Presentación del número especial sobre Educación de la revista Eikasía.

Estudios de filosofía contemporánea, lleva por título este volumen que reúne varios trabajos del Prof. Ricardo Navia, algunos publicados previamente en revistas especializadas de Brasil y Perú, otros que se editan por primera vez. No obstante tratarse de artículos independientes, la obra presenta continuidad temática en torno a problemas de teoría del conocimiento, filosofía del lenguaje y metafilosofía, especialmente centrados en la filosofía de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

This article is, in particular, a discussion of the article by Jaegwon, Kim: "Non-reductionist physicalism and its problem with mental causation". In general, we turn to classic texts of phenomenology to refute any (non) reductionist physical theory.

En la Revolución Francesa, la extensión del ideal de una comunidad política de ciudadanos libres e iguales va acompañada de una nueva concepción del trabajo. El trabajo se convierte en el principal medio de integración social, sea a través del esfuerzo individual que conduce a la propiedad, sea a través de la asistencia a los pobres. Esta transición de una sociedad feudal a otra basada en la libertad de trabajo y el Estado asistencial sienta las bases para el surgimiento de (...) la noción del derecho al trabajo. En 1848, este derecho es entendido inicialmente como condición indispensable para el disfrute de cualesquiera otros derechos, pero la marcha descendente de la Revolución acaba provocando su expulsión de la Constitución. La importancia de este recorrido histórico reside en que nos ayuda a entender mejor el significado del derecho al trabajo en el constitucionalismo contemporáneo. Nos permite comprender que, a pesar de su imposible configuración como derecho subjetivo, su reconocimiento jurídico no es un brindis al sol, sino un recordatorio del vínculo existente, en toda sociedad democrática, entre la libertad política y las actividades productivas. (shrink)

Partiendo, de un lado, de la idea de que la especulación es, para el gnóstico,el espejo en el que se reflejan los misterios divinos, cuyo eco percibe asu vez la razón discursiva , y partiendo, de otro, de la exploración intra-lingilística o gramatosófica emprendida por elgnóstico andalusí Ibn al-’Arabi, ofrecemos al lector una traducción comentadade una breve sección del penúltimo capítulo de Las Revelaciones de LaMeca, su principal obra. Nos centraremos, a tal fin, en las diferentes modulacionesmorfológicas y semánticas de (...) la raíz árabe W-D-D, que da lugar alNombre divino al- Wadñd y que permite una original comprensión de la realidaddel amor, su génesis, sus diferentes estados, su carácter divino y susfunciones creadora, cosmológica y antropológica.Palabras clave: Ibn al-’Arabi, Sufismo, Gnosis, Amor, Nombres DivinosEstablished that to think means for the gnostic to reflect divine mysteries,being their echo percieved by reason , and by exploring, on the other hand, Ibn al-’Arabi’s intralinguistical research, which reveals the traces of an authentic grammatosophy, weoffer here a transiation anda commentaly of a brief section ofthe second lastchapter of Ibn al-’ArabT’s Fuu7hat al-Makkiyya, his main opus. We will studyboth the morphological and semantic modulations of te Arabic root W-D-D,from which becomes the Divine Name al- Wadi2d and that permits an originalcomprehension of love’s reality, its genesis, its different grades, its divine sta-tuts and, finally, its creative, cosmological and anthropological functions.Keywords: Ibn al-’Arabi, Sufism, Gnosis, Love, Divine Names. (shrink)

Este trabajo plantea un análisis métrico de Andria a partir de una ruptura con la manera tradicional de estudiar la obra del africano —que juzga sus comedias a la sombra de los procedimientos compositivos de Plauto— con miras a un estudio integral del fenómeno métrico en Terencio. El análisis de la macroestructura y la microestructura métricas de la obra demuestra una estrecha imbricación entre los componentes métrico-musicales y el significado de los elementos de la trama y arroja nueva luz sobre (...) la composición y las funciones de los cantica. (shrink)

No contexto da natureza, a pessoa aparece como uma novidade que combina tanto a abertura para o que é diferente de si mesma, a tal ponto que, para compreendê-la, é preciso levar em conta a maneira como os laços interpessoais influenciam a configuração de sua existência, quanto a individualidade absoluta, de modo que ninguém pode ser substituído por outro. Este artigo analisa alguns domínios antropológicos para mostrar que, no ser humano, essa dialética de opostos aparentemente irreconciliáveis é essencial. Para essa (...) análise, elaborarei uma interpretação à luz das propostas de Edith Stein, Dan Zahavi e Francisco Leocata. A tradição husserliana pode ser entendida de modo a favorecer uma explicação tanto do indivíduo quanto da abertura aos outros, sem que a pessoa seja fagocitada pela totalidade e sem que o comunitário seja relegado a um mero acessório da constituição humana. Assim, em primeiro lugar, analisarei como a vida comunitária impacta a abertura do ser humano a tudo o que existe e, em segundo lugar, desenvolverei como essa abertura reivindica como seu fundamento um modo de ser que não pode ser dissolvido na totalidade, mas é constituído como uma individualidade forte ou o máximo possível da natureza. (shrink)

Resumen: Marx lleva a cabo dos críticas a los derechos. Por un lado, muestra las limitaciones emancipatorias de los derechos de ciudadanía, resultado de la (no reconocida) subordinación del Estado con respecto a la sociedad civil. Por otro, desvela el egoísmo que se esconde detrás de los llamados derechos humanos (libertad, propiedad, igualdad y seguridad), los cuales son en realidad una forma de naturalizar la forma de vida de la sociedad burguesa. Termina por relacionar una crítica con otra, señalando que (...) la emancipación política (el reconocimiento de los derechos de ciudadanía) y el egoísmo sin trabas de la sociedad civil (sancionado a través de los derechos humanos) son dos procesos que tienen lugar a la vez, en el momento en que el ascenso de la burguesía rompe con los mecanismos de la vieja sociedad feudal.Abstract: Marx carries out two critiques of rights. On the one hand, he shows the emancipatory limitations of citizenship rights, resulting from the (unrecognized) subordination of the State in relation to civil society. On the other hand, he reveals the selfishness that hides behind the so-called human rights (liberty, property, equality and security), which are actually a form of naturalizing bourgeois society lifestyle. He ends up connecting this two critiques, noting that political emancipation (the recognition of citizenship rights) and unfettered selfishness of civil society (sanctioned through human rights) are two processes taking place simultaneously, at the moment when the bourgeoisie social climbing breaks with the mechanisms of old feudal society.Palabras clave: Marx, crítica, derechos humanos, ciudadanía, emancipación.Keywords: Marx, critique, human rights, citizenship, emancipation. (shrink)

El problema de la obligación política es tratado tempranamente en la filosofía política por parte de Platón, quien en distintos diálogos presenta argumentos que sostienen la existencia de dicha obligación, así como sus límites, con lo que constituye un antecedente clave de las elaboraciones teóricas modernas sobre este tema. En el presente trabajo abordo de forma analítica las diferentes fundamentaciones ofrecidas en tres textos del autor, Apología, Critón y República, mostrando no sólo la variedad de argumentos teóricos que se encuentran (...) en su obra -consecuencialistas, voluntaristas, de gratitud-, sino también la concepción del problema de la obligación política como uno de doble vía, que involucra no únicamente la justificación teórica del deber de obedecer sino también la del de mandar para ciertos individuos que, en razón de su conocimiento y aptitudes, deben gobernar; en República, se trata del filósofo. (shrink)

Against the charge that Kant's doctrine of radical evil is inconsistent and alien to his practical philosophy, my aim is to show its necessity within the critical system. First, I undermine the alleged vacuity of Kant's notion of evil by showing that, already in the Groundwork, an evil will is the necessary conceptual correlate of a good will. "Good" and "evil" characterize the agent's form of willing and represent the source of value of right and wrong actions. Then, I show (...) how the doctrine of radical evil derives from Kant's notion of evil. That evil lies at the level of an individual Gesinnung is the result of Kant's radicalizing the use of transcendental freedom. That there is a propensity to evil in the whole species is the result of Kant's naturalizing the principles of his moral psychology. Although Kant is not clear about this distinction, the consistency of his doctrine depends on indicating that an "evil Gesinnung" and the "propensity to evil" are not equivalent concepts. Rather, they refer to different units of moral analysis, the individual and the whole species, and represent a failure to comply with different types of moral obligation: the duty to realize the good and the duty to realize the highest good. The correlation between units of moral analysis and types of obligation explains the isomorphism that Kant detects between them, as well as their logical independence, without which the individual's choice of Gesinnung would be analytically contained in the species' choice of moral nature . Finally, to account for the problem of moral self-constitution I argue for the necessity of assuming a transcendental volitional structure, the unity of acknowledgement or "I will". At the different levels of analysis, this structure organizes the will's manifold intentions according to unifying principles that allow it to recognize them as its own. Although Kant does not mention it, the "I will" is a necessary assumption to account for the continuity of choice and for its possible imputation to an agent. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta un análisis de los argumentos que Ibn Ḥazm de Córdoba expone, principalmente en su Kitāb al-Fiṣal, con el fin de refutar un conjunto de ideas atribuidas a los “Antiguos” relativas a la naturaleza y las facultades del alma, y su relación con el cuerpo y el intelecto. Su tratamiento del alma no es sistemático ni sus consideraciones son expuestas mediante referencias directas a la tradición filosófica griega o a los falāsifa como fundamento de su doctrina. De modo (...) que nos enfocaremos en la identificación de los principios filosóficos que fundamentan tanto los argumentos que Ibn Ḥazm pretende refutar como su propia doctrina acerca del alma. (shrink)

Los veinte años que van desde fines de los setenta hasta fines de los noventa del siglo pasado, presenciaron la influencia del pensamiento de Donald Davidson en casi todas las áreas de la filosofía. Aunque el propio autor no se propuso construir un sistema, el proyecto que comenzó con algunas anotaciones técnicas en semántica formal y teoría de la acción fue ampliándose progresivamente para incorporar intuiciones en muchas otras áreas. Si bien los detalles técnicos del proyecto han recibido severos cuestionamientos, (...) muchas de esas intuiciones siguen siendo válidas. En este texto me propongo reseñar y discutir las tesis centrales del libro de Karina Pedace con el objetivo de evaluar esas intuiciones, más allá de si algunos de sus críticos se han concentrado en detalles que podrían ser poco relevantes para entender los objetivos principales del proyecto. (shrink)

El texto se propone discutir el análisis wittgensteiniano de la autonomía de la voluntad, con el objetivo de mostrar sus raíces en el pragmatismo clásico. Estas raíces se pueden encontrar fundamentalmente en la concepción de la voluntad que William James desarrolla en sus Principles of Psychology. También se desea mostrar que las intuiciones wittgensteinianas elaboradas sobre concepciones pragmatistas, irían en la dirección de lo que se suele llamar la teoría del doble aspecto. Finalmente, el texto se propone formular la teoría (...) del doble aspecto de una manera que colabore en aclarar el problema de la autonomía de la voluntad. (shrink)

A filosofia de Kierkegaard e a psicologia de Freud entendem ao homem como um ser que dialoga consigo mesmo. Neste artigo desenvolvemos esta ideia. Kierkegaard e Freud pensam que o sujeito moderno é incapaz de compreender corretamente a si mesmo. O homem é uma auto-relação e esta está rompida. O psicólogo kierkegaardiano e o psicólogo freudiano tentam recompor esta auto-relação.

In this inductive, exploratory study, we explore how emotions affect the agency of vulnerable persons and their engagement in social innovation to challenge oppressive institutional constraints. By presenting the in-depth case of a successful entrepreneur from a shantytown, we show how emotions affect the construction of a self that contributes to the reproduction of social order rather than change, and how effective interventions can break the cycle of poverty and hopelessness that is dominant among excluded people. We find that this (...) process is fragile and contingent on the presence of known strangers—that is, a web of actors that contributes not only resources but also emotional engagement that helps the emergence and development of low-power actors’ projectivity. We identify mechanisms for and provide a model of the development and emergence of the projective self that is necessary to engage in future-oriented agency. (shrink)

The first Latin American molecularbiology laboratory came onto the scientificscene in Argentina in early 1957, only to bedismantled in 1962, following a ministerialchange. This paper explores the social,political, institutional, and cognitiveinteractions present in this short experience,and assesses their importance in understandingthe development of a new scientific field in a`peripheral context'.

Esta conversación tuvo lugar durante una visita de varios días de Pablo Posada Varela a la casa de Marc Richir en Haut-Vaucluse en junio de 2012. He aquí tres extractos (de extensión variable) de una conversación del 8 de junio, y algunos otros fechados el 10 de junio.

Human dignity: social movements invoke it, several national constitutions enshrine it, and it features prominently in international human rights documents. But what is it, why is it important, and what is its relationship to human rights and social justice? Pablo Gilabert offers a systematic defence of the view that human dignity is the moral heart of justice. In Human Dignity and Human Rights (OUP 2019), he advanced an account of human dignity for the context of human rights discourse, which (...) covers the most urgent, basic claims of dignity. This book extends the dignitarian approach to more ambitious claims of maximal dignity of the kind encoded in democratic socialist conceptions of social justice. In particular, this book focuses on the just organization of working practices. It recasts in a dignitarian format the critique of capitalist society as involving exploitation, alienation, and domination of workers, and revamps a neglected but inspiring socialist principle. In its dignitarian interpretation, the Abilities/Needs Principle (‘From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs!’) yields reasonable and feasible requirements on social cooperation geared to empowering each human being to lead a flourishing life. While Human Dignity and Human Rights offered the first systematic philosophical account of human dignity in human rights discourse, Human Dignity and Social Justice presents the first systematic application of the dignitarian framework to the core ideals of democratic socialism. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate a semantics for first-order logic originally proposed by R. van Rooij to account for the idea that vague predicates are tolerant, that is, for the principle that if x is P, then y should be P whenever y is similar enough to x. The semantics, which makes use of indifference relations to model similarity, rests on the interaction of three notions of truth: the classical notion, and two dual notions simultaneously defined in terms of it, (...) which we call tolerant truth and strict truth. We characterize the space of consequence relations definable in terms of those and discuss the kind of solution this gives to the sorites paradox. We discuss some applications of the framework to the pragmatics and psycholinguistics of vague predicates, in particular regarding judgments about borderline cases. (shrink)

This paper presents and defends a way to add a transparent truth predicate to classical logic, such that and A are everywhere intersubstitutable, where all T-biconditionals hold, and where truth can be made compositional. A key feature of our framework, called STTT (for Strict-Tolerant Transparent Truth), is that it supports a non-transitive relation of consequence. At the same time, it can be seen that the only failures of transitivity STTT allows for arise in paradoxical cases.

Do we have positive duties to help others in need or are our moral duties only negative, focused on not harming them? Are any of the former positive duties, duties of justice that respond to enforceable rights? Is their scope global? Should we aim for global equality besides the eradication of severe global poverty? Is a humanist approach to egalitarian distribution based on rights that all human beings as such have defensible, or must egalitarian distribution be seen in an associativist (...) way, as tracking existing frameworks such as statehood and economic interdependence? Are the eradication of global poverty and the achievement of global equality practically feasible or are they hopelessly utopian wishes? -/- This book argues that there are basic positive duties of justice to help eradicate severe global poverty; that global egalitarian principles are also reasonable even if they cannot be fully realized in the short term; and that there are dynamic duties to enhance the feasibility of the transition from global poverty to global equality in the face of nonideal circumstances such as the absence of robust international institutions and the lack of a strong ethos of cosmopolitan solidarity. The very notion of feasibility is crucial for normative reasoning, but has received little explicit philosophical discussion. This book offers a systematic exploration of that concept as well as of its application to global justice. It also arbitrates the current debate between humanist and associativist accounts of the scope of distributive justice. Drawing on moral contractualism (the view that we ought to follow the principles that no one could reasonably reject), this book provides a novel defense of humanism, challenges several versions of associativism (which remains the most popular view among political philosophers), and seeks to integrate the insights underlying both views. (shrink)

Substructural approaches to paradoxes have attracted much attention from the philosophical community in the last decade. In this paper we focus on two substructural logics, named ST and TS, along with two structural cousins, LP and K3. It is well known that LP and K3 are duals in the sense that an inference is valid in one logic just in case the contrapositive is valid in the other logic. As a consequence of this duality, theories based on either logic are (...) tightly connected since many of the arguments for and objections against one theory reappear in the other theory in dual form. The target of the paper is making explicit in exactly what way, if any, ST and TS are dual to one another. The connection will allow us to gain a more fine-grained understanding of these logics and of the theories based on them. In particular, we will obtain new insights on two questions concerning ST which are being intensively discussed in the current literature: whether ST preserves classical logic and whether it is LP in sheep’s clothing. Explaining in what way ST and TS are duals requires comparing these logics at a metainferential level. We provide to this end a uniform proof theory to decide on valid metainferences for each of the four logics. This proof procedure allows us to show in a very simple way how different properties of inferences (unsatisfiability, supersatisfiability and antivalidity) that behave in very different ways for each logic can be captured in terms of the validity of a metainference. (shrink)

The idea of dignity is pervasive in political discourse. It is central to human rights theory and practice, and it features regularly in conceptions of social justice as well as in the social movements they seek to understand or orient. However, dignity talk has been criticized for leading to problematic exclusion. Critics challenge it for undermining our recognition of the rights of non-human animals and of many human individuals (such as children, the elderly, and people with disabilities). I argue that, (...) on a plausible articulation of it, the idea of dignity does not lead to these exclusions and that it in fact helps defend an appropriately inclusive moral and political treatment of all individuals. Difficult issues about equality and diversity indeed arise, but a dignitarian approach can provide good answers to them or at least help make them clearer and more tractable. (shrink)

To what degree can language be acquired from linguistic input alone? This question has vexed scholars for millennia and is still a major focus of debate in the cognitive science of language. The complexity of human language has hampered progress because studies of language–especially those involving computational modeling–have only been able to deal with small fragments of our linguistic skills. We suggest that the most recent generation of Large Language Models (LLMs) might finally provide the computational tools to determine empirically (...) how much of the human language ability can be acquired from linguistic experience. LLMs are sophisticated deep learning architectures trained on vast amounts of natural language data, enabling them to perform an impressive range of linguistic tasks. We argue that, despite their clear semantic and pragmatic limitations, LLMs have already demonstrated that human-like grammatical language can be acquired without the need for a built-in grammar. Thus, while there is still much to learn about how humans acquire and use language, LLMs provide full-fledged computational models for cognitive scientists to empirically evaluate just how far statistical learning might take us in explaining the full complexity of human language. (shrink)

What should our theorizing about social justice aim at? Many political philosophers think that a crucial goal is to identify a perfectly just society. Amartya Sen disagrees. In The Idea of Justice, he argues that the proper goal of an inquiry about justice is to undertake comparative assessments of feasible social scenarios in order to identify reforms that involve justice-enhancement, or injustice-reduction, even if the results fall short of perfect justice. Sen calls this the “comparative approach” to the theory of (...) justice. He urges its adoption on the basis of a sustained critique of the former approach, which he calls “transcendental.” In this paper I pursue two tasks, one critical and the other constructive. First, I argue that Sen’s account of the contrast between the transcendental and the comparative approaches is not convincing, and second, I suggest what I take to be a broader and more plausible account of comparative assessments of justice. The core claim is that political philosophers should not shy away from the pursuit of ambitious theories of justice (including, for example, ideal theories of perfect justice), although they should engage in careful consideration of issues of political feasibility bearing on their practical implementation. (shrink)

This essay explores the relation between two perspectives on the nature of human rights. According to the "political" or "practical" perspective, human rights are claims that individuals have against certain institutional structures, in particular modern states, in virtue of interests they have in contexts that include them. According to the more traditional "humanist" or "naturalistic" perspective, human rights are pre-institutional claims that individuals have against all other individuals in virtue of interests characteristic of their common humanity. This essay argues that (...) once we identify the two perspectives in their best light, we can see that they are complementary and that in fact we need both to make good normative sense of the contemporary practice of human rights. It explains how humanist and political considerations can and should work in tandem to account for the concept, content, and justification of human rights. (shrink)