Die exponierten Vertreter des deutsch-jüdischen Denkens tragen Spannun-gen aus, die für die Moderne kenn-zeichnend sind. Die Erfahrung des Lebens innerhalb vielfältiger, oft miteinander konfligie-render Sinnzusammenhänge, wird in diesem Denken zum Ausdruck ge-bracht. Die Forschung Paul Mendes-Flohrs widmet sich der Philosophie, der Literatur und der Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Judentums unter die-sem Aspekt. In diesem Sammelband sind Beiträge enthalten, die das deutsch-jüdische Denken und damit verwandte Themen als Prisma der Moderne betrachten.

Nosso objetivo é discutir as condições e implicações do deslocamento realizado por Althusser entre a definção da filosofia como “teoria da prática teórica” e a definição da filosofia como luta e tomada de posição sobre o vazio. Levantamos a hipótese sobre se seria adequado aplicar à obra de althusser o conceito de ruptura ou corte epistemológico, o que nos permitiria compreender a passagem do materialismo dialético ao materialismo dos encontros ou aleatório como “revolução teórica” do próprio Althusser.

Resumo Palavras-chave: : Keywords : Literacy. Written language. Children The work discusses the results of a longitudinal research, which lasted for two years, aiming at investigating how children aged between five and six years old, studying at a children education institution, appropriate themselves with the written language. It uses the instrumental or the historical-genetic method, elaborated by Vygotski (1997) and collaborators, in order to study the development of superior psychological functions. The results indicate: a) children acknowledge the mnemonic function or (...) the register one before realizing the alphabetical character of writing; b) the way written language is worked by teachers have an effect/ influence the processes of written appropriation; c) there are development ways of the written language in children that are not considered unique and linear, but are dependable of learning. Alfabetização. Escrita. Crianças. : Este trabalho discute os resultados de uma pesquisa de caráter longitudinal, que teve dois anos de duração, cujo objetivo foi investigar como crianças com idades entre 5 e 6 anos, matriculadas em uma instituição de Educação Infantil, se apropriam da linguagem escrita. Utiliza o método instrumental ou histórico-genético, elaborado por Vygotski (1997) e seus colaboradores, para estudar o desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que: a) as crianças compreendem a função mnemônica ou de registro antes de terem o domínio do caráter alfabético da escrita; b) os modos como as professoras trabalham a linguagem escrita afetam/ influenciam os processos de apropriação da escrita; c) existem percursos de desenvolvimento da linguagem escrita nas crianças que não são únicos e lineares, mas que dependem das aprendizagens. (shrink)

Resumo Neste estudo o autor procura analisar a compreensão da natureza humana que está subjacente às palavras de Aquiles, na Ilíada, IX,318-320 e na Odisseia, XI,489-491. Segundo o autor, Aquiles é portador de uma interpretação da condição humana que traduz uma determinada compreensão do que significa ser humano. De modo a deixar ver a compreensão da natureza humana presente nas palavras de Aquiles, o autor recorre a indícios encontrados noutros pontos das obras homéricas referidas, relacionando as concepções presentes nos dois (...) textos alvo. Identifica-se ainda a descrição da natureza humana que é possível fazer a partir das situações que envolvem os versos em análise. Assim, por um lado procura-se identificar que compreensão da natureza humana está presente no discurso de Aquiles e, por outro, que natureza humana emerge das alterações que o seu discurso sofre. Na Ilíada o autor encontra indícios de uma compreensão afetada pela ira, envolvendo o mundo humano numa aura de melancolia, na qual predomina o reconhecimento da injustiça por toda a parte. Da Odisseia obtém-se uma avaliação da vida que considera qualquer forma de existência humana preferível a qualquer forma de morte. Finalmente, o artigo explora o modo como a sua interpretação acerca da vida é modulada pelas mudanças que de cada vez se abatem sobre ele. Palavras-chave : Aquiles, compreensão, disposições afetivas, existência, natureza humana, vida e morteThe author analyses the understanding of human nature that underlies the words of Achilles in the Iliad, IX,318-320 and Odyssey, XI,489-491. According to the author, Achilles bears an interpretation of the human condition that reflects a certain understanding of what it means to be human. In order to bring to light the understanding of human nature present in the words of Achilles, the verses listed are analysed, using evidences found elsewhere in the Homeric works mentioned, and relating the concepts present in the two target texts. A diagnosis is made in order to identify the description of human nature that is presented by the situations involving the poetic subject. In short, the author seeks to identify which understanding of human nature is present in the speech of Achilles, and what is the concept of human nature that emerges from the changes happening through the verses. Thus, in the Iliad the author finds evidences of an understanding affected by anger, involving the human world in a wave of melancholy in which the recognition of injustice predominates. And in Odyssey the article finds an evaluation of life that sustains that any form of human existence is preferable when compared with death – compared with death, life is better. The article explores in particular the idea that Achilles’ interpretation of life is modulated by the changes he suffers in his life. Keywords: Achilles, existence, human nature, life and death, moods, understanding. (shrink)

O profundo enraizamento de Vieira em sua época não o impediu de ser aberto ao diálogo com as diferentes categorias de pessoas e atento a tudo o que podia ajudar a compreender os acontecimentos de seu tempo. Para esse jesuíta do século XVII, pensar a vida humana implica muito mais que uma análise contextual da política, da economia, da vida social. Para António Vieira, a Palavra de Deus é a chave hermenêutica dessa reflexão. Ela denuncia os desvios, esclarece, ajusta, purifica (...) e orienta o olhar para o essencial do ser humano e de seu destino. Tentar segui-lo no itinerário que propõe exigirá de nós, talvez, recolocar algumas questões, pois para ele as interrogações formuladas pela fé podem ser feitas a qualquer pessoa e a qualquer domínio. Isso não se passa sem contínua confrontação nem sem problema, visto que ele "falava a um auditório para o qual o nobre era ontologicamente nobre; o clero, clero in aeternum; o vilão, vilão; o cristão, cristão; o judeu, judeu". (shrink)

Understanding cultural evolution is one of the most challenging and indispensable scientific tasks for the survival of humankind on our planet. This task demands, besides an adoption of theories and models from biological evolution, theories for culture-specific processes as well. Language evolution and language acquisition offer interesting objects of study in this respect. (Published Online November 9 2006).

The aim of this paper is to clarify the truth-functional interpretation of the logical connective of the material implication. The importance of such clarification lies in the fact that it allows avoiding the supposed paradoxes introduced by C. I. Lewis (1918). I argue that an adequate understanding of the history and purposes of logic is enough to dissolve them away. The defense is based on an exposition of propositional compositionalism. To compare, I also present Stalnaker’s (1968) alternative that seeks to (...) explain the implicit concept of conditionality of conditionals assertions. In order to reinforce my aim I expound the twelve different meanings of ‘implication’ stated by Corcoran (1993) in order to hold that a proper understanding of these meanings allows us to avoid ambiguities and confusions. Finally, I expect to show that despite the possible alternatives, compositionalism is still the best explanation for the truth-functionality account of logical connectives. (shrink)

Cellular identity and its response to external or internal signalling variations are encoded in a cell's genome as regulatory information. The genomic regions that specify this type of information are highly variable and degenerated in their sequence determinants, as it is becoming increasingly evident through the application of genome‐scale methods to study gene expression. Here, we speculate that the same scenario applies to the regulatory regions controlling where DNA replication starts in the metazoan genome. We propose that replication origins cannot (...) be defined as unique genomic features, but rather that DNA synthesis initiates opportunistically from accessible DNA sites, making cells highly robust and adaptable to environmental or developmental changes. (shrink)

Neste artigo tentaremos inicialmente esclarecer os conceitos centrais da filosofia schopenhaueriana, apresentados principalmente em O mundo como vontade e como representação , para em seguida analisarmos os efeitos que a tese basilar desta obra acarreta para a compreensão de alguns problemas; como o da existência humana, o sofrimento, a negação e a afirmação da vontade de vida, entre outros que a dimensão ética comporta. Para isto, faremos uma análise sistemática de outros textos em que o filósofo trata diretamente destas questões, (...) principalmente da obra Sobre o sofrimento do mundo , procurando relacionar estas duas dimensões de sua obra, buscando assim compreender a influência da metafísica da Vontade sobre questões de cunho ético e existencial. Isto implica dizer que trataremos diretamente dos aspectos da filosofia de Schopenhauer que o tornaram conhecido como um filósofo "pessimista", sendo, portanto, tarefa nossa problematizar este rótulo a fim de evitar possíveis preconceitos e conclusões acríticas. (shrink)

Der Beitrag fragt nach den Spezifika des Rhythmus-Diskurses in der frühen Sowjetunion unter dem Vorzeichen eines mechanistischen Menschenbilds. Rhythmus wurde vielfach nicht mehr als Reflex der »Natur« oder des »Lebens«, sondern als technisch regulierbare Größe gehandelt, die gleichwohl eine elementare Macht über den Menschen ausübt. Die tayloristische Arbeitsforschung und der davon inspirierte Konstruktivismus sahen in dieser Macht ein erstrangiges Mittel zur physischen Rekonstruktion des Menschen. Um 1930 verfielen solche Vorstellungen einer scharfen Kritik, wie an der Kampagne gegen den Foxtrott gezeigt (...) wird. (shrink)

Até o início da idade moderna,Deus ocupava o centro do universo.Os humanistas da renascença elaboraram uma nova imagem do mundo,cujo senhor era o homem.A natureza foi devassada e 'desencantada':uma nova aliança substituiu a antiga.Parece que se materializaram os 'não-lugares' de todas as utopias.Contudo,todas elas padeciam de grave doença:não conseguiam discernir possibilidades reais de impossibilidades.

A pandemia da covid-19 talvez tenha se tornado o principal desafio global da atualidade – e não mais uma especulação ou expectativa. Na Itália, onde atualmente realizo estágio doutoral, a crise sanitária superou as piores previsões, vitimando mais civis que na Segunda Guerra. Como mulher e estrangeira experienciando outra cultura e seus códigos, proponho pensar sobre a crise italiana do coronavírus, guiando-me por epistemologias feministas que permitem compreender esta experiência e suas implicações – como a perspectiva da filósofa Chiara Zamboni (...) (2009) do pensar em presença, convidando as mulheres a tecer suas reflexões por suas próprias experiências, e a da feminista negra Patricia Hill Collins (2016), seu conceito de outsider within e sua “ética do cuidar”. Reflito, assim, sobre as oportunidades que os desafios atuais nos oferecem, tanto para enxergarmos as diferentes situações de vulnerabilidade social na crise, como para disseminarmos a importância revolucionária de cuidar verdadeiramente de todas e todos nós. (shrink)

Henri Meschonnic famously gives specific usage to a repertoire of terms such as subjectivity, continuous, rhythm, historicity, recitative and enunciation. Behind them, there is a project to overcome what he calls the “chain of dualisms” (1988), or the tendency toward dichotomy in theoretical thinking, represented in the language fields by the separations between signifier and signified, oral and written, form and content, and others. Following Philip Wilson’s (2012) initiative of applying Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concepts of language games and forms of life (...) to translation studies, we seek to draw an analogy between the Wittgensteinian leap from analytics to pragmatics and the Meschonnician leap from sign to discourse, with the aim of investigating the viability of a synthesis of the two authors’ ideas as a theoretical and methodological proposition for Translation Studies. Meschonnic proposes that the sign (enunciate) be overcome in favor of discourse (enunciation), which he views as a relationship between language and body. We argue that the linguistic experience, in that light, is akin to a performance and that Wittgenstein, by focusing on the use of language, also favors this idea, which may be a possible key for a theoretical practice of translation. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendo analisar alguns pontos centrais que culminam no amadurecimento da reflexão de Arendt em relação ao pensamento de Marx e ao marxismo. Para tanto, será analisado a leitura de Arendt a partir dos excertos presentes em Karl Marx and the Tradition of Western Political Thought, escrito no início da década de 1950, texto que é uma espécie de complementação do The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) e fazia parte de um projeto pensado por Arendt de escrever um livro sobre (...) os “elementos totalitários do marxismo”. Visto que esse escrito nunca foi finalizado e o esse projeto foi abandonado, considero que a análise desse texto além de esclarecer muitos pontos importantes da crítica de Arendt a Marx e ao marxismo, pode nos servir também de ponte para o seu Magnum Opus The Human Condition (1958). A minha hipótese é de que, na visão de Arendt, a ruptura presente no pensamento de Marx em relação a tradição da filosofia política acontece com base em um tipo de linguagem que é resultado da própria tradição. Portanto, os resultados práticos do pensamento marxiano e dos marxismos seriam consequência da tradição do pensamento político ocidental quando convertido numa práxis radical. (shrink)

The article explores the conceptual antinomies of the liberal notion of tolerance as the superficial leveling of differences of faith and ethical commitments to affirm the inalienable human dignity of others. In arguing that cognitive and axiological commitments are existentially grounded and thus intractable, I argue that genuine tolerance is to acknowledge and honor difference. I further question whether we are to “tolerate” what we regard as “intolerable,” politically and otherwise?

_The first major biography in English in over thirty years of the seminal modern Jewish thinker Martin Buber_ An authority on the twentieth‑century philosopher Martin Buber, Paul Mendes-Flohr offers the first major biography in English in thirty years of this seminal modern Jewish thinker. The book is organized around several key moments, such as his sudden abandonment by his mother when he was a child of three, a foundational trauma that, Mendes-Flohr shows, left an enduring mark on Buber’s (...) inner life, attuning him to the fragility of human relations and the need to nurture them with what he would call a “dialogical attentiveness.” Buber’s philosophical and theological writings, most famously _I and Thou,_ made significant contributions to religious and Jewish thought, philosophical anthropology, biblical studies, political theory, and Zionism. In this accessible new biography, Mendes-Flohr situates Buber’s life and legacy in the intellectual and cultural life of German Jewry as well as in the broader European intellectual life of the first half of the twentieth century. (shrink)

The concept of faith has remained inscrutable to thinkers for centuries. The late Nathan Rotenstreich believed that faith was such a difficult topic for so many because of its inextricable links to theology and religion. _On Faith_, Rotenstreich's last work which was edited and prepared for publication by Paul Mendes-Flohr, attempts to detach the concept from its religious underpinnings and consider it in its own right, as a human phenomenon and cognitive attitude. Faith, Rotenstreich contends, should not be confused (...) with its historical manifestations. By making faith a philosophical rather than a theological matter, he explores its essence as an awareness of how we relate within mundane reality to all that is beyond the human world. Arguing for the intentionality of faith, Rotenstreich shows how it structures a variety of relations that range from the experience of the holy to the nature of cults, traditional religion, and the idea of servitude to God. Rotenstreich's phenomenological study will be of great importance for religious scholars as well as for philosophers. Nathan Rotenstreich was professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and his works include _Jews and German Philosophy_ and _Reason and Its Manifestations: A Study of Kant and Hegel_. (shrink)

The sensible and conflicting scenario of the pandemic postulated many challenges to societies around the world in 2020. Part of this problem refers to how the differences between politics and science are not comprehended in their particularities. The recognition of limits and power of science and politics can not only contribute to reaching the actions and strategies facing novel coronavirus but also optimized many domains of society.

This study examines the ethical dilemmas and difficulties encountered by Portuguese school psychologists. As part of a larger survey, participants were asked about ethical issues faced in daily practice and asked to describe ethical incidents. Of the 477 respondents, 274 reported 441 ethically troubling or challenging situations. Responses were coded into a six-category system based on the code of ethics of Portuguese psychologists. Most of the reported dilemmas concerned privacy and confidentiality principles. Results are discussed in light of relevant literature (...) and international findings. Implications for the development of the profession and future research are provided. (shrink)

Originalmente tese de mestrado do autor, este texto faz um diagnóstico da edição digital desde os seus primórdios, focando-se no ebook e nas duas tentativas de criação de um mercado, uma em 1999, falhada, e a mais recente em 2010, ao que tudo indica, fazendo fé nas sucessivas estatísticas, bem sucedida. As razões subjacentes quer ao malogro inicial, quer ao êxito presente são trazidas à liça, dando importância ao contexto italiano, mas cujos argumentos são transversalmente válidos; pelo meio,...

Noting that one may hear without listening, the article probes the phenomenological and epistemic distinction between hearing and listening. To listen is to be attuned to voices muffled by silence or camouflaged by a defensive rhetoric resonant with a voice inflected by festering wounds, existential and political. In exploring how one is to listen to these voices of silence, I draw upon Martin Buber’s concept of dialogical “inclusion” of others’ stories, to listen without interpretation to allow the voice behind his (...) – or her or their – story, be it merely etched viscerally in the language of silence, to dwell aside one’s own story in a dialogue unencumbered by perceptions of the Other forged by cultural, social, political constructs, and perhaps most insidiously one’s own defensive postures. (shrink)

History and chronicle, by B. Croce.--History as a system, by J. Ortega y Gasset.--The idea of history, by R. G. Collingwood.--The historian's purpose; history and metahistory, by A. Bullock.--What are historians trying to do? By H. Pirenne.--What are historical facts? By C. Becker.--The concept of scientific history, by I. Berlin.--Reason in history, by G. W. F. Hegel.--The hedgehog and the fox, by I. Berlin.--What is history? By E. H. Carr.--Faith and history, by R. Niebuhr.--The world and the west, by A. (...) Toynbee.--Debates with historians, by P. Geyl.--Has history any meaning? By K. R. Popper.--Historical inevitability, by I. Berlin.--On fortune and misfortune in history, by J. Burckhardt.--Selected readings (p. 179-181). (shrink)

The question about the object, method, and nature of Psychology in the first half of the 19th century received three proposals: the first, presented by Christian Wolff, appealed to the conciliation between the Psychologia Rationalis and the Psychologia Empirica based on the process of Experimentalphysik and in the Principle of Sufficient Reason; the second, proposed a shift towards Physiology this proposal was responsible for establishing the Psychology as an independent Science; the third offers an existential approach to mental phenomena. We (...) argue that the project of Søren Kierkegaard presents a Psychology Experimenterende as a response to Psychologia Empirica and the Experimentelle Psychologie. (shrink)

As neuroscience methods begin to dominate emotion research it is critical for researchers to remember that peripheral embodiments are critical to understanding emotional experience and emotion—behavior links. Much of modern emotion research assumes reliable mind—body connections that suggest that changes in emotional states influence bodily responses and, vice versa, that somatovisceral information shapes emotional experiences. However, there may be important qualifications to the link between the mind and the (peripheral) body. For example, the ability to sense internal and external bodily (...) states declines in older age as does activation of physiological systems, all of which may contribute to an impairment in emotional experiences and how emotions influence behavior. I describe this phenomenon as maturational dualism and suggest implications of this for emotion in older adults. (shrink)

Recovering the identity of a people means revisiting their memory, their history and the memories that determine the construction of their identity. This essay seeks to reflect on the impacts of mining, its causes, impasses and consequences on the memory and the construction of local identities, namely those from the affected communities. Considering the collapse of the Fundão/Mariana tailings dam, some ethical-philosophical provocations arise, such as: why do we talk about a crime-disaster and not simply about a disaster or a (...) tailings dam collapse? How can we give a name to this memory of trauma, to what is inexplicable? After all, how do we think about the memory of the community in the aftermath of the collapse? (shrink)