It is customary to identify three broad classes of grading particles: additive particles like also, exclusive particles like only, and scalar particles like even (cf. König (1991); in the examples, grave accent stands for the main, falling accent).

In order to capitalize on the self-referentiality of interpretation, as marked by Gasparyan, I suggest considering semiosis - the process of signification - as a systemic consequence of interacting….

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 106 Heft: 2 Seiten: 286-325.

One needs specific initiation into the classics of transcendental philosophy because all say farewell to the common sense view of things. The three types of transcendental thinking converge in conceiving rational autonomy as the ultimate ground for justification. Correspondingly, the philosophical pedagogy of all three thinkers is focused on how to seize and make that very autonomy intellectually and existentially available. In the concrete way of proceeding, however, the three models diverge. Descartes expects one to become master of oneself and (...) "the world" by methodologically suspending his judgement on what cannot qualify itself to be undoubtable. Kant leads us to the point where we can triangulate universal conditions of the possibility of knowledge through individually acquiring the competence to judge the legitimacy of encountered propositional claims. Finally, Fichte confronts us with the idea of the identity of self-consciousness and objectivity. (shrink)

The foundations of psychoanalysis in the German idealist concepts of the reflexive human self have been the subject of detailed investigations devoted to the intertwined processes of introspection,...

Joseph Schumpeter's work has been all too selectively appropriated by public choice theorists. Schumpeter criticized the high level of rationality the classical model of democracy imputes to citizens, and he provided an alternative theory, inspiring rational choice theory and allowing for diverse forms of irrationality. Following in Schumpeter's footsteps I will discuss four problems: the deficient rationality of voters, politicians as ?political entrepreneurs,? leadership in democracy and the rise of the ?political class,? and the affinity between democracy and capitalism.

Even though it is not very often admitted, partial functions do play a significant role in many practical applications of deduction systems. Kleene has already given a semantic account of partial functions using three-valued logic decades ago, but there has not been a satisfactory mechanization. Recent years have seen a thorough investigation of the framework of many-valued truth-functional logics. However, strong Kleene logic, where quantification is restricted and therefore not truthfunctional, does not fit the framework directly. We solve this problem (...) by applying recent methods from sorted logics. This paper presents a resolution calculus that combines the proper treatment of partial functions with the efficiency of sorted calculi. (shrink)

Philosophers in the German Democratic Republic are concerned in a special way with the works and activity of Georg Lukács. Several of his works published in our country after the Second World War, such as Twist of Fate , The Young Hegel and the Problems of Capitalist Society , Existentialism or Marxism , The Destruction of Reason , and Goethe and His Age , exerted a definite influence on our ideological work. They helped us to overcome reactionary bourgeois, particularly fascist, (...) ideology. Most important, the books of Lukács helped us to grasp the problems of ideological struggle not only in ideological, but also in political categories. Through them we learned to understand how one can utilize the humanistic potential of the past for the creation of the future, and to simultaneously lead a struggle against the irrationalism characteristic of a society that has outlived itself. The ideas of Lukács had important significance, especially for that generation to which I belong. We speak of Lukács not only because it is the one-hundredth anniversary of his birth, but above all to honor his memory and express our feeling of profound gratitude to him. (shrink)

-- II. Allgemeine Gesellschaftstheorie, Theorie und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, in je zwei Fassungen -- III. Materialien zur Philosophie der konkreten Subjektivität, Erkenntnsstherorie.

El tema del artículo es la teoría de la tarea del crítico, según un ensayo de W. Benjamin, titulado Dos poemas de Holderlin (1915). Los temas centrales son una fundamentación metafísica de la producción poética y su reproducción crítica. Esta segunda tarea siempre será para el lector crítico un experimento. El autor reconstruye la compleja teoría del cálculo poetológico de W. Benjamin, y pone como ejemplo de la tarea crítica dos versiones de un poema de Hölderlin sobre el tema "la (...) muerte del poeta". (shrink)

Präsenz und Distanz: von diesem Verhältnis handelt die Phänomenologie, wenn sie sich, behutsam beschreibend, der Lebenswelt und dem Zeitbewußtsein zuwendet. Lebensweltliches Leben ist unmittelbare Anschauung am Anfang des Übergangs zu begrifflichem Denken und symbolischen Repräsentanten, ist ursprüngliche Einheit und beginnendes Auseinander von subjektivem Erlebnis und objektiver Realität. All unsere Erlebnisse aber kommen und gehen in der Zeit des Bewußtseins. Sie ist die Form eines Fließens, in dem uns der Augenblick der Gegenwart erst nachträglich faßbar wird; er erweist sich als der (...) immer schon vergangene Anfang einer Nah-Erinnerung, die beides zugleich ist: Noch-Gegenwart und Schon-Vergangenheit: Präsenz gibt es erst im Abstand von ihr. - Mit dem, was unser bewußtes Leben zuunterst trägt und zuinnerst hält, befassen sich die Beschreibungen und Interpretationen dieses Buches: mit dem lebensweltlichen Grund und der zeitlichen Form. (shrink)

I offer an analysis of the notion of violence one of whose consequences may be that violence might be moral under some circumstances.