellenistic and Roman cult of Atargatis. (shrink)

Cette notule signale un parallèle probable pour l'une des restitutions proposées par F. Salviat. Elle rappelle également que l'établissement du texte est incertain (lecture), et que les compléments envisagés par F. S. pour les dernières lignes demeurent aléatoires. L'interprétation technique et historique que celui-ci en tire, démentie par le reste de la documentation disponible, suscite donc de fortes réserves.

In 1968, Aimé Césaire travelled to Cuba to participate in the Havana Cultural Congress, a mass international meeting where delegates discussed the place of culture in the struggle against imperialism, neo-colonialism, and underdevelopment. Among the likes of C.L.R. James, Nicolás Guillén, René Depestre, Michel Leiris, and Daniel Guérin, it was in Havana that the Martinican politician undertook the until-now untranslated interview with Sonia Aratán for the Casa de las Américas revue and delivered his Cultural Congress conference paper – previously believed (...) by Césaire scholars to be lost. Both texts shed light on Césaire’s little-known views on Fidel Castro, the Cuban Revolution and Marxism in the context of late-1960s tricontinentalism. By reconstructing Césaire’s exchanges with Cuban writers before and during the Congress, we propose a consideration of the role of Cuba in Césaire’s political thought as a tragic possibility, combining the catastrophe of Caribbean history with the uncertain potential of new social forms. (shrink)

Mental disorders as defined by current classifications are not fully supported by scientific evidence. It is unclear whether main disorders should be broken down into separate categories or disposed along a continuous spectrum. In the near future, new classes of mental disorders could be defined through associations of so-called abnormalities observed at the genetic, molecular and neuronal circuitry levels.

Background: The management of challenging behaviours in inpatient with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorders can lead to an escalation of control measures. In these complex situations where patients have an intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder accompanied by a psychiatric comorbidity, the experiences of caregivers related to the crisis management have rarely been studied. Purpose: This study examined the moral experiences of caregivers related to challenging behaviours’ management and alternatives to control measures. Research design: Using Charles Taylor’s hermeneutic framework, a 2-month (...) focused ethnography with a participatory approach was used. Participants and research context: Sixteen caregivers were interviewed in a Canadian mental health setting for adults with intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder and psychiatric comorbidity. Ethical considerations: The research was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and local Research Ethics Board approval. Written informed consent was collected systematically from participants. Findings: By accounting for caregivers’ moral experiences, this study sheds light on a neglected dimension of the care relationship: the vulnerability of the caregiver. We highlight the main barriers and facilitators to alternatives to control measures. First, a caregiver’s vulnerability was characterised by the overall impact of challenging behaviours and the moral distress associated with the use of control measures and exclusion mechanisms of intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder patients. Second, a strong ambiguity between care and control measures and a lack of inclusive approaches were identified as the two main barriers to challenging behaviour management. Third, the involvement, both professional and personal, of caregivers was deemed necessary to implement alternatives to control measures. Discussion: A conflict of values opposes two conceptions of autonomy: a rational autonomy, which is counterproductive to the reduction of control measures, versus a relational autonomy based on shared vulnerability. Conclusion: The recognition of caregiver’s vulnerability is a benchmark to create alternative approaches, which defuse the logic of control and promote an ethics of care within which caregivers’ self-concern can be understood as fostering mutual respect. (shrink)

The latest progress made in the classification and reading of the Delphic accounts belonging to the key period ca 337-335 warrants a re-examination of the role played by the sanctuary and the Amphictiony in Macedonian affairs, not only at the time of Alexander's accession to power, but also during the sequence to his reign. In the appendix two names are suggested for the new archon for the year 338/7.