Recording of neural activity during grasping actions in macaques showed that grasp-related sensorimotor transformations are accomplished in a circuit constituted by the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus (AIP), the ventral (F5) and the dorsal (F2) region of the premotor area. In humans, neuroimaging studies have revealed the existence of a similar circuit, involving the putative homolog of macaque areas AIP, F5, and F2. These studies have mainly considered grasping movements performed with the right dominant hand and only a few (...) studies have measured brain activity associated with a movement performed with the left non-dominant hand. As a consequence of this gap, how the brain controls for grasping movement performed with the dominant and the non-dominant hand still represents an open question. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment has been conducted, and effective connectivity (dynamic causal modeling, DCM) was used to assess how connectivity among grasping-related areas is modulated by hand (i.e., left and right) during the execution of grasping movements toward a small object requiring precision grasping. Results underlined boosted inter-hemispheric couplings between dorsal premotor cortices during the execution of movements performed with the left rather than the right dominant hand. More specifically, they suggest that the dorsal premotor cortices may play a fundamental role in monitoring the configuration of fingers when grasping movements are performed by either the right and the left hand. This role becomes particularly evident when the hand less-skilled (i.e., the left hand) to perform such action is utilized. The results are discussed in light of recent theories put forward to explain how parieto-frontal connectivity is modulated by the execution of prehensile movements. (shrink)

A course in professional ethics for civil engineers was taught for the first time in Spain during the academic year 2007/08. In this paper a survey on the satisfaction and expectation of the course is presented. Surprisingly the students sought moral and ethical principles for their own ordinary lives as well as for their profession. Students were concerned about the law, but in their actions they were more concerned with their conscience, aware that it can be separate from the law.

Quadruple Helix Collaborations (QHCs) is a cooperation model in which industry, government, academia, and the public interact to innovate. This paper analyses the impact of a training intervention to provide specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deal with barriers commonly found in the progress of QHCs. We designed, implemented, and evaluated three training programs in Austrian, Colombian, Danish, and Spanish institutions. We analysed trainees’ (n = 66) and trainers’ (n = 9) perceptions to identify the competencies acquired with the intervention (...) and the approach’s limitations. We used online questionnaires (35 trainees; 9 trainers), semi-structured interviews (10 trainees), and a focus group (6 trainers). Trainees answered positively regarding their self-perception about the impact of the course and highlighted the acquisition of inspiration for their practice (score 4.1 out of 5.0) and knowledge (3.7). In contrast, they perceived that a deeper interaction with other participants (2.7) was challenging. After the courses, 74% of respondents indicated that they know more about how QHCs work in practice, and 86% about collaboration or engagement methods. Moreover, participants plan to be more sensitive towards setting common goals (71%) and power imbalances (63%). Trainers’ perceptions align with those expressed by participants, except that they considered that the interaction amongst participants during the course was higher. Qualitative analysis of interviews with participants and the focus group with trainers provides more detail about the strengths and weaknesses of the intervention. Our study shows that the collaborative design and implementation of training impact the participant’s learning competencies, with potential implications in their medium- to long-term practice. (shrink)

Neste artigo, trato de algumas das especificidades da neurofilosofia de Catherine Malabou. Parto da sua caracterização do conceito de plasticidade como crítica ao modo como as posições de orientação naturalista tendem a definir o “neuronal” como um termo objetivo. Em seguida, considero que, apesar de sua crítica à posição antirreducionista fenomenológica, o seu próprio modelo de materialismo é pós-fenomenológico por assimilar alguns aspectos da fenomenologia clássica, mas acrescentando novos elementos conceituais que a distanciam dos materialismos que compõem a filosofia analítica (...) da mente. Ao assimilar alguns pressupostos materialistas, como a análise do cérebro e das sinapses neuronais; e fenomenológicos, no que se refere à constituição experiencial da fisiologia do cérebro, Malabou utiliza a noção de personalidade orgânica ou de proto-self. O significado desses termos implica mais do que a referência conceitual às ciências cognitivas, pois que é preciso compreender a neurofilosofia de Malabou também sob à luz da historicidade do cérebro, em um sentido não-teleológico. (shrink)

This study analyzes shells of marine gastropods of a zoological museum and the Latin epithets expressing perceptual and connotative attributes that they have received in the standard, Linnaean nomenclature. Making use of the Osgood semantic differential, we presented the subjects with digital 3-D reproductions of the shell specimens to be subjectively evaluated according to 17 pairs of attributes. The results show that, overall, the subjective evaluations given by the subjects are consistent, which suggests that an intersubjective characterization of the shells (...) as wholes according to their qualitative and morphological traits is possible and scientifically explicable. This may apply to other biological items as well. The results also show that the epithets given to the shells by taxonomists do not always reflect the perceptual evaluation of the general population, being a product of the well-known ambiguity in taxonomic categorization and naming. (shrink)

This paper deals with the equilibria of games when the agents have multiple objectives and, therefore, their utilities cannot be represented by a single value, but by a vector containing the various dimensions of the utility. Our approach allows the incorporation of partial information about the preferences of the agents into the model, and permits the identification of the set of equilibria in accordance with this information. We also propose an additional conservative criterion which can be applied in this framework (...) in order to predict the results of interaction. The potential application of the theoretical results is shown with an analysis of a mixed oligopoly in which the agents value additional objectives other than their own benefit. These objectives are related to social welfare and to the profit of the industry. The flexibility of our approach provides a general theoretical framework for the analysis of a wide range of strategic economic models. (shrink)

Paraguayan Guarani does not overtly mark tense in its inflectional system. Prior accounts of languages without obligatory morphological tense have posited a phonologically covert lexical tense, or have introduced tense semantics via a rule, in the post-syntactic interpretative component. We offer a more radical approach: Paraguayan Guarani does not have tense at the level of lexical or logical semantics. We propose that evaluation time shift, a mechanism independently attested in the narrative present in languages with tense, is more widely used (...) in Paraguayan Guarani for encoding temporal meaning. The broader consequence of our proposal is that tense is not a linguistic universal. (shrink)

O artigo objetiva compreender como o termo “espiritualidade” tem sido utilizado na área da saúde, discutindo os problemas decorrentes e as possíveis adversidades de sua polissemia. Para tanto, dividimos o estudo em três partes. Na primeira, apresentamos as diferentes definições de “espiritualidade” nas ciências humanas, sua relação histórica com a teologia cristã, e recente ressignificação pela Nova Era. Na sequência, demonstramos como a maior parte das produções sobre a temática na área da saúde adota uma concepção reificada e essencializada de (...) espiritualidade. Na terceira, discutimos as principais fragilidades identificadas no estudo. O termo espiritualidade está sendo utilizado nas ciências médicas para que a religião adentre seus espaços, inclusive de políticas públicas, ainda que de modo secularizado. Um paralelo com a fenomenologia da religião foi traçado para demonstrar as consequências da má conceituação de uma categoria em longo prazo. Por fim, identificamos uma supervalorização da dimensão psicológica da espiritualidade em detrimento das dimensões morais e rituais. (shrink)

Testimonio que recoge algunas experiencias y reflexiones de la artista visual costarricense María Rapela en Alemania y de cómo se involucró en la gestión cultural, coordinando el Fieber Festival, una plataforma colaborativa y auto-gestionada de mujeres artistas migrantes iberoamericanas en Berlín entre el 2011 y el 2017.

Die Frage moralischer und/oder rechtlicher Grenzen der Meinungsfreiheit, der Grenzen des Sagbaren und Tolerierbaren, stellt zunehmend eine gesellschaftliche und politische Metadebatte dar, in der Versuche, komplexe Phänomene des Aushandelns von Grenzen des Zulässigen bzw. Notwendigen semantisch zu fixieren, von erheblichem Lagerdenken zeugen. Wer von „Politischer Korrektheit“, „Cancel Culture“, „Meinungsdiktatur“ oder „Kontaktschuld“ spricht, steht klar auf der einen Seite, so scheint es; wer von „Diskriminierung“, „Rassismus“, „Hassrede“ oder „weißen Privilegien“ spricht, auf der anderen. Vor dem Hintergrund solch verfestigter Diskursbahnen stellt die (...) Frage, ob wir alles tolerieren müssen, was andere sagen, eine Erwägungsaufgabe dar, die nur mit einem Schritt zurück überhaupt adressierbar ist, will man nicht mit dem Jargon der einen Seite die Anliegen der anderen ausschließen und damit den ungeprüften Eindruck befördern, es handle sich hier tatsächlich um eine unversöhnliche Polarisierung, der die Philosophie nichts hinzuzufügen habe, außer vielleicht ein Lamento oder eine moralische Geste. Der Umweg, über den ich im Folgenden die von dieser Schwerpunktausgabe gestellte Frage behandeln möchte, führt zunächst zu einer Analyse der Ansprüche, die plurale Demokratien an ihre Mitglieder stellen. Diese sind nicht nur grundsätzlich hoch, sondern mitunter auch in sich konfliktträchtig. Konkret betrifft dies die Anforderung an Mitglieder demokratischer Gemeinwesen, sowohl bürgerliche Toleranz zu üben als auch diskursives Engagement als Vorbedingung qualitätsvoller demokratischer Meinungsbildung und Entscheidungsfindung an den Tag zu legen. Die jeweils ‚richtige Mitte‘ lässt sich dann am besten finden, wenn die Risiken zweier Extreme bewusstgemacht werden, die daran geknüpft sind, dass einerseits ein zu hohes Maß an ziviler Toleranz zulasten diskursiven Engagements geht und andererseits ein Mangel an bürgerlicher Toleranz diskursives Engagement gefährdet. Entlang dieser beiden Formen einer verhängnisvollen Dysbalance des demokratischen Ethos möchte ich Grundzüge einer demokratischen Ethik der freien Rede und freien Widerrede herausarbeiten und Implikationen für Grenzen von Meinungsfreiheit bzw. Kritik beleuchten. (shrink)

Una dificultad frecuente en los trabajos sobre desarrollo sintáctico infantil es la de explicar usos cuya configuración no responde a una forma canónica aunque cumplan esa función. En el caso de las Cláusulas Relativas la tipología de lenguas propone el concepto de “Estrategia de relativización” para comprender las diferentes formas con las que las lenguas articulan modificadores complejos posnominales. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación que analizó la producción espontánea y la recuperación de Cláusulas Relativas en 32 niños (...) y niñas, hablantes de español de 5 años, de Nivel Socioeconómico Medio y Bajo. Se consideró el desempeño sintáctico según variables poblacionales, pues existe una extensa tradición en la literatura sobre desarrollo sintáctico que atiende a esta incidencia. Se relevaron, describieron y clasificaron las CR siguiendo a Givón y Silva . Los objetivos de la investigación son, por un lado, considerar las ER y comparar su forma y frecuencia y, por otro lado, indagar cuáles son los factores que inciden en las diferencias. Los resultados muestran que las formas son comparables a usos de Estrategias de relativización descriptos previamente en población infantil y adulta para el español. Se releva una variación sintáctica novedosa, aducible al contexto particular de renarración. El análisis de diferencias de desempeño, según variables poblacionales, no reporta diferencias significativas, aunque sí se reportan al considerar tareas y Cláusulas Relativas Recuperadas ). El análisis de incidencia de variables poblacionales según tareas reporta diferencias significativas entre NSE Medio y Bajo para las CRREP. Los resultados permiten inferir que el uso infantil de CR no es una condición unicausal, ni completamente acreditable a la incidencia de factores poblacionales sino que es el resultado de la interacción entre condiciones poblacionales, lingüísticas, pragmáticointeraccionales y cognitivas. (shrink)

Las redes sociales asociadas al conocimiento resultan de interés tanto a los estudios en Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad, como al desenvolvimiento del pensamiento de la complejidad que se desarrolla en el país. Su análisis explica la naturaleza social de la producción científica y la existencia del capital social, cuyas características se vinculan con la satisfacción y resolución de las necesidades sociales dentro de la población cubana. Se muestra una red, conformada en torno a la Publicación Archivo Médico de Camagüey, durante (...) los años 2003, 2004 y dos bimestres del 2005 sobre el desenvolvimiento de las co autorías dentro de ella. Delineando en qué forma los investigadores se relacionaron entre sí, para valorar algunos de sus resultados. Se describen, los grupos esenciales de investigación y sus principales fortalezas. Constituye una herramienta de trabajo, al exponer los cambios que están ocurriendo en torno a la Universidad Médica Camagüeyana The social networks associated to human knowledge are useful to the studies in Science Technology and Society. Their analysis explains the social nature of the scientific production and the existence of social resources, which link the satisfaction and resolution of the social necessities inside the Cuban population. The characteristics of this networks conformed in Archivo Médico de Camagüey publication on the development of co authorship from 2003 to 2005 were presented in this article. The researchers were related to each other in this work to value in which way they function together and analyze some of their results. The essential groups of investigation and their main strengths were also described. It constitutes a work tool for further research works, to considering the changes that are happening about the scientific knowledge production in Camagüey University of Medicine. (shrink)

Knowledge about eating habits is relevant for understanding the relations between diet, obesity and development of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. The storage of calories as body fat, mainly in the visceral subcutaneous adipose tissue, as consequence of hypercaloric diet poor in nutrients, is responsible for increasing sublinic inflammation and overloading the immune system. Diet plays an important role in reducing inflammation. In time of infectious pandemia, of the new corona virus (COVID-19), the food quality and nutritional status of Brazilians may interfere (...) in fighting this infection. Based on the literature, this article aims to discuss the Brazilians eating habbits and nutritional status. The data shows that Brazilian are gainning weight and tend to a diet poor in nutrient intake. Consequently this scenario favors the subclinical inflammation and the weakness of the immune response. We suggest that Brazilian Health Authorities pay attention to this issue. (shrink)

We consider a modification of the pigeonhole principle, M P H P, introduced by Goerdt in [7]. M P H P is defined over n pigeons and log n holes, and more than one pigeon can go into a hole (according to some rules). Using a technique of Razborov [9] and simplified by Impagliazzo, Pudlák and Sgall [8], we prove that any Polynomial Calculus refutation of a set of polynomials encoding the M P H P, requires degree Ω(log n). We (...) also prove a simple Lemma giving a simulation of Resolution by Polynomial Calculus. Using this lemma, and a Resolution upper bound by Goerdt [7], we obtain that the degree lower bound is tight. Our lower bound establishes the optimality of the tree-like Resolution simulation by the Polynomial Calculus given in [6]. (shrink)

Se dice con cierta frecuencia que la Constitución Española de 1978 fue la constitución del consenso, en la medida en que vino a romper una importante, aunque no positiva, tradición en la Historia de España, que consistía en cambiar de Norma Fundamental cada vez que cambiaba el signo político de un Gobierno.

The hypothesis of this paper is that writers with similar academic backgrounds express personal attitudes in English and in Spanish differently in research papers. Thus, the main objectives are, first, to study the differences in the use of attitude devices in Spanish and English academic discourse; second, to compare the results in the different sections of articles; and finally to study the positive or negative semantic implications of the lexical items by carrying out a sentiment analysis. To this end, fifteen (...) Spanish industrial engineering papers were compared with fifteen English industrial engineering papers. The results showed that there are in fact differences in the way academic writers communicate attitude, but the sentiment analysis revealed that neutral lexical items were the most commonly used in engineering research papers. Even though engineering researchers share the knowledge of the specialist content and the academic style of expressing their thoughts, personal attitudes were expressed in different ways in Spanish and in English. (shrink)

This is the first of two volumes comprising the papers submitted for publication by the invited participants to the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Florence, August 1995. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. The invited lectures published in the two volumes demonstrate much of what goes on in the fields of the Congress and give (...) the state of the art of current research. The two volumes cover the traditional subdisciplines of mathematical logic and philosophical logic, as well as their interfaces with computer science, linguistics and philosophy. Philosophy of science is broadly represented, too, including general issues of natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. The papers in Volume One are concerned with logic, mathematical logic, the philosophy of logic and mathematics, and computer science. (shrink)

Dal "disegno su sabbia" delle donne australiane alle terrecotte delle donne del Camerun, dai retablos peruviani agli altari vodou degli immigrati haitiani a New York, dalla "Casa del popolo" del regno di Bandjoun alle "vetrinette" italiane degli anni Sessanta, dai malanggan e dai manufatti annodati dell'Oceania alla topologia dei nodi, dai bologan del Mali alla "Potlatch Collection" rimpatriata nei nuovi musei indigeni del Canada, dalle maschere gelede degli Yoruba alla figura ubiqua e mediatica di Mami Wata, i saggi di questo (...) volume evidenziano le valenze operative dell'arte: sia nell'arena sociale e politica contemporanea, cui appartengono anche le "tradizioni", sia nel campo cognitivo e religioso. A lungo confinata ai soli territori esotici delle culture "primitive" e limitata da un'eccessiva dipendenza dalle categorie interpretative occidentali, la riflessione antropologica sull'arte e sull'estetica trova oggi un nuovo respiro teorico, e un nuovo fascino. (shrink)

L’autrice sostiene che l’arte contemporanea etnicamente marcata – arte contemporanea africana, aborigena, nativa – è inclusa nell’arte contemporanea tout court – la categoria non-marcata e dominante – nella forma dell’eccezione agambeniana, ossia secondo quella logica di esclusione inclusiva che caratterizza anche le opposizioni privative in semantica cognitiva e le opposizioni gerarchiche di Louis Dumont (l’englobement du contraire). L’esame di alcuni esempi rivela come il diniego di coevità (Johannes Fabian) riservato agli Altri, prima che alla loro arte, sia tuttora operante e (...) si esprima anche in un certo discorso curatoriale, principalmente attraverso l’applicazione di coppie di opposti categoriali all’arte contemporanea marcata/non-marcata. Questo tipo di discorso, includendo paradossalmente l’arte etnicamente marcata nella contemporaneità proprio in virtù della sua temporalità diversa e disgiuntiva, riafferma surrettiziamente la differenza antropologica che ci divide dai suoi creatori. Un riesame critico delle dicotomie che qualificano il dualismo antropologico noi/altri nel paradigma storico-artistico dominante, conclude l’autrice, sembra premessa necessaria per apprezzare le altre estetiche: estetiche che sono a noi coeve, e che non necessariamente pertengono a ciò che, per noi, è arte. (shrink)

This article presents Hanna Arendt’s theory about political judgement, i.e., the expresion of the discursive reason in the political sphere. A certain lack of faith in the public exercise of discursive reason, motivated by her negative experience of totalitarism, leads Arendt to adopt a skeptical and Kantian conception of judgement, which only leaves place for a human action and freedom shorn of rationality in the political arena.

In 1986 the Russian Woprossy Filosofii published three Kant's Autographs. This paper analyses one of them: the Leningrad Reflection "On the internal sense". This Reflection adds knew arguments to these central topics of the Critique of Pure Reason: space and time and their relation to the constitution of subjectivity.

El presente trabajo proporciona una perspectiva epistemológica al tratamiento dado por Cabriada a los alimentos. Las referencias a los alimentos en la _Carta Filosófica, Médico-Química_ (1687) son escasas pero relevantes. El examen crítico de los pasajes donde se mencionan determinados productos pone de manifiesto cuál es su interés epistémico para una medicina moderna. El lenguaje tradicional, que distinguía los «alimentos fríos y húmedos» de los «alimentos calientes y secos», deja paso al nuevo lenguaje físico-químico donde se habla de propiedades como (...) la acidez y la salinidad asociadas al movimiento de los átomos y a su configuración. Los cambios afectan también a los remedios, que serán de carácter químico y a base de plantas americanas como la quinaquina. Pese a este cambio, Cabriada no rechaza la medicina antigua en bloque. El incorpora a Hipócrates, que preludia la observación y la experimentación modernas, y rechaza el galenismo tardío (oscuro y confuso) por estar plagado de términos subjetivos. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar que la obra de Judith Butler ofrece un conjunto de estrategias de lectura que no se reducen a principios o leyes. Por el contrario, son contingentes sin ser azarosas o arbitrarias. Los resultados de esta estrategia, que consideramos metodológica, se conforman gracias a una práctica de lectura que constituye un ejercicio crítico constante. Esta práctica adopta diversas estrategias que se condensan a partir de los aportes de diversos filósofos (entre otros Nietzsche, de Man, Foucault). (...) Butler convierte entonces esa estrategia de lectura en un acto político, enraizado en una ética que le permite hacer visibles a quienes están en situación de máxima vulnerabilidad, insinuando, al mismo tiempo, caminos para transformar la sociedad y ampliar los espacios de libertad. (shrink)

En este artículo se defiende que ni la perspectiva universalista ni la perspectiva particularista pueden ignorarse mutuamente. Ambos enfoques son necesarios para una mejor comprensión de la complejidad de las afirmaciones del multiculturalismo actual y ambos pueden contribuir a una solución. De este modo, se analizan en primer lugar varias conceptualizaciones de «identidad». A continuación se muestra cómo las afirmaciones sobre justicia distributiva se convierten en afirmaciones de identidad. En tercer lugar, se discuten algunas consecuencias de comprender la «identidad» no (...) como una construcción política sino como una característica ontológica. Finalmente, se considera cómo las mujeres han sido históricamente «mediadoras», y los riesgos que esto implica. En las conclusiones se muestra la importancia tanto de las concepciones universales como de la atención debida a los movimientos identitarios y sus reivindicaciones. (shrink)

La autora se propone examinar la oposición igualdad/diferencia en el marco de las incipientes Democracias Sudamericanas. Toma como punto de partida el denominado "dilema Wollstonecraft" a fin de mostrar que, bien entendido, el dilema no es tal, salvo que se mezclen inapropiadamente categorías de análisis. Para ello se apoyará en algunas nociones clave acuñadas por Amartya Sen. Finalmente, priorizando la igualdad formal examinará algunas situaciones de nuestra historia reciente a fin de ilustrar cómo la paradoja puede iluminar algún modo alternativo (...) en el ejercicio de la política. (shrink)

Los países democráticos aumentan en el mundo; sin embargo, la satisfacción de sus ciudadanos disminuye, interpretándose el fenómeno como de «democracias de baja calidad». Ante esa situación, se impone su profundización, no sólo en las formas sino también en los procedimientos y la evaluación de los resultados, controlando que todos los espacios de democratización se desarrollen en paridad, en un espacio político ampliado, que incluya perspectivas ético-políticas y psico-culturales. Desde ese escenario, este trabajo examina brevemente los conceptos de «paz (pacifismo)», (...) «feminismo» y «utopía», para revisar cómo se enlazan y abren nuevos horizontes políticos. (shrink)