The paper engages Christopher Boorse’s Bio-Statistical Theory (BST). In its current form, BST runs into a significant challenge. For BST to account for its central tenet—that lower-level part-dysfunction is sufficient for higher-level pathology—it must provide criteria for how to decide which lower-level parts are the ones to be analyzed for health or pathology. As BST is a naturalistic theory, such choices must be based solely on naturalistic considerations. An argument is provided to show that, if BST is to be preserved, (...) such parthood choices are based on non-naturalistic considerations. We demonstrate that even when parthood choices are based on the best way to preserve BST, there are counterintuitive results which bring the central tenet of BST into question. (shrink)

Crowd behaviour challenges our fundamental understanding of social phenomena. Involving complex interactions between multiple temporal and spatial scales of activity, its governing mechanisms defy conventional analysis. Using 1.5 million Twitter messages from the 15M movement in Spain as an example of multitudinous self-organization, we describe the coordination dynamics of the system measuring phase-locking statistics at different frequencies using wavelet transforms, identifying 8 frequency bands of entrained oscillations between 15 geographical nodes. Then we apply maximum entropy inference methods to describe Ising (...) models capturing transient synchrony in our data at each frequency band. The models show that all frequency bands of the system operate near critical points of their parameter space and while fast frequencies present only a few metastable states displaying all-or-none synchronization, slow frequencies present a diversity of metastable states of partial synchronization. Furthermore, describing the state at each frequency band using the energy of the corresponding Ising model, we compute transfer entropy to characterize cross-scale interactions between frequency bands, showing a cascade of upward information flows in which each frequency band influences its contiguous slower bands and downward information flows where slow frequencies modulate distant fast frequencies. (shrink)

Tras una descripción de las características de nuestra actual cultura tecnocientífica y con ejemplos de su influencia en nuestra sociedad, se pone de manifiesto una tendencia en la educación superior que consiste en eliminar la reflexión acerca de quiénes somos y cómo vivimos en la sociedad. El futuro del conocimiento se orienta hacia una “hipertrofia” tecnológica produciendo una “atrofia” antropológica por dejar de lado “el saber sapiencial” de las Humanidades, sobre todo de la Filosofía, que ayuda a comprender mejor el (...) “todo” y no quedar anclados en “partes” desencajadas. Esto aumentaría las posibilidades de descubrir estrategias adecuadas para corregir muchos de los problemas que estamos viviendo en nuestra era tecnocientífica. (shrink)

I agree with the view expressed in the target article that the early structural organization of the mammalian neocortex (the primordial neocortical organization) is different from its final one and resembles the more primitive organization of reptilian cortex. During the early development of the neocortex, a distinctly mammalian multilayered pyramidal-cell plate is introduced within a more primitive reptilian-like cortex, establishing simultaneously layer I (marginal zone) above it and layer VII (subplate zone) below it. This multilayered pyramidal-cell plate represents a recent (...) mammalian innovation in the evolution of the cerebral cortex of vertebrates. Hence, the term neocortex is preferable to isocortex. (shrink)

Los análisis sobre crónica periodística se basan en concepciones amplias, atemporales e inasibles que no consideran factores como la historización de los textos, las particularidades de sus autores, así como las coyunturas a las que deben responder sus temáticas en tanto trabajos periodísticos. Por ello proponemos estudiar la crónica como un producto cultural e histórico que se redefine al ser estudiado dentro del contexto en que se origina, valorarlo en tanto producto textual y después ponerlo en diálogo con su autor (...) y su sociabilidad. Para profundizar en ello, tomamos como ejemplo tres crónicas de autoras mexicanas contemporáneas (Magali Tercero, Marcela Turati y Lydiette Carrión) y las sometemos a la metodología propuesta. (shrink)

The orthodox account of the morality of war holds that the responsibility for resorting to war rests on the state’s political authorities and the responsibility for how the war is waged rests only on the state’s army and, thus, business firms have no special obligations in wartime. The purpose of this article is to reconsider the ethical responsibilities of business firms in wartime. I defend the claim that a plausible standard of liability in war must integrate the degree of the (...) agent’s contributions to posing an unjust threat, the nature of agent's behavior, and his/her intentions. If these premises are correct, it follows that the moral obligations of civilians and business corporations are fundamentally altered by war. Taking into consideration their relative contributions to the war effort, a taxonomy of business firms is developed. (shrink)

La reflexión teológica sobre la Iglesia es transversal en la obra ratzingeriana. En ella, la Iglesia destaca por su entidad teologal específica y la proporción universal de comunión que presenta a partir del cuerpo único de Cristo. La forma nosotros, con la que Joseph Ratzinger se refiere a la Iglesia, expresa justamente esta unidad de integración de la humanidad en Cristo, a partir de su cuerpo, que no se corresponde con la mera suma de sus miembros, sino realidad absolutamente nueva: (...) el uno comunional antropo-teológico (Iglesia), sujeto propio en la historia. (shrink)

El presente artículo realiza un contrapunto entre estos dos conceptos, cuestionando que exista entre ellos una antinomia irreducible, y propone explorar una conjunción entre la exuberancia de la utopía y la sobriedad de la democracia. En su desarrollo, el autor revisa la idea instalada de que la utopía no puede ser sino totalitaria, y busca restituir a la utopía su capacidad de movimiento. Profundizando en los conceptos de democracia y utopía propone una nueva conexión entre ambos, situando a la democracia (...) y la utopía bajo el signo de lo humano. (shrink)

La violencia de género (VG) es consecuencia de la cultura androcéntrica que define las identidades y los roles de hombres y mujeres. Esta construcción socio-cultural establece la desigualdad como un factor limitante y de control para las mujeres, y a partir de ella desarrolla mecanismos para alcanzar sus objetivos, entre ellos la violencia. Suestructuralidad se demuestra cuando situaciones como la pandemia tienen un impacto directo sobre ella, y diferente al resto de las violencias interpersonales. Pero también por las estrategias políticas (...) y sociales que niegan su realidad (negacionismo),a pesar de la objetividad de los 60 homicidios de mujeres y los 5 de niños y niñas que se producen de mediacada año. Todo ello indica que para erradicar la VG es necesario ampliar el pacto de Estado para hacerlo contra el “machismo”, es decir, contra la construcción cultural que la integra como parte de la normalidad para luegocuestionar determinados resultados por su gravedad, al tiempo que los explica y justifica a través de mitos y estereotipos. (shrink)

Preposição 'ni' no português brasileiro do centro-oeste -- Deslizamentos funcionais do verbo ver na língua falada em goiás/Brasil -- Variação no uso do imperativo gramatical no falar goiano : fatores internos -- Educação linguística de pessoas surdas : uma proposta de práticas de letramento nas perspectivas da tradução transcultural em travessias sociolinguísticas -- Reflexão linguística e consciência morfossintática no ensino da concordância verbal -- A gramática em esfera escolar e o uso da anáfora pronominal acusativa a de 3a pessoa -- (...) Sobre os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos presentes nas orientações oficiais para o ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa na educação básica brasileeira -- Concordância verbal sob a ótica da Aprendizagem linguística ativa : reflexôes sobre uma estratégia de comprensão do fenômeno por meio da identificação de princípios. (shrink)

Technology development and innovation are fundamentally different from scientific research. However, in many circumstances, they are evaluated jointly and by the same processes. In these cases, peer review—the most usual procedure for evaluating research—is also applied to the evaluation of technological products and innovation activities. This can lead to unfair results and end up discouraging the involvement of researchers in these fields. This paper analyzes the evaluation processes in Uruguay's National System of Researchers. In this system, all members' activities, both (...) scientific and technological, are evaluated by peer committees. Based on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews, the difficulties faced by evaluators in assessing technology products are explored. The article highlights the persistence of a linear conception of the link between science and technology and describes the obstacles to assimilate the particularities of technological activities. Refereed publications are presented as the only uncontested product. Other types of output are reviewed with suspicion. This study emphasizes the need for specific mechanisms to evaluate technological production within academic careers. (shrink)

La sombra del Supremo se adentra en la única contingencia que Occidente no puede admitir: que el engaño provenga de Dios. No ya del artero enemigo que tras la caída de Lucifer campa por la tierra, tampoco del azar o la necesidad, ni siquiera de la naturaleza oculta tras los fenómenos, sino directa y llanamente de la Causa Primera: de la voluntad original del Hacedor. Desde el Deus Prudens o Dios Sabio que por compasión oculta la verdad a los humanos (...) al Creador que finge el mundo con un bostezo provocado por el tedio de su soledad; desde el Yahveh que envía al diablo o la serpiente para que engañe a sus criaturas con sutiles celadas al Theos Agnostos o Dios Desconocido que permite al demiurgo levantar un universo infame, la falsedad del mundo sería solo la sombra inevitable del Supremo. (shrink)

El propósito de este escrito es el análisis de las estructuras organizacionales inherentes a las instituciones de educación superior desde un marco conceptual específico: la complejidad. El escrito se estructura en torno a la delimitación de algunas tensiones que descubren los principales nodos de discusión sobre las organizaciones universitarias, siempre desde un enfoque complejo. El objetivo es validar argumentos desde la teoría como vector de análisis, de modo que su lectura pueda producir una suerte de heurística sobre el tema.

La perspectiva historiográfica ofrecida por la teoría de las consecuencias involuntarias puede ser reconceptualizada en una concepción del mercado que explique su funcionamiento como una continua interrelación entre individuos que desconocen las consecuencias colectivas de los cursos de acción que emprenden.Asimismo, podrían distinguirse dos versiones de dicha teoria; de un lado, Ia versión débil, que se correspondería con el concepto de mercado de Hayek, y, deI otro, Ia versión fuerte. EI objetivo de este artículo es proponer el concepto al que (...) hemos denominado el principio de ignorancia, que seria una concepción acerca deI desenvolvimiento deI mercado acorde con los rasgos propios de Ia versión fuerte de Ia teoría de las consecuencias involuntarias.The historiographical perspective of the theory of unintended consequences can be reconceptualized into a conception of the market which explains its operation as a continuous interaction among individuals that do not know the collective consequences of their behaviours.Also, two versions of this theory might be distinguished, the weak version, which corresponds to Hayek’s concept of market, and the strong version. The aim of this paper is to propose the concept that we have termed as ignorance principIe, which is a conception of the operation of the market that fits to the characteristics of the strong version of the theory of unintended consequences. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente ensayo contiene dos partes. En la primera se hace una breve descripción de las carencias de la reflexión moral a las que parece venir al encuentro el concepto de reconocimiento. Charles Taylor y Axel Honneth, protagonistas en estos debates, dan buenas razones para dirigir la dis..

Despite the bad reputation that Hegel’s thought has always enjoyed regarding the respect for individual rights, his conception of freedom has shown an unexpected and permanent relevance. I think this is due to the level of complexity with which Hegel explains the problem of freedom. This paper will develop Hegel’s thesis, according to which freedom is conceived simultaneously as a set and a process of determinations of the will. To illustrate the thesis, I will use two concrete examples. First, in (...) order to show the objective structure of the determinations of freedom, I will refer to the debate between communitarians and liberals in recent Ethics and Political Philosophy, trying to show why both positions refer in some way to a lower level of complexity than the one presented by Hegel. Then, with the aim of showing the current relevance of the notion of freedom as a progressive experience of the acquisition of its own determinations, I will take as an example the interpretation offered by Axel Honneth in his book Leiden an Unbestimmtheit. This way I hope to show the direct or indirect contribution of Hegel to the current debates concerning freedom. (shrink)

The main purpose of this dissertation is to apply and develop new forcing techniques to obtain models where several cardinal characteristics are pairwise different as well as force many (even more, continuum many) different values of cardinal characteristics that are parametrized by reals. In particular, we look at cardinal characteristics associated with strong measure zero, Yorioka ideals, and localization and anti-localization cardinals.In this thesis we introduce the property “F-linked” of subsets of posets for a given free filter F on the (...) natural numbers, and define the properties “ $\mu $ -F-linked” and “ $\theta $ -F-Knaster” for posets in a natural way. We show that $\theta $ -F-Knaster posets preserve strong types of unbounded families and of maximal almost disjoint families. These kinds of posets led to the development of a general technique to construct $\theta $ - $\textrm {Fr}$ -Knaster posets (where $\textrm {Fr}$ is the Frechet ideal) via matrix iterations of ${<}\theta $ -ultrafilter-linked posets (restricted to some level of the matrix). The latter technique allows proving consistency results about Cichoń’s diagram (without using large cardinals) and to prove the consistency of the fact that, for each Yorioka ideal, the four cardinal characteristics associated with it are pairwise different. Another important application is to show that three strongly compact cardinals are enough to force that Cichoń’s diagram can be separated into 10 different values. Later on, it was shown by Goldstern, Kellner, Mejía, and Shelah that no large cardinals are needed for Cichoń’s maximum (J. Eur. Math. Soc. 24 (2022), no. 11, p. 3951–3967).On the other hand, we deal with certain types of tree forcings including Sacks forcing, and show that these increase the covering of the strong measure zero ideal $\mathcal {SN}$. As a consequence, in Sacks model, such covering number is equal to the size of the continuum, which indicates that this covering number is consistently larger than any other classical cardinal characteristics of the continuum. Even more, Sacks forcing can be used to force that $\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which is the first consistency result where more than two cardinal characteristics associated with $\mathcal {SN}$ are pairwise different. To obtain another result in this direction, we provide bounds for $\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which generalizes Yorioka’s characterization of $\mathcal {SN}$ (J. Symbolic Logic 67.4 (2002), p. 1373–1384). As a consequence, we get the consistency of $\operatorname {\mathrm{add}}(\mathcal {SN})=\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$ with ZFC (via a matrix iteration forcing construction).We conclude this thesis by combining creature forcing approaches by Kellner and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 51.1–2 (2012), p. 49–70) and by Fischer, Goldstern, Kellner, and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 56.7–8 (2017), p. 1045–1103) to show that, under CH, there is a proper $\omega ^\omega $ -bounding poset with $\aleph _2$ -cc that forces continuum many pairwise different cardinal characteristics, parametrized by reals, for each one of the following six types: uniformity and covering numbers of Yorioka ideals as well as both kinds of localization and anti-localization cardinals, respectively. This answers several open questions from Klausner and Mejía (Arch. Math. Logic 61 (2022), pp. 653–683).Abstract prepared by Miguel Antonio Cardona-MontoyaE-mail: miguel[email protected]: https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/19629. (shrink)

Espino and Santamaria experimentally demonstrate that, if the syllogisms in the first figure are not presented as is the usual practice, that is, separating their two premises into two different lines, but linking the two premises into one line by means of a full stop, individuals tend to draw from such premises conclusions in which the subject and the predicate are not in the customary order, but rotated. In their view, this finding is consistent with the assumptions of the mental (...) models theory. Nevertheless, in this paper, I will show that what this fact really depends on the approach that is adopted, since a framework based on formal logic also has resources to explain it, and hence can lead us to assume theses different from those proposed by Espino and Santamaria. Espino y Santamaría demuestran experimentalmente que, si los silogismos de la primera figura no son planteados como se hace tradicionalmente, esto es, separando sus dos premisas en dos líneas diferentes, sino en una sola línea uniendo las dos premisas mediante un punto seguido, los individuos tienden a deducir a partir de tales premisas conclusiones en las que el sujeto y el predicado no se encuentran en el orden habitual, sino invertidos. Desde su punto de vista, este hallazgo es consistente con los supuestos de la teoría de los modelos mentales. No obstante, en este trabajo, vamos a mostrar que lo que tal hecho significa verdaderamente depende del enfoque que se adopte, ya que un marco basado en la lógica formal también cuenta con los recursos para explicarlo y, por tanto, puede conducirnos a asumir tesis diferentes a las propuestas por Espino y Santamaría. (shrink)

In this paper Marx’s concept of fetishism is used in order to analyze contemporary representations of technology in the science-fiction genre (concretely Terminator, The Jetsons and Dune will be used as examples) and discuss their correspondence to two major ideological perceptions of technology (the luddite and the productivist) and to one of the best attempts to grasp technology in a non-fetishized form (Marx’s analysis in Capital).

Un a d e la s proclama s má s escuchada s e n la s concentracione s de l 15- M e s qu e los ca r go s político s n o no s r ep r esentan . P ar a v eri f ca r s i es e reproch e est á justi f icado , e n este estudi o analizamo s primer o qu é deb e se r l a representació n (...) polític a e n u n Estad o democrático ; a continuación , y par a sabe r s i lo s representante s “no s representan” , no s f ijamos e n l a fo r m a e n qu e ha n sid o el e gidos , e n e l mod o e n e l qu e ejerce n s u funció n y e n las pre r r o gat iv a s que , e n teoría , garantiza n e l ejercici o d e es a función. (shrink)

In this essay I propose two theories of truth and show how they deal with semantic paradoxes. Their most salient feature is that they are based on a gametheoretic understanding of logic and meaning. “Truth”, therefore, is understood dialogically, as agreement between parts. I compare this proposal with a similar one already existing in the literature —Dutilh Novaes and French 2018—, and highlight the advantages of mine. The theories of truth I present are non-trivial, substructural (in a sense to be (...) clarified) and capture strong intuitions about truth. Some philosophical recommendations in favor of our understanding of Dialogics are delivered along the way. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an important case study, on a global scale, of how democracy works - and fails to work - today. From leadership to citizenship, from due process to checks and balances, from globalization to misinformation, from solidarity within and across borders to the role of expertise, key democratic concepts both old and new are now being put to the test. The future of democracy around the world is at issue as today's governments manage their responses to (...) the pandemic. Bringing together some of today's most creative thinkers, these essays offer a variety of inquiries into democracy during the global pandemic with a view to imagining post-crisis political conditions. Representing different regions and disciplines, including law, politics, philosophy, religion, and sociology, eighteen voices offer different outlooks - optimistic and pessimistic - on the future. (shrink)

El presente artículo interpreta desde un punto de vista filosófico, los relatos y testimonios del pentecostalismo criollo chileno. En dichos relatos se expresan los dilemas pentecostales que evidencian seres oprimidos por las condiciones económicas y sociales que vivió la sociedad chilena en el siglo XX. Estos dilemas manifiestan angustias producto del absurdo, el nadismo y la soledad, que aflora frente a la enfermedad, el alcoholismo y la pobreza, lo que le lleva a situaciones límites que lo empujan a elegir el (...) ser pentecostal, seres estigmatizados y excluidos sociales, o el sufrimiento y la muerte. Y una vez que han elegido el ser pentecostal comienza el éxodo simbólico, interpretando el pasado, la sociedad y la individualidad de una manera trágica. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to analyse the semantics that has acquired the fear’s symbolism in the culture of Chilean Pentecostalism. By means of the revision and analysis of bibliographic information, we will show how the figure of fear is revealed in the images of hell, the Devil and God. Then we will provide an interpretation of the symbolic peculiarity of fear, which seems to operate as a kind of master symbol of Pentecostalism, not only because it is one (...) of the most important symbols of this culture, but because its polysemy helps to attract the attention of the believers. This would allow it to gather a wide range of paradoxical meanings and to thematize the distinction between transcendence and immanence, and also to facilitate the transmission of one image of fear with a clear deontological and exemplary function for its believers. In order to achieve this, the symbol of fear uses resources from the historical, social and cultural context. (shrink)

International agricultural development as practiced by U. S. sponsored research groups in developing countries has emphasized technical questions of production, ignoring more fundamental social and economic issues that underline rural poverty and hunger. Rethinking the role of U. S. development assistance will require transcending the view that the only way to impact agriculture in the Third World is by increasing the intensity of land use in high potential agricultural areas. The challenge is to find ways of how to further increase (...) agricultural productivity so that the rural poor significantly benefit, while at the same time conserving and regenerating the resource base. U. S. scientists must realize that this is only possible by improving the access of resource-poor farmers to land, water, other natural resources, as well as to equitable credit, markets, appropriate technologies, etc. Solidarious collaboration will emerge from the U. S. siding with progressive governments and/or community-based initiatives that promote political change aimed at securing farmers' control over resources and inputs, and changing the structural conditions and policies that perpetuate poverty. (shrink)

The emergence of social networking is closely related with the new technologies improving user interface experience thus making the interaction between users more natural and intuitive. Before, the first online communities of interest were user lists and asynchronous discussion groups resembling more the form of mass mailings than informal discussions in a cafe or in a classroom. The impact of web 2.0 on scientific practices has become evident in establishing more and more epistemic communities as virtual communities and vice versa. (...) With respect to the role of the paradigm in the constitution and operations of an epistemic community, the framework of values and the ethical reflection of that become its own form of binding and guiding principle of the theoretical action. Thus any individual who joins an online community with the ambition of an epistemic effect must develop the morals and ethics necessary to enable him/her to understand the relevant forms of their theoretical practice. (shrink)