Through the public debates which are unfolding about Genetically Modified Organisms in Europe, new issues have taken shape. This article attempts to understand the possibility of such novelties in light of the political positions taken by the pragmatist philosopher John Dewey. In order to bring about the necessity of an active public, taking an active part in the definition and realisation of political ends, he makes two radical proposals: a perspective of the emergence of the State, and political experimentation as (...) the method needed by this perspective. The possibility of the emergence of new forms of the State, of new public issues, is the goal of political experimentation. And the formation of a public - a public taking active part in the elaboration of the knowledge needed to decide on issues which are always specific - is the causal event which has to emerge in and through such experimentation. (shrink)

(No abstract is available for this citation).

Presents a step-by-step action plan to take ownership of your happiness through simple but effective changes to the way you approach health, love, presence, and prosperity.

Cet article entend cerner la spécificité de la critique littéraire de l’art telle qu’elle fut pratiquée par les écrivains et poètes en France entre 1850 et 1950, dans le sillage de Diderot, à partir d’un examen des écrits sur l’art de Diderot, Baudelaire, Zola, Stendhal, Huysmans, Valéry, Proust, Reverdy, Leiris. Au-delà des différences individuelles de goût, de statut, de sujets traités et de la prolixité discursive évidente dans la pratique, on peut mettre en lumière les points de convergence qui s’observent (...) dans leurs écrits, afin de cerner le propre de la critique littéraire de l’art du point de vue de la démarche, de la méthode et du style. Ces convergences prennent fond dans une posture commune aux écrivains, qui est celle du non-spécialiste, cultivant résolument la pensée libre et subjective. (shrink)

C’est dans le cadre de sa pratique en psychiatrie infanto-juvénile que l’auteur se propose d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexion au sujet de l’exercice de l’autorité parentale. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens cliniques de recherche auprès de parents en difficulté et sur certains éléments bibliographiques, il montre que ce qui empêche d’assumer son autorité sur son enfant, c’est avant tout (mais pas seulement) une faille narcissique – que celle-ci provienne d’une inadaptation des premiers soins ou d’un traumatisme ultérieur. L’article s’intéresse enfin (...) aux conséquences de la modernité (individualisme, infantilisme, immédiateté…) sur la subjectivité des enfants et des parents lorsque ces derniers inscrivent les premiers dans leur propre économie narcissique. (shrink)

This paper discusses the establishment of a governance framework to secure the development and deployment of “good AI”, and describes the quest for a morally objective compass to steer it. Asserting that human rights can provide such compass, this paper first examines what a human rights-based approach to AI governance entails, and sets out the promise it propagates. Subsequently, it examines the pitfalls associated with human rights, particularly focusing on the criticism that these rights may be too Western, too individualistic, (...) too narrow in scope and too abstract to form the basis of sound AI governance. After rebutting these reproaches, a plea is made to move beyond the calls for a human rights-based approach, and start taking the necessary steps to attain its realisation. It is argued that, without elucidating the applicability and enforceability of human rights in the context of AI; adopting legal rules that concretise those rights where appropriate; enhancing existing enforcement mechanisms and securing an underlying societal infrastructure that enables human rights in the first place, any human rights-based governance framework for AI risks falling short of its purpose. (shrink)

Présentation générale Ce numéro spécial des Cahiers de la recherche, une collection consacrée à la grammaire anglaise de l’énonciation et dirigée par Janine Bouscaren, se présente comme un hommage des membres du geped (Groupe d’études en psycholinguistique et didactique) à Danielle Bailly qui en fut la fondatrice en 1994. L’ouvrage comporte dix-huit contributions, dont certaines collectives, que les éditrices du volume, Danielle Chini et Pascale Goutéraux, ont articulé autour de six chapitres...

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 98 Heft: 1 Seiten: 351-354.

Nous nous intéressons au dispositif d’écoute par webchat d’une association d’accompagnement de personnes en détresse. On se focalise sur certaines régularités du corpus, retenues en raison de leur fréquence, mais également, en raison de leur contribution à la compréhension du fonctionnement de cette pratique numérique et des enjeux de l’expression et de la co-construction de la souffrance dans ce dispositif. Ce webchat est analysé comme un dispositif spécifique de dévoilement de soi laissé à l’initiative de l’appelant mais alimenté par l’empathie (...) et l’humanité de l’écoutant. L’expression de cette empathie passe par une objectivité montrée fonctionnant comme forme de respect de la liberté de penser et d’agir de l’autre et par la routinisation, notamment l’analyse d’un patron discursif, qui amene le locuteur à quitter le champ des valeurs sociales collectives morales pour ce qui est bien, utile ou bon pour lui, individuellement. (shrink)

One of the most successful physicians I have ever known, has assured me, that he used more bread pills, drops of colored water, and powders of hickory ashes, than of all other medicines put together. It was certainly a pious fraud.Clinicians and other health-care practitioners have known for hundreds of years that different procedures with unclear mechanisms of action or efficaciousness can still result in subjective improvement of clinical symptoms. Many scholars have attempted to define the placebo effect. This has (...) resulted in the development of multiple frameworks and models that help explain and further explore placebo effects and responses. After providing some definitions and clarifications of terminology... (shrink)

In this chapter Nathalie Sigot argues that Bentham’s interest in international trade lies in the consideration of the redistributive effects of trade and its consequences on happiness for one’s society. Sigot demonstrates that Bentham’s view on international trade changed between 1786 and 1821, when the principle of the limitation of industry by capital disappeared from his writings. Sigot explains how Bentham’s approach is driven by a focus on security and on a calculus of gains and losses in terms of (...) happiness. (shrink)

Written for non-experts, this volume introduces the mechanisms that underlie reticulate evolution. Chapters are either accompanied with glossaries that explain new terminology or timelines that position pioneering scholars and their major discoveries in their historical contexts. The contributing authors outline the history and original context of discovery of symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow, and infectious heredity. By applying key insights from the areas of molecular (phylo)genetics, microbiology, virology, ecology, systematics, immunology, epidemiology and computational science, (...) they demonstrate how reticulate evolution impacts successful survival, fitness and speciation. Reticulate evolution brings forth a challenge to the standard Neo-Darwinian framework, which defines life as the outcome of bifurcation and ramification patterns brought forth by the vertical mechanism of natural selection. Reticulate evolution puts forward a pattern in the tree of life that is characterized by horizontal mergings and lineage crossings induced by symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow, and infective heredity, making the “tree of life” look more like a “web of life.” On an epistemological level, the various means by which hereditary material can be transferred horizontally challenges our classic notions of units and levels of evolution, fitness, modes of transmission, linearity, communities, and biological individuality. The case studies presented examine topics including the origin of the eukaryotic cell and its organelles through symbiogenesis; the origin of algae through primary and secondary symbiosis and dinoflagellates through tertiary symbiosis; the superorganism and holobiont as units of evolution; how endosymbiosis induces speciation in multicellular life forms; transferrable and non-transferrable plasmids and how they symbiotically interact with their host; the means by which pro- and eukaryotic organisms transfer genes laterally (bacterial transformation, transduction and conjugation as well as transposons and other mobile genetic elements); hybridization and divergence with gene flow in sexually-reproducing individuals; current (human) microbiome and viriome studies that impact our knowledge concerning the evolution of organismal health and acquired immunity; and how symbiosis and symbiogenesis can be modelled in computational evolution. (shrink)

Les visites médiatisées sont des temps de remise en contact protégés par la présence obligatoire d’un tiers professionnel entre un enfant qui fait l’objet d’une mesure de protection judiciaire et son ou ses parents dont l’autorité parentale a été restreinte du fait d’une situation de danger ou de risque de danger de l’enfant suspectée ou avérée. Ces mesures, ordonnées par un magistrat, visent à encadrer le maintien des relations entre l’enfant et son parent, utile et nécessaire pour la construction psychique (...) de l’enfant, tout en donnant la possibilité d’une part d’évaluer la qualité des liens et les capacités parentales et, d’autre part, d’accompagner enfant et parent dans un travail d’élaboration sur la signification de cette mesure de protection. À ce titre, l’auteure souligne l’importance du travail de médiatisation effectué par le tiers professionnel. (shrink)

Normal 0 false false false EN-CA X-NONE X-NONE Compared to other European countries, the employment rate of older workers in Belgium is rather low. This paper argues that one of the most relevant factors underlying the problems of this low employment rate in Belgium is the social policies directed at older workers. Indeed, when unemployment became a widespread phenomenon in the1970s and 80s, early-retirement schemes were designed to alleviate the financial implications on an aging workforce. The government encouraged anyone over (...) 50 to leave the labour market through early retirement schemes, unemployment payment programs, medical retirement, and career breaks. These practises were based on a wide consensus of government, business, and workers. However, for some years now, international organizations have been concerned about the viability of pension systems and their ability to achieve their objectives. In recent years, different factors have led policy makers to rethink this policy. But changing the trend and keeping people on the job has proven more difficult than foreseen. The transformations of public policies begun at the dawn of the 21st century radically changed the balance between the state, workers, and employers, who had all previously seen early retirement as favourable. This paper also tries to show how early retirement is not simply a desire to escape, but can also be explained as an aggression against the person by the labour market. Leaving professional life early thus seems more to be a case of necessity, in fact not a choice at all, but an obligation, or even a sacrifice, and must be seen in the perspective of professional duties and their evolution. (shrink)

Dans leurs écrits sur l’art, Diderot et Baudelaire montrent comment les lignes des tableaux dirigent l’œil pour générer un intérêt, voire un choc déclencheur d’une expérience esthétique lorsqu’elles sont brisées. Les rides, fissures, plis qui rompent l’harmonie des figures sont pour Diderot une source profonde d’émotion, tandis que la ligne serpentine est de préférence infléchie en arabesque par Baudelaire. À leur façon, le philosophe et le poète montrent ainsi comment la pensée esthétique moderne se nourrit de ces désordres et irrégularités (...) de l’art en redéfinissant le beau idéal classique en une brisure de l’idéal. (shrink)

C'est par anachronisme que l'on distingue aujourd'hui en Taine l'historien, le psychologue, le critique et l'écrivain. Cet ouvrage entreprend de montrer l'unité de son oeuvre et propose une réflexion sur la nature propre des sciences humaines, dont Taine a contribué à forger l'identité moderne.

Research on the influence of industry on chemical regulation has mostly been conducted within the framework of the production of ignorance. This special issue extends this research by looking at how industry asserts its interests––not just in the scientific sphere but also at other stages of policy-making and regulatory process––with a specific focus on the types of tools or instruments industry has used. Bringing together sociologists and historians specialized in Science and Technology Studies, the articles of the special issue study (...) the arenas in which instruments and practical guidelines for public policy are negotiated or used. The aim is to observe the devices in the making or in action, from the selection of actors to the production of thresholds, criteria, and other technical regulations. The introduction highlights how industry influence on expertise and regulation is undoubtedly far more pervasive and multifarious than has been conceptualized to date by social scientists. Putting this issue back at the heart of both the STS and social sciences research agendas is increasingly urgent and could lead to new inquiries able to highlight these logics even more widely, using fresh empirical examples. (shrink)

Cornelius Castoriadis is one of the very few social and political philosophers – modern and ancient – for whom a concept of imagination is truly central. In his work, however, the role of imagination is so overarching that it becomes difficult to grasp its workings and consequences in detail, in particular in its relation to democracy as the political form in which autonomy is the core imaginary signification. This article will proceed by first suggesting some clarifications about Castoriadis’s employment of (...) the concept. This preparatory exploration will allow us in a second step to discuss why the idea of democracy is closely linked to tragedy, and why this linkage in turn is dependent on the centrality of imagination for human action. In a third conceptual step, finally, we suggest that any concept of imagination will need to take into account the plurality and diversity of the outcomes of the power of imagination. Thus, the question of the nature of the novelty that imagination creates needs to be addressed as well as the one of the agon in the face of different imagined innovations in a given democratic political setting. As a consequence of this shift in emphasis, to be elaborated further, one will be able to say more about one question of which Castoriadis was well aware, which he never addressed himself in detail, though: the decline and end of polities and political forms, the question of political mortality. (shrink)

RésuméLes linguistes adoptant des objets transphrastiques travaillent avec des unités qui coïncident rarement avec les catégories traditionnelles. Ces unités ne sont pas une donnée déjà là, elles le deviennenta posterioripar le travail analytique. Il en va ainsi de la définition à laquelle nous nous intéressons en termes decatégorie discursivedans trois contextes discursifs, – le roman épistolaire, le slogan publicitaire et l’article de journal – pour observer comment elle contribue à l’analyse des discours. L’objectif vise à la contextualiser dans différents univers (...) discursifs, qui lui affectent une pertinence singulière, déterminée par les effets de généricité à l’œuvre dans le corpus et par les autres catégories construites par la textualité. Il s’agit de montrer quels sont les indices qui concourent à son identification, en nous attachant au caractère hétérogène de ces unités, et que ces catégories ne deviennent discursives que dans le mouvement de l’interprétation. Ce dernier consiste à les situer par rapport à une finalité inscrite dans la compétence générique des interactants et dans leurs représentations socio-idéologiques. Nous découvrirons que la définition n’a d’existence que dans son interaction avec d’autres unités, mais également que cette interaction nécessaire à l’identification du procédé discursif résultant participe à la construction de nouveaux indices. (shrink)