西元前256年，周赧王被秦昭襄王所征服。由此，戰國時代最後階段的華夏世界進入三十五年的「後周魯時代」。 本書提出：在此時期周天子不在的政治權威空白時期，實為《荀子》和《呂氏春秋》兩書之出現的主要契機。以這樣歷史背景為主要契機誕生的兩書，其政治哲學的目標便應該在於構想能治理全天下人民之國家的建立──《荀子 》探求未來以禮義治理天下的君王；《呂氏春秋》則向已成為「de facto天子」的秦王，為提升至名正言順的天子，提供政策綱要和實踐細則。 作者根據較為嚴謹的「觀念史／概念史」分析，闡述《荀》、《呂》兩書在思維上、概念上、論述內容上等多層次的思想特質及其歷史角色。期盼本書在戰國秦漢時代的歷史和思想相關議題之探討能夠提供較新的切入點，並擴大 研究視野。.

This article explores two opposing views from Warring States China concerning the value of human natural spontaneity and large-scale government coercion. On the one hand, the Ruist philosopher Xunzi championed a comprehensive and coercive ethical, political, and social system or Way that he believed would lead to social order and moral cultivation while opposing people’s xìng. On the other hand, the authors of roughly books 8–10 of Zhuangzi, the primitivists, criticized a Way bearing a striking resemblance to Xunzi’s on the (...) grounds that it seriously harms people by opposing their xìng. I argue that the primitivists offer compelling reasons for Xunzi to modify his own Way regarding its relationship with xìng, though their own proposed alternative Way is not very attractive. I conclude with a brief discussion of one primitivist-inspired alternative view found in the Lü Shi Chun Qiu, which plausibly suggests that one way of respecting people’s xìng is by offering them opportunities to explore their natural abilities. (shrink)

孙子一书,即孙子兵法,该书以其睿智而富有思辨性,反映了春秋末期,战国初年社会变革的历史,总结了一套科学,实用的系统军事理论.

本书围绕"春秋穀梁传"的政治哲学与伦理哲学, 通过对"穀梁传"思想研究之背景的天命信仰, 时间观念与宗法渊源的研究, 论析了"穀梁传"政治哲学之纵向演进的尊周与内鲁倾向,横向展开的华夷观和重民思想, 及作为"穀梁传"伦理哲学之典范的夫妇伦理与兄弟伦理; 并对中国哲学史中的先秦儒道思想, 魏晋有无之辩, 宋代东莱学与事功学等问题作了探讨.

본 논문에서는 「계사전」에서 왕충에 이르기까지, 길흉을 판단하는 방법이 새로운 지식과 함께 어떻게 변해왔는가라는 것을 검토하고 있다. 「계사전」에서는 시초(蓍草)의 신비성에 의거하여 길흉을 판단하고 있다. 그런데 秦漢代의 氣의 개념은 천지를 새로이 설명하면서, 천지의 변화인 계절을 통해서 인간의 길흉을 판단하게 했다. 『여씨춘추』와 『관자』·『회남자』를 통해서, 계절을 중심으로 인간의 길흉을 판단하는 방법이 당시에 굉장한 믿음을 얻고 있었음을 짐작할 수 있다. 이러한 사실은 「계사전」에서 언급하는 복서의 점(占)에 대한 의심, 복서의 점에 대한 믿음의 감소를 의미할 수도 있다고 생각한다. 『춘추번로』의 경우도 계절을 중심으로 하는 길흉판단의 입장에 서있기는 하지만, (...) 氣자체에 무게를 더 두고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 왕충의 경우는, 무위자연한 천과 氣를 주장하면서 인간의 길흉은 태어날 때부터 결정된다고 하여, 이전의 계절을 기준으로 길흉을 판단하던 관점도 완전히 벗어나고 있다. 이 왕충에 이르러서 시초의 신비성이 부정되고, 「계사전」에서 이야기하는 복서의 점은 그 근거를 잃게 되었다. 「계사전」에서 왕충까지의 길흉판단은 신비성에 의거한 방법에서 경험적인 방법으로의 전개를 보여주고 있다. (shrink)

선진시기에 고육력(古六曆) 등 다수의 역법 체계가 존재했었다는 기록이 있다. 그런데 그 중 특히 주력(周曆)과 하력(夏曆)의 논의들이 주가 된 것은, 공자가 지었다고 전해지는 『춘추』에서의 역수 체계와 공자가 직접 제자에게 말했던 “행하지시(行夏之時)”에서의 역수 체계가 서로 다른 것에 따른 의혹으로 불거진 수많은 쟁론들에 그 원인을 찾을 수 있다. 동짓달을 세수(歲首)로 하는 주력은 태음력 체계이며 하력은 건인월(建寅月)을 세수로 삼은 절기력(節氣曆) 체계이다. 이 두 가지 역법은 그 세수와 계절명 그리고 태음력과 태양력이라는 분명한 차이가 존재한다. 공자가 위방(爲邦)의 방편으로 하력 이행을 권장했던 근본적인 이유는, 천정(天正)⋅지정(地正)⋅인정(人正)이라는 3정(三正) 중에서 (...) 사람이 중시된 인정을 기준해야 한다는 철학적인 우주관에서 출발한 것이 아니라, 농업생산성 향상이라는 현실적인 국가 경제 정책의 중요성을 말하기 위한 것이었다. 이는, 공자가 비록 위정자들에게는 이상적인 도덕적 무결점을 강조한 반면, 대민 정책에 있어서 그가 얼마나 위정자의 현실에 바탕을 둔 책무를 역설하고자 하였는지를 알 수 있는 척도가 되는 것이다. (shrink)

The assumption that a system described as ‘Confucianism’ formulated by Dong Zhongshu became accepted as the norm during the Western Han dynasty (202 BCE – 9 CE) is challenged and his supposed authorship of the Chunqiu fanlu examined.

"yan zi chun qiu " shi ji shu chun qiu mo qi qi guo ming xiang yan ying yan xing de yi bu zhu zuo.

本书分为占筮、星象、天道、鬼神、祭祀、经典、礼治、德政、德行、君子十章,主要内容包括:文明起源与历史特性、古代宗教、人文思潮、春秋的思想世界、春秋的龟卜等.

本書為魯惟一教授近年新作，英文版由Leiden & Boston: Brill出版社2011年出版，將董仲舒和他的聲望放到西漢歷史和思想發展的層面上，對公元前2世紀董仲舒在思想和決策上所扮演的角色進行了深入探討，並提出了具有顛覆性的觀點。 董仲舒的生卒年約為公元前198年至約前107年。 “罷黜百家，獨尊儒術”不太可能是漢武帝接受董仲舒的建議實行的封建統治政策。作者認為，董仲舒的某些觀點，例如〈天人三策〉中的內容後來成為「儒家思想」的重要部分，但因此認為西漢時期就已經存在一個統一連貫的 思想體系，或者說董仲舒等人是在傳播這一系統化的學說，顯然是不成熟的。 一直要到東漢時，這樣的系統才逐漸建立起來，而儒家學說真正發揮效力至少要等到唐代。我們在西漢的歷史文獻中並不能找到證據證明在董仲舒的時代，「儒家」已經成為一種治理百姓的理想或方式，或是壓倒其他各家而取得 了「勝利」。 董仲舒所謂的「一統」也無關朝代和政治的統一。 從研究古代文獻的普遍標準來看，現在很難再承認董仲舒是整部今本《春秋繁露》的作者。.

本書旨在探討董仲舒如何藉由《春秋》詮釋，進而建構其獨特之春秋學體系。內容含攝董仲舒春秋學所賴以形成之傳承統緒、理論基礎、詮釋方法，以及董仲舒解會《春秋》所得之「義法」、「歷史」、「災異」、「經權」等相 關理論。【秀威資訊科技股份有限公司製作】.

本书包括儒家伦理概说、先秦儒家诸子与《春秋》、儒家伦理与《春秋》叙事、《春秋》叙事与先秦其他史书叙事、《春秋》傻事与古代史学等。.

[v. 1]. Jiao chou mu lu xue lun cong --[v. 2]. Zhe xue shi lun cong. Dao jiao lun cong. Wen shi za zhu.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a nineteenth-century French philosopher and socialist whose contributions played an integral role in anarchist and socialist thought. This book offers an in-depth analysis of Proudhon's political theories, including his ideas about property, labor relations, and the state. Through a close reading of primary sources, the author provides a nuanced and engaging account of Proudhon's contributions to political thought. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and anyone interested in the history of anarchist and socialist thought. This (...) work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Cardiovascular disease is a major complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to traditional risk factors, psychological determinants play an important role in CVD risk. This study applied Deep Neural Network to develop a CVD risk prediction model and explored the bio-psycho-social contributors to the CVD risk among patients with T2DM. From 2017 to 2020, 834 patients with T2DM were recruited from the Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China. In this cross-sectional study, the patients' bio-psycho-social (...) information was collected through clinical examinations and questionnaires. The dataset was randomly split into a 75% train set and a 25% test set. DNN was implemented at the best performance on the train set and applied on the test set. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the model performance. Of participants, 272 were diagnosed with CVD. The developed ensemble model for CVD risk achieved an area under curve score of 0.91, accuracy of 87.50%, sensitivity of 88.06%, and specificity of 87.23%. Among patients with T2DM, the top five predictors in the CVD risk model were body mass index, anxiety, depression, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. In summary, machine learning models can provide an automated identification mechanism for patients at CVD risk. Integrated treatment measures should be taken in health management, including clinical care, mental health improvement, and health behavior promotion. (shrink)

Ben shu fen " zhong guo zhe xue " " wai guo zhe xue " " ma ke si zhu yi zhe xue " " ke xue ji shu zhe xue " " lun li xue " " mei xue " liu ge lan mu, shou lu " zhu xi yan jiu de shi lun " " guan yu zhe xue de kai duan wen ti " deng wen zhang.

This study attempts to investigate the relationships among the ethical beliefs of Chinese consumers and orientations based on attitudinal attributes: materialism and moral philosophies (idealism and relativism). In addition, this study examines Chinese consumers' ethical beliefs in relation to five selected demographic characteristics (gender, age, religion, family income and education). Based on this exploratory study of 284 Chinese consumers, the following statistically significant findings were discovered. First, Chinese consumers regard that a passively benefiting activity is more ethical, but actively benefiting (...) from an illegal or a questionable activity is unacceptable. Second, the two dimensions of passively benefiting and no harm/no foul can be used to distinguish the consumers who endorse higher levels of idealism or relativism. Third, Chinese consumers with a high level of materialism are more likely to actively benefit from illegal and questionable activities, and the passively benefiting actions. Finally, the more ethical Chinese consumers seem to be younger, be religious, and have a lower family income. (shrink)

Arguments about the effects of repeated exposure to a suspenseful narrative raise controversial disputes over the paradox of suspense. The lexical meaning and theoretical analyses of suspense imply that suspense cannot be experienced repeatedly because, in such cases, the knowledge from prior viewings and the resolution of outcome will eliminate tension and suspense. However, previous studies have argued that suspense can be re-experienced even when the participants know the outcome or repeatedly confront a suspenseful narrative. This study investigated the effects (...) of repeated exposure to a suspenseful film by collecting self-reported questionnaires and measuring psychophysiological responses. The participants (N = 50) watched clips of a suspenseful film three times and answered self-reported items regarding suspense, arousal, and enjoyment. Psychophysiological data, including skin conductance level (SCL) and electrocardiogram (ECG), were collected while the participants watched the video clips. It was hypothesized that self-reported suspense, arousal, and enjoyment as well as the physiological indices of arousal (SCL) and attention (ECG) would decrease upon repeated viewing of suspenseful clips. Furthermore, it was postulated that there would be inter-group differences depending on the awareness of potential or definite change in outcome at the end of repeatedly shown suspenseful events. The results showed that self-reported suspense and arousal, as well as physiological measures of SCL, declined with repeated exposure, although there were no significant differences on self-reported enjoyment. No group difference was found in self-reported items, but meaningful significant changes were observed in the group comparison of SCL and ECG. The findings suggest that repeated exposure to suspenseful films could result in affective habituation or desensitization to repeated stimuli. The implications and limitations of the current study and suggestions for future research are discussed. (shrink)

本书在故乡的土地上出现过一代又一代的文化名人和仁人志士而感到骄傲和自豪。书中以文学传记的形式,将他们中杰出人物介绍给广大读者,他们坚韧不拔、克服困难和精神给人以鼓舞,他们各具特色的人生经历和杰出贡献给 人以启发。.

Lun heng / Wang Chong zhuan -- Feng su tong yi / Ying Shao zhuan -- Feng shi wen jian ji / Feng Yan zhuan -- Shang shu gu shi / Li Chuo zhuan -- Guan qi xia yu / bu zhao zhuan ren -- Chun ming tui chao lu / Song Minqiu zhuan -- Song Jingwen bi ji / Song Qi zhuan -- Dong yuan lu / Gong Dingchen zhuan -- Wang shi tan lu / Wang Qinchen zhuan (...) -- Zhu shi / Wang Dechen zhuan -- Wen chang za lu : bu yi / Pang Yuanying zhuan -- Mengxi bi tan : bu bi tan / Shen Kuo zhuan. (shrink)

We argue that, to effectively understand media effects in authoritarian societies, researchers must assess different types of media strategies adopted by authoritarian leaders. Using survey data from two Chinese cities, we examine the effects of two types of media strategies adopted by the Chinese government, targeting political attitudes and nonpolitical values and norms, respectively. Following a new line of research, we contrast China’s domestic-controlled media to foreign free media. After accounting for the selection bias in Chinese urbanites’ media access, we (...) do not find sufficient evidence for the effect of the media strategies directly targeting their democratic conceptions. However, sufficient and robust evidence shows that more intensive consumption of diverse media sources, including foreign media, does significantly but indirectly counteract the Chinese government’s political campaigns targeting its citizens’ democratic conceptions, via thwarting the government’s media strategies to cultivate a collectivistic norm in the society. (shrink)

In the knowledge economy, the process of knowledge sharing and creation for value co-creation frequently emerge in a multi-agent and multi-level system. It's important to consider the roles, functions, and possible interactive knowledge-based activities of key actors for ecological development. Makerspace as an initial stage of incubated platform plays the central and crucial roles of resource orchestrators and platform supporter. Less literature analyses the knowledge ecosystem embedded by makerspaces and considers the interactive process of civil society and natural environment. This (...) study constructs a multi-agent and multi-level knowledge ecosystem from macro, meso, and micro perspective based on Quintuple Helix theory and designs four evolutionary stages of knowledge orchestrating processes. This study finds that the symbiosis, co-evolution, interaction, and orchestration of multiple agents in the knowledge ecosystem should be merged with each other for value co-creation, which helps to take a systematic approach for policymakers, managers, and researchers. (shrink)

With the rapid development of urbanization, the urban expansion morphology has been changing with complex driving mechanisms behind the urban evolution process. This article simulates the results of urban land development contingent upon decision-makers’ risk preferences and reveals the inherent law of the effect of risk preferences on urban expansion morphology. Results show that cautious decision-makers lead to the urban expansion morphology being relatively compact, and the reckless decision-makers lead the urban expansion to sprawl. Moreover, there are obvious differences in (...) strengths of planning constraints on the decision-makers with different risk preferences. The reckless decision-makers, driven by the economic interests, are more likely to break through the planning, especially when the planning is not reasonable. It is also found that enhancing executive ability of planning for the reckless decision-makers can promote compactness of the urban expansion morphology. However, the effect of enhancing executive ability of planning on the cautious decision-makers is limited. Thus, in the case of unreasonable planning, the executive ability of planning to the reckless decision-makers should be enhanced so as to avoid urban sprawl. (shrink)

This qualitative research focuses on Dong's Wind and Rain Bridges in Chengyang Bazhai in Liuzhou, China. This research explores the academic issue of public space and meaning change in the process of minority development, through the Dong's Wind and Rain Bridges phenomenon. The findings of this research are that public space in all societies in the world is a fusion of space production and meaning and constructs identity and social relations. It has changed in the context of the times and (...) has produced new functions for different groups of people, constantly generating new meanings superimposed on the old meanings. As an important public space in the community, Dong's Wind and Rain Bridges include the physical space production of the surrounding area and the social and mental space production of the Dong ethnic group, emphasizing the close relationship between "space production" and "ethnic identity". In the process of minority development in China, the use of the wind and rain bridge's public space has changed socially, responding to the new needs of different groups. It, therefore, has been constantly undergoing "meaning change". (shrink)