The development of technologies for the biopreservation of infectious organisms requires careful analysis of benefits and risks. This article reviews the regulatory landscape and oversight responsibilities in the United States in respect to pathogen biopreservation. Focused on two globally significant pathogens, Cryptosporidium and Plasmodium, the article explores advantages and potential risks of biopreservation concerning biosafety, biosecurity and biocontainment.

Streszczenie Klauzula sumienia została wprowadzona do obszaru prawnych regulacji międzynarodowych w związku z uchwałą Rady Europy o nr 1763 z dnia 7 października 2010 r. Zgodnie z treścią dokumentu istnieje przyzwolenie odstąpienia od wykonania określonego świadczenia medycznego ze względu na zastrzeżenia moralne (religijne lub światopoglądowe) zgłaszane przez przedstawicieli opieki zdrowotnej. W przepisach polskiego prawa medycznego powołanie się na zasadę klauzuli sumienia jest dozwolone, ale wyłącznie dla lekarzy, pielęgniarek i położnych. Farmaceuci są pozbawieni tej możliwości. Jednak wykonywanie niektórych czynności zawodowych budzi (...) zastrzeżenia etyczne wśród farmaceutów. Autorzy artykułu postanowili zbadać opinię farmaceutów zarówno na temat klauzuli sumienia oraz określonych regulacji prawnych, które zdaniem respondentów powinny podlegać zmianom legislacyjnym. Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie wyników z przeprowadzonych badań, które zostały zrealizowane w 2020 r. na terenie Wielkopolskiej Okręgowej Izby Farmaceutycznej w Poznaniu. Słowa kluczowe: wolność sumienia i wyznania, klauzula sumienia, farmacja, antykoncepcja, Polska. (shrink)

In the last few years, we have witnessed a surge in scholarly interest and scientific evidence of how algorithms can produce discriminatory outcomes, especially with regard to gender and race. However, the analysis of fairness and bias in AI, important for the debate of AI for social good, has paid insufficient attention to the category of age and older people. Ageing populations have been largely neglected during the turn to digitality and AI. In this article, the concept of AI ageism (...) is presented to make a theoretical contribution to how the understanding of inclusion and exclusion within the field of AI can be expanded to include the category of age. AI ageism can be defined as practices and ideologies operating within the field of AI, which exclude, discriminate, or neglect the interests, experiences, and needs of older population and can be manifested in five interconnected forms: (1) age biases in algorithms and datasets (technical level), (2) age stereotypes, prejudices and ideologies of actors in AI (individual level), (3) invisibility of old age in discourses on AI (discourse level), (4) discriminatory effects of use of AI technology on different age groups (group level), (5) exclusion as users of AI technology, services and products (user level). Additionally, the paper provides empirical illustrations of the way ageism operates in these five forms. (shrink)

In _Genealogy of Obedience_ Justyna Włodarczyk provides both a historical account of the changing methods of dog training in America since the 1850s and theoretical reflections on how the understanding of training has been entangled in conceptualizations of race, class and gender.

The aim of the two studies (N = 245 and N = 199) was to investigate the predictors of environmental guilt and analyze its mediating role between human-nature relationship and pro-environmental behavior intentions. In the first study, the connectedness to nature and social dominance orientation emerged as predictors of environmental guilt. In addition, guilt was an important mediator of the relationship between the connectedness and individual pro- environmental behavior. In the second study, guilt was predicted by gender, by locating the (...) causes of the climate crisis in human activities rather than in the Earth's natural cycles, and by environmental nostalgia. In addition, guilt mediated the relationship between environmental nostalgia and willingness to engage in collective action and support systemic changes. Thus, environmental guilt seems to be an important factor in predicting a wide range of environmentally friendly activities: individual behavioral intentions, willingness to engage in collective actions, and support for systemic changes. (shrink)

Financialization is a term that is becoming increasingly popular in the Polish literature. One of its important aspects, which is multidimensionality, is often emphasized. It is a process whose effects are visible at all levels of the economy. The effects of financialization could be seen both at the national level and in the basic economic unit, which is a household. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to analyze changes, which in literature are considered to be symptoms of financialization in (...) Polish households. The second, no less important goal, is to compare the level of financialization of Polish households with the level characteristic for countries belonging to the euro area. (shrink)

The article is an examination of the 1930 play Brain. A Play of the Whole Earth, by an obscure early twentieth-century British writer, Lionel Britton, in the light of the writings of Polish Jewish physician and philosopher of science Ludwik Fleck and the sociologist Émile Durkheim. A consideration of the notion of collectivity as depicted in the text, its complex representation of a posthuman existence, and the unusual generic characteristics of the play lead to the suggestion that Brain may be (...) regarded as a utopian bildungsroman whose main focus is the life of an idea in society. (shrink)

In my paper I focus on the linguistic phenomenon of multiple quantification. My aim is to defend the grammatical ambiguity hypothesis, the view that a multiple quantified sentence of a language L is semantically ambiguous if a grammar for L (understood as the cognitive mechanism that maps sentences onto meanings) encodes a class of interpretations - specifies the space of possible interpretations of that sentence. I argue both against the position of a unitary semantics: ambiguous sentences encode a single sense, (...) a pragmatic (context dependent) derivation is essential in arriving at the other interpretations; and against that of radical pragmatics: ambiguous sentences encode no senses at all, a pragmatic derivation is essential in arriving at any interpretation (at all). In my attempt at providing a plausible account of semantic ambiguity, I use a combination of approaches and methods: theories of grammar (such as Government and Binding Theory), tools of mathematical logic, linguistic studies and the results of psycholinguistic experiments. (shrink)

As the aesthetic of the Polish cities became a topic of wider discussions, it is important to detect the potential role of human-place relations. Two studies were conducted to explore the relationship between place attachment, place identity and appraisal of urban landscape. Satisfaction with urban aesthetic was predicted by two dimensions of place attachment, local identity and national-conservative identity. Place discovered and European identity were also predictors of visual pollution sensitivity. Place discovered is considered as more active type of attachment (...) that permits both a positive bias concerning the aesthetics of one’s city, and a stronger criticism of the elements that can potentially violate the place’s landscape. (shrink)

August Cieszkowski nie był typowym narodowym mesjanistą czy polskim słowianofilem. Niemniej w zapowiadanej w "Ojcze nasz" trzeciej epoce dziejów wyznaczył Słowianom szczególną, przywódczą rolę, z racji ich licznych zalet, historycznego niespełnienia, atrakcyjnej siły słowiańskiego charakteru i "pochopności do czynu", a także dlatego, że Królestwo Boże na ziemi, w którym nastąpiłoby zwycięstwo dobra nad złem, uetycznienie polityki i "uspołecznienie społeczeństw", wymagało – jego zdaniem – predyspozycji moralno-polityczno-religijnych, posiadanych np. przez Polaków. Przywołał utopijną wizję prahistorycznej Słowiańszczyzny, stworzoną przez miłośników i badaczy Słowian, (...) a z dziejów późniejszych wyeksponował wątek wolnościowo-pokojowo-demokratyczny ze względu na wartości, które uznał za godne urzeczywistnienia w przybliżanej wspólnym trudem wszystkich narodów przyszłości. (shrink)

In modern liberal democratic societies, freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of an individual guaranteed by the constitution. It is also the foundation of a democratic state. This right is sometimes abused for political purposes and demagogic propaganda, in both totalitarian systems and democracies, which adversely affects the stability of a state. Propaganda mechanisms negatively influence the sphere of community values and concepts which change their meanings through manipulation. The author examines the language of demagogic propaganda and (...) concludes that it disrupts the communication process in society. These destructive tendencies are opposed under the political culture of a democratic society, thanks to legal regulations protecting freedom from manipulation. (shrink)

The article examines work by contemporary American artist Kiki Smith, who proposes a future in which human and nonhuman bodily borders merge. The artist’s contribution to the more-than-human artistic entanglements is juxtaposed with Joseph Beuys’s artistic manifesto from 1974 which proposes, among other things, an attempt to get outside of the represented human towards the asignified ahuman. In Kiki’s sculpture, both human and nonhuman animals undergo constant morphogenesis, becoming hybrid forms far beyond the human-social paradigm, implying that the human and (...) nonhuman binary, due to the exchange of affective entanglements, is no longer valid in the heyday of techno-scientific development. The analyzed work shows that both human and nonhuman bodies are raw materials not separated from one another but always interconnected with the world and its ongoing material processes. Thus, the article emphasizes that it is only through the transgression of the human and nonhuman border that one can acknowledge the more ethical and political ways of cooperation needed for the appreciation of the multispecies dimension of our world and its survival. (shrink)

BackgroundWhile healthcare professionals’ right to invoke the conscience clause has been recognised as a fundamental human right, it continues to provoke a heated debate in Polish society. Although public discourse is filled with ethical and legal considerations on the conscience clause, much less is known about the attitudes of healthcare professionals regarding that matter. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the attitudes of Polish physicians, nurses and pharmacists towards the ethical and legal aspects of the conscience clause.MethodsWe (...) analysed a group of three hundred healthcare professionals: physicians, nurses and pharmacists in Poznan, Poland, using a standard questionnaire comprising of 29 questions about various ethical and legal aspects of the conscience clause and participants’ personal experiences with the conscience clause. The study was conducted between January and March 2020.ResultsThis research shows that although most Polish healthcare workers support the right to invoke the conscience clause they differ significantly in their opinions on to whom and to what medical procedures the conscience clause should apply to. It also demonstrated that while the conscience clause is rarely invoked in Poland, most healthcare professionals declare that the current legal regulations in that sphere are unclear and inaccurate.ConclusionsWhile there is an urgent need to raise the awareness regarding the conscience clause among medical students and healthcare professionals and educate them about such issues, it is even more important to improve the legal system in regard to the CC so that it protects both HCPs’ right to the CC and safeguards patients’ rights to medical services. (shrink)

This brief “Introduction” to the volume discusses the general idea of the special edition of the journal, which is dedicated to the radicalism of the Enlightenment in the context of Jonathan Israel’s recent work on the Enlightenment, and highlights the topics of the articles contained in the edition.

This study examines the effect of integrating sustainability into corporate strategy on various aspects of shareholder value creation and financial performance in the British capital market. The employed method is based on the content analysis of corporate disclosures and a new technique for assessing the adoption of the corporate sustainability concept. Using extensive data of FTSE 350 firms covering the years 2006–2012, 65 companies were selected as meeting corporate sustainability criteria. For the above period, we find that these firms were (...) characterized by higher financial risk exposure, lower asset growth rates, lower BV/MV ratios, lower EVA ratios, and higher MVA ratios. Such relations were generally present among different size and industry groupings. The results support the thesis that firms that incorporate sustainability issues into their business operations are better able to leverage their resources toward stronger financial performance and shareholder value creation than other companies. The paper contributes to the literature by offering a more holistic approach to corporate sustainable performance measurement and shedding additional light on its relation to financial performance in the context of the recent global financial crisis and its direct aftermath. (shrink)

According to the new Eurostat’s and Gus’s research, in Poland and in the other European countries the population’s aging process is proceeding. In the researchers’ opinion, the growth of the number of the old causes the constant rise in the demand of health services. Because of that, from among different goods, the health is the most precious to humans. As Kazimierz Szewczyk has correctly established, the health value is high, because it belongs to limited resources. Not all of the medical (...) services are guaranteed by healthcare system, therefore the need of implementing economical rules in the process of allocation of limited health values important. In the opinion of numerous doctors, psychologists and ethics, e.g. Jarosław Derejczyk, Barbara Bień, Janina Kokoszka-Paszkot and Joanna Szczygieł patients who are old belong to disadvantaged group. The patients are not given the priority in access to health benefits, and they are also discrimanated. In this article I am going to enumerate and describe the medical methods, that are used in economical distribution of health care benefits. Later I’ll explain, why during distribution of benefits, the quality of life of old people, and not only their register age, should be taken into consideration. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 and Flow State Scale-2, for use with Polish adults and young adults. Currently, there are no tools that would allow us to study flow among Polish speakers. At the same time, due to the great interest in flow and its potential importance for effectiveness, cooperation, and learning, it is worth ensuring that reliable validated measurement questionnaires are available for people studying (...) the Polish population. Study participants completed 856 questionnaires, of which 496 individuals participated in the DFS-2 study and 360 individuals participated in the FSS-2 study. The maximum likelihood estimator was selected for the CFA analysis. Model fit was assessed using: χ2, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, and standardized root mean square of residuals, and root mean square of approximation error. For both questionnaires, formative first-level models with nine factors and second-level models with nine factors loaded on a higher-order flow factor were compared using the Satorra-Bentler Scaled difference χ2 test. The ω coefficient was used to estimate the reliability of the FFS-2 and DFS-2 models tested in the CFA method. Confirmatory factor analysis of both DFS-2 structural models showed satisfactory model fit. Most of the fit indices for the hierarchical 2nd order FSS-2 model presented satisfactory values, except for SRMR. Both DFS-2 and FSS-2 factors tested in the analysis showed good reliability. Our findings confirmed the reliability and validity of the Polish versions of DFS-2 and FSS-2 scales. The scales are reliable when applied to Polish adults and young adults. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawiam osobowość twórczą współczesnego rosyjskiego myśliciela nurtu neopatrystycznego Sergiusza Chorużego ze szczególnym naciskiem na jego oryginalną koncepcję teorii ascezy (teorii energoform). Bazuje ona na źródłach patrystycznych, ale zdradza także inspiracje ustaleniami współczesnej filozofii zachodnioeuropejskiej, zwłaszcza myślą Martina Heideggera i Michela Foucaulta. W artykule analizuję główne założenia teorii ascezy Chorużego i komentuję heideggerowsko-foucaultiańskie elementy w niej zawarte. Rozważania na temat ascezy dotykają problemów zarówno typowo filozoficznych — ontologicznych, gdzie przejawiają się inspiracje Heideggerem, jak i historyczno-hermeneutyczne, gdzie widzimy polemikę z (...) Foucaultem. W rezultacie przeprowadzam analizę komparatystyczną Heideggerowskiej i energijnej wizji człowieka, wskazując, że fenomeny życia duchowego, takie jak asceza, mogą z powodzeniem być przedmiotem rozważań teoretycznych oraz pokazać uniwersalność niektórych teologiczno-filozoficznych (ontologicznych) interpretacji kondycji człowieka. (shrink)

A partir du XIXe siècle, les découvreurs des Slaves se sont déclarés pour l'autodétermination des sociétés appartenant à cette région de l'Europe qui était pratiquement condamnée à l'oubli, pour la stimulation de leurs contracts culturels et pour le soutien de leurs efforts de libération nationale. Les Polonais se sont trouvés ainsi en difficulté : ils devaient décider comment concilier la foi en bonté et fraternité slaves avec la haine pour les envahisseurs du même sang, étant donné que cette haine était (...) déjà reconnue comme la condition nécessaire de lutte pour la délivrance du pays. C'est pourqoui ils défendaient la thèse disant que la nation russe est devenue oppresive, parce qu'elle agissait elle-même sous la contrainte des forces ennemies, et qu’elle devrait être libérée a son tour afin de pouvoir faire partie de la communauté slave. Tout en ayant conscience que l'unité slave était menacé (il est à noter que les slavophiles russes formulaient la même crainte, bien qu'ils l'aient justifiée différemment), les Polonais développaient l'idee que la réconciliation historique des peuples polonais et russe était impossible et que c'est l'absolutisme tsariste qui a divisé ces peuples d'un gouffre béant. Et leur vision de la communauté slave devenait moins cohérente au fut et à mesure qu'ils confrontaient la forme d'administration communautaire avec l'autocrate du tsarisme. Dès lors, les slavophiles romantique se déclaraient plutôt pour l'idee de s'allier avec les Français (l'alliance franco-polonaise), telle qu'elle a été proclamée par Mickiewicz et ils prêtaient moins d'attention à des mots sporadiquement lancés par Staszic et Hoene-Wroński en faveur de l'alliance slavo-russe. Ces préférences se sont affermies surtout en présence d'une menace de "déluge panslaviste". Comme la chute de la Révolution de 1848 a rayé les espérances de ceux qui attendaient un soutien matériel de la part de l'Occident, on a reconsidéré une possibilité de concilier les Polonais avec le peuple russe, cette fois-ci par la voie de conquête spirituelle de ce dernier. Mais en définitive, on a reconnu l'irréel de cette solution, tout en ayant égard à un partage culturelle existant a l'intérieur de la communauté slave et à différence des traditions polotique et religieuse. Ce qui a résisté cependant aux oustrages du temps, c'est la volonté d'instraurer le peuple polonais en tant que "avant-poste européen de la communauté slave" au nom de la lutte contre la scission propre a l'idéologie de slavophiles. (shrink)

F. Skarbek's creative output and activity are most often an object of analyses performed by literature specialists, economists, penitentiarists, etc. This article is an attempt to show the entire social thought of Skarbek contained in publications, economic and non-economic works and having its origins in the Enlightenment reformatory tradition and creative reception of the greatest achievements in the field of the classical political economy. It proves that in Skarbek's creative output, there are consistently outlined the ideas of: the safe, organic (...) agricultural-industrial society; the free competitive economy, remaining within the sphere of influence of the protective state, which provides an appropriate socio-economic cover for the weakest participants of the economic community; an economical man restraining his aspirations, hardworking, industrious and, simultaneously, "kind-hearted". They correspond with a moderate criticism of the industrial society, with the liberal- utilitarian social ideology, with an attitude of a moralist and a social activist in the Kingdom of Poland. (shrink)

The scope of Russian studies in Poland has grown considerably since 1989. Many texts in this field published in the present decade are pioneer works on such writers as V. Solov’ev and K. Leont’ev, others present synthetic results of recent and current research, such as A History of Russian Thought from Enlightenment to Marxism , Russian Religious - Philosophical Renaissance. An Attempt at a Synthesis . Research centers publish regular series: “Jagiellońskie studia z filozofii rosyjskiej,” “Almanach myśli rosyjskiej,” “Idee w (...) Rosji”. A multi-volume Russian–Polish–English dictionary “Idee w Rosji,” fruit of research by Polish scholars has enjoyed considerable interest. (shrink)

Understanding emotions — an apparent contradiction. Comments on Andrzej Dąbrowski’s Origins, nature and functions of emotions: This paper offers some polemical comments on Andrzej Dąbrowski’s recently published book Origins, nature and functions of emotions. The background for reflection is Leon Petrażycki’s theory of emotions. The author aims to evaluate Dąbrowski’s presentation of an influential Polish philosopher Leon Petrażycki, considered an important forerunner of the psychosocial theory of law or legal psychologism, who initiated a long‐lasting debate on the role and meaning (...) of emotions. (shrink)

The representation of illness manifestation during the first psychiatric interview with patients preliminary diagnosed with depressive illness The aim of the study is the analysis of patients' and doctors' discursive representation of mental health problems during the first psychiatric interview. The data comes from 16 initial psychiatric interviews recorded by doctors in three psychiatric hospitals in Poland. Assuming the discursive character of representation the analysis of the data has shown that the representation of illness manifestations in doctors and patients narratives (...) differs. The doctors constructed mental health problems mainly as static and timeless existence of medical symptoms and patients' traits. Conversely, the patients constructed illness manifestations in terms of action, as dynamic and contextualised processes. Interestingly, the patients deprived themselves of control over the acting illness manifestations. Doctors' static picture of illness manifestations eliminates the possibility of exploring the complicated relationship between patients and their problems. An examination of the way patients construct illness manifestations could be relevant diagnostic information. (shrink)

In the Jewish tradition dybbuk is the soul of deceased, which takes control on the body of a living person. Its presence revals everlastingly interweaving of life and death. This article shows the connection between phenomenon of dybbuk and Sartre’s love conception; its focusing mainly on issues of the gaze and its relation with imagination. This text also register, that drama The Dybbuk continues romantic tradition, based on category of distance and status of the relation between love and death. Moreover, (...) article takes the problem of Jewish mysticism, in the context of Anski’s drama. What you are, dybbuk? Perhaps you live in each of us. (shrink)

The article surveys Lauren Berlant’s ideas concerning the emotional functioning of the human being in the context of neoliberal capitalism and argues for their limitation resulting from Berlant’s focus on the society-ideology axis while overlooking the significance of the early bonds in the development of one’s emotional regulation. Contrary to the multiple Marxist interpretations of culture, Berlant emphasizes that politics is effective by shaping human fantasies of desire rather than merely producing ideology. In the case of the United States this (...) mechanism mainly refers to creating a collective hope for a “good life”, which is carried on within the paradigm of the Weberian protestant ethics: through hard work, perseverance and self-reliance, that is according to the myth of the American dream. Simultaneously, authors working within the field of developmental psychology demonstrate the key significance of human early attachments for the shaping of one’s self-trust and emotional balance, which enables a more critical attitude towards the cultural norms of happiness and makes it possible to find satisfaction not through responding to the fantasies generated by culture, but through relationships with other empirically existing human beings. The article thus maintains that works by psychologists such as Donald Woods Winnicott, John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth fill in a significant void in Berlant’s writings and give hope for an overcoming of the “cruel optimism” impasse. (shrink)

One of the most widely applied techniques used to examine associative memory errors is the Deese-Roediger- McDermott paradigm. The aim of the present studies was to demonstrate a Polish version of the DRM paradigm and to test the characteristics of memory illusions evoked by this procedure for both recall and recognition. A normative study was conducted to prepare Polish stimuli material sharing similar characteristics as the lists in the English language version. Subsequently, the lists were applied to examine the effect (...) of prior recall on recognition, as well as the influence of retention interval on recall. The results revealed that the Polish version of the DRM paradigm induced a robust effect of false recall and recognition. Moreover, it was revealed that immediate recall of a single list led to a higher rate of both correct and false recall and that prior recall positively influenced recognition, leading to a higher rate of hits. (shrink)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to make inferences about relationships between brain areas and their functions because, in contrast to neuroimaging tools, it modulates neuronal activity. The central aim of this article is to critically evaluate to what extent it is possible to draw causal inferences from repetitive TMS data. To that end, we describe the logical limitations of inferences based on rTMS experiments. The presented analysis suggests that rTMS alone does not provide the sort of premises that are sufficient (...) to warrant strong inferences about the direct causal properties of targeted brain structures. Overcoming these limitations demands a close look at the designs of rTMS studies, especially the methodological and theoretical conditions which are necessary for the functional decomposition of the relations between brain areas and cognitive functions. The main points of this article are that TMS-based inferences are limited in that stimulation-related causal effects are not equivalent to structure-related causal effects due to TMS side effects, the electric field distribution, and the sensitivity of neuroimaging and behavioral methods in detecting structure-related effects and disentangling them from confounds. Moreover, the postulated causal effects can be based on indirect effects. A few suggestions on how to manage some of these limitations are presented. We discuss the benefits of combining rTMS with neuroimaging in experimental reasoning and we address the restrictions and requirements of rTMS control conditions. The use of neuroimaging and control conditions allows stronger inferences to be gained, but the strength of the inferences that can be drawn depends on the individual experiment’s designs. Moreover, in some cases, TMS might not be an appropriate method of answering causality-related questions or the hypotheses have to account for the limitations of this technique. We hope this summary and formalization of the reasoning behind rTMS research can be of use not only for scientists and clinicians who intend to interpret rTMS results causally but also for philosophers interested in causal inferences based on brain stimulation research. (shrink)

Niniejszy tekst ma na celu odpowiedź na pytanie, w jaki sposób nadawana jest wartość estetyczna funkcjom, które pojawiają się jako nowość we współczesnych przestrzeniach miejskich na przykładzie budynków przeznaczonych na cele miejskiego rolnictwa. Z racji tego, że większość z nich powstaje jako element obiektów wielofunkcyjnych oraz stanowi rozbudowę istniejącej infrastruktury, sposób ich kształtowania oraz ostateczny wyraz estetyczny jest wypadkową potrzeb i możliwości technicznych. Piękno naturalne w mieście było, często na zasadzie kontrastu, kojarzone z pojawieniem się zieleni, która buduje się niejako (...) samoistnie, tworząc zasady stanowiące inspirację dla odkrywania idealnej geometrii, harmonii w każdej z miejskich skal. Stąd też potencjał nowej funkcji, która, choć jej podmiotem jest natura, zostaje jednak z założenia obudowana formą architektoniczną. Ostatnie dziesięciolecie przyniosło pierwsze realizacje rolnictwa zintegrowanego z tkanką miejską i traktowanego jako miejska funkcja, dlatego nie zdołała ona wytworzyć jeszcze własnej, jasno zdefiniowanej estetyki. Wyraźnie jednak widać w tym zakresie wpływy kilku podstawowych funkcji, z których wywodzi się miejska agrokultura, tj. rolnictwa intensywnego, przemysłu, mieszkalnictwa i rekreacji. Estetyki te pozostają często w sprzeczności, jednak dają już możliwość wychwycenia pewnych kierunków, mających zapewnić harmonijne połączenie elementów pozornie sprzecznych. Wykorzystanie symboliki miejsca, zastanych elementów charakterystycznych, świadczących o tradycji lokalnej, które ulegają przeobrażeniu na potrzeby nowej funkcji i wpisanie ich, zarówno poprzez kontrast, jak i kontynuację w istniejący kontekst urbanistyczny, stanowią często wykorzystywane narzędzia. Niniejsza analiza będzie oparta na przykładach zespołów i budynków zrealizowanych, dla których możliwa jest obiektywna ocena przesłanek wywołujących odczucie harmonii lub dysharmonii na różnych płaszczyznach odczytywania przestrzeni fizycznej, symbolicznej czy historycznej. Wśród omówionych przykładów znajdą się zespoły zabudowy mieszkaniowej, przemysłowej, logistycznej, biurowej i wystawienniczej. (shrink)

In the philosophy of liberalism, freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of the individual, one that is guaranteed by the constitution of a liberal democratic state. Contemporary Western democracies are based on the political culture in which human rights, including the right to free speech, play an important role. This right, however, can be violated by demagogic propaganda both in totalitarian regimes and in democracies. The propaganda mechanism, reaching into the sphere of community values and concepts, presently (...) operates also through the Internet, in which expressions of anger and hatred are disseminated and can lead to the destruction of democracy. I will argue that, in today’s world, restrictions on the freedom of speech through legal norms are necessary, because the threat comes not only in the form of censorship, but also the manipulation techniques used by politicians in democratic regimes. Advances in modern technology can be of service to dictatorship when the media and the Internet are used for propaganda or surveillance purposes, but they also provide a support to freedom and democracy when they serve as the means of the transmission of reliable information, initiating public discussions. As such, they establish a framework for rational debates and peaceful activities that contribute to the maintenance of the democratic political culture. The basic elements of this culture, i.e. legal rules, pluralist media, and education systems are all necessary for the defence of its core value, namely the freedom of speech. (shrink)