In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Catholic Conscience and Civil Disobedience:The Primacy of TruthAngel Perez-Lopez and Israel Perez-LopezIntroductionSacred Scripture describes different examples of moral conscience dictating civil disobedience. For instance, think of the situation of Daniel (see Dan 6:6–10). In this and many other cases, we always find, above all, a defense of truth and of its primacy over conscience and civil authority.1 In a culture that rapidly abandons Christendom and rejects the Catholic social (...) values once prevalent, this same issue is gaining prominence.Recent civil mandates related to Covid-19 vaccination are raising anew the challenging moral question, among faithful Catholics, concerning the legitimacy of civil disobedience.2 Part of the difficulty consists in the struggle [End Page 773] to harmonize two statements from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) concerning the Covid-19 vaccines.On the one hand, it is affirmed that, under certain circumstances, the use of some of these vaccines is morally permissible: "When ethically irreproachable Covid-19 vaccines are not available (e.g. in countries where vaccines without ethical problems are not made available to physicians and patients, or where their distribution is more difficult due to special storage and transport conditions, or when various types of vaccines are distributed in the same country but health authorities do not allow citizens to choose the vaccine with which to be inoculated) it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process."3On the other hand, the CDF also affirms that vaccination should be voluntary; it is not obligatory as a rule: "Practical reason makes evident that vaccination is not, as a rule, a moral obligation and that, therefore, it must be voluntary."4Some Catholics are clinging to the first affirmation to advocate for the primacy of authority in the civil mandate to be vaccinated. Others, instead, are clinging to the second affirmation to uphold the primacy of conscience and the right to civil disobedience. The controversy is reaching a boiling point in the United States. It seems that tertium non datur.In this essay, however, aided by the guidance of our moral magisterium and Thomas Aquinas, we would like to show how these two statements from the CDF are not incompatible. We would like to offer a third option to the ones previously described. Our thesis is that the way to bring about the harmony of both statements consists in underscoring the primacy of truth, in our comprehension of conscience, authority, and civil disobedience.The essay will be divided into two different sections. The first section deals with the general principles at play in the Catholic understanding of conscience and civil disobedience under the primacy of truth. Thus, it focuses on providing some needed information to get rid of the relativistic and political lenses through which many Catholics today are approaching the vaccine mandates. The second section of the essay is instead more particular. It makes a moral evaluation of the recent mandates to be vaccinated. [End Page 774]General PrinciplesToo Political?As Catholics, we should not be so radical as to think that moral theology has nothing to say about these political matters. A legitimate understanding of the separation between church and state does not forbid the Church's magisterial teaching and moral theology to be concerned with this issue.The Church is not only a mother but also a teacher: "The church's motherhood can never in fact be separated from her teaching mission, which she must always carry out as the faithful Bride of Christ, who is the Truth in person."5Moreover, "life in common within the State possesses a relevant moral value and presents specific demands that—according to the law of the Incarnation, though with a completely particular modality—enter in to form a part of the following of Christ. Therefore, moral theology must treat of it."6Thus, we would like to invite our readers to divest from political biases that may be influencing their reasoning. This is not about being Republican or Democrat first and then using one's faith to express our political views. The... (shrink)

In this paper, we examine the legal case involving the Court of Arbitration of Sport, the Union of European Football Associations, and the Turkish team Eskişehirspor to analyze the leg...

El tema de los sueños en la obra de Foucault tiene un lugar marginal, aunque muestra una intermitente persistencia a lo largo del tiempo, ya que es posible encontrarlo primero en su escrito temprano sobre Binswanger; luego, en sus reflexiones en torno a la historia de la locura; y, finalmente, en sus abordajes sobre las “técnicas de sí” en la Antigüedad. En el presente artículo se propone un recorrido por estos tres momentos en los que Foucault se ocupa de los (...) sueños, con el objetivo de detectar las diferentes modulaciones de esta vía de acceso a la existencia, a la historia y a las “técnicas de sí”, alternativa al modelo “psicologizante”. (shrink)

Este trabajo plantea, en primer lugar, una visión global acerca de la evolución de la representación de la naturaleza en la cultura artística visual europea del Alto Medievo. Resultado de la misma es la detección de una parálisis en la evolución estética de la representación de la naturaleza que sin embargo había pasado previamente por fases de esplendor decorativo y simbólico. A continuación se examinan diferentes propuestas historiográficas acerca de la evolución de la relación entre ser humano y naturaleza en (...) la Alta Edad Media y su posible contextualización con el cuadro evolutivo artístico trazado. Esa contextualización lleva finalmente a la búsqueda de una relación del fenómeno detectado con los fundamentos teológicos de la cultura monástica y sus planteamientos escatológicos. This paper first presents an overview about the evolution of the representation of nature in European artistic culture of the High Middle Ages. A result of this is the detection of a paralysis in the aesthetic evolution of nature in visual arts after previous phases of decorative and symbolic richness. Different historiographic proposals on the evolution of the relationship between man and nature in the Middle Ages show a possible contextualization with the artistic paralysis we have stated. That path leads to the search for a relation of the phenomenon detected with the theological foundations of the monastic culture and its eschatological discourses. (shrink)

Se suele afirmar, y con razón, que la representación de la historia en el pensamiento de Walter Benjamin es esencialmente antiteleológica. Pese a esto, en sus escritos se encuentran dos importantes menciones del término “teleología” que permiten pensar en un uso excepcional de este concepto: la “teleología sin fin final” y el “momento teleológico del despertar”. En el presente artículo examinaremos de qué modo estas pistas casi recónditas sobre la teleología repercuten de lleno en la concepción de la historia de (...) Benjamin, rebatiendo aquella interpretación de su pensamiento, según la cual, la teleología habría sido completamente rechazada de su filosofía. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Light that Binds: A Study in Thomas Aquinas's Metaphysics of the Natural Law by Stephen BrockAngel Perez-LopezThe Light that Binds: A Study in Thomas Aquinas's Metaphysics of the Natural Law by Stephen Brock (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2020), xv + 277 pp.How does the natural law fit the definition of law? Opinions clash among different interpreters of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Stephen Brock's book provides both a magisterial and (...) a definitive answer to this question.Like fine wine, this book has been fermenting and maturing for almost thirty years. Originally a doctoral dissertation, this recently published work has been rewritten, and to a certain extent, reworked by the author with respect to some of its content.Without disregard for nuances, the first chapter introduces the reader to four different groups of Aquinas's interpreters. The first two groups question the full legal character of the natural law in its dependence to the eternal law. The third one questions its naturalness. The fourth group, instead, upholds both the divine origin of the natural law's full legality in its dependence on the eternal law, as well as its natural character.Brock places Dom Odo Lottin, Wolfgang Kluxen, Germain Grisez, and John Finnis in the first group. They maintain that the natural law is a law only in a qualified sense and that it does not entirely fulfill the definition of law. The natural law would provide an intrinsic morality. It should be treated independently from the eternal law. The second group is composed by authors such as Frederick Copleston, Alan Donagan, or Gregory Stevens. Similar to the first group, they argue that the natural law is an autonomous self-standing law, legislated by human reason. Thus, it should be treated independently from the eternal law, except to point out its ultimate origin.The author who exemplifies the third position is Ernest Fortin. Reacting against Finnis, Fortin's position jeopardizes the natural character of the natural law. In his view, the legal force of the first principles of practical reason is not fully actualized until one recognizes the divine institution sanctioning them. [End Page 981]All the authors of the fourth group uphold that the natural law is fully a law on account of its divine origin and that it is also entirely natural insofar as it is naturally known by human reason. Herein Brock places commentators of Saint Thomas such as Francisco Suarez, Dominic Farrell, Lawrence Dewan, and himself. He also includes in this last group other philosophers such as G. E. M. Anscombe and Peter Geach. In the course of his whole study, Brock shows how Aquinas's true position differs from the other members of this group. Special attention is given to the differences between Aquinas's true mind and the interpretations offered by Suarez, Farrell, and, to a certain degree, even by Dewan. In order to better appreciate the depth of this process, I have found it very helpful to read Farrell's The Natural Law According to Aquinas and Suarez in conjunction with Brock's work.The second chapter targets the natural law's legal character in its dependence to the eternal law. It proves that Thomas provides a strict definition of the natural law when he says that it is nothing but a participation of the eternal law in the rational creature. This chapter opens with a historical study concerning the influence of the Summa Fratri Alexandri in the Summa theologiae (ST). Aquinas's understanding of the dependence of the natural law on the eternal law turns out to be more systematic and refined. It is based on a fuller comprehension and development of what law is (the ratio legis).The remainder of the second chapter consists in a superb commentary regarding ST, I-II, q. 91, a. 2, on whether something existing in man is fit to be called a natural law. Promulgation is the element of the definition of law that specifies the different kinds of laws. Hence, the natural law is differentiated from the others by its natural promulgation, namely, by the act through which the order of the eternal law (already instituted by God... (shrink)

Se analiza en este trabajo, seleccionado de la II Olimpiada de Filosofía en Málaga organizada por FICUM en secundaria, la "tarea vital" a partir de tres pilares básicos: amar, dejar huella y descubrirse a uno mismo.

Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a brief informed consent quiz to detect consent comprehension in individuals with cognitive impairment and to explore the degree to which cognitive domains and recent substance use, independently, predict comprehension. We performed a secondary analysis of two cross-sectional studies in individuals with substance use disorders. The ICQ total score was used as the index test and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as reference standard in receiver operating characteristic curves. Two (...) independent multiple binary logistic regression models were performed using cognitive domains and days of recent substance use as predictors of ICQ outcome. We analyzed data from 215 and 251 participants, respectively. The ICQ showed moderate accuracy for major cognitive impairment and lower accuracy for mild impairment. Optimal cutoff score was set at 10 points or less for detecting comprehension difficulty. Lower scores in Short-Term Memory, Attention, Language, and Orientation increased the probability of failing the ICQ. A procedure including both the ICQ and cognitive screening measure could improve the accuracy of consent comprehension assessments. (shrink)

This paper presents an experience in developing professional ethics by an approach that integrates knowledge, teaching methodologies and assessment coherently. It has been implemented for students in both the Software Engineering and Computer Engineering degree programs of the Technical University of Madrid, in which professional ethics is studied as a part of a required course. Our contribution of this paper is a model for formative assessment that clarifies the learning goals, enhances the results, simplifies the scoring and can be replicated (...) in other contexts. A quasi-experimental study that involves many of the students of the required course has been developed. To test the effectiveness of the teaching process, the analysis of ethical dilemmas and the use of deontological codes have been integrated, and a scoring rubric has been designed. Currently, this model is also being used to develop skills related to social responsibility and sustainability for undergraduate and postgraduate students of diverse academic context. (shrink)

Handwriting is a complex activity that involves continuous interaction between lower-level handwriting and motor skills and higher-order cognitive processes. It is important to allocate mental resources to these high-order processes since these processes place a great demand on cognitive capacity. This is possible when lower-level skills such as transcription are effortlessness and fluent. Given that fluency is a value in virtually all areas of academic learning, schools should provide instructional activities to promote writing fluency from the first stages of learning (...) to write. In an effort to determine if teaching handwriting enhances writing fluency, we conducted a systematic and meta-analytic review of the writing fluency intervention literature. We selected 31 studies: 21 true and quasi-experimental studies, 4 single-group design, 3 single-subject design, and 3 non-experimental studies, conducted with K-6 students in a regular school setting. A total of 2,030 students participated in these studies. When compared to no instruction or non-handwriting instructional conditions, teaching different handwriting intervention programs resulted in statistically significant greater writing fluency (ES = 0.64). Moreover, three specific handwriting interventions yielded statistically significant results in improving writing fluency, when compared to other handwriting interventions or to typical handwriting instruction conditions: handwriting focused on training timed transcription skills (ES = 0.49), multicomponent handwriting treatments (ES = 0.40), and performance feedback (ES = 0.36). There were not enough data to calculate the impact of sensory-motor and self-regulated strategy handwriting interventions on writing fluency. The significance of these findings for implementing and differentiating handwriting fluency instruction and guiding future research will be discussed. (shrink)

In this article, we analyze the relationship between the main dimensions of organizational structure (i.e., formalization, centralization, and complexity) and ecological responsiveness in a sample of 109 firms in the European air passenger transport industry. Broadly confirming our hypotheses, the results show that high formalization of routine tasks favors ecological responsiveness. Structures characterized by high decentralization and low complexity also favor ecological responsiveness. Furthermore, decentralization has a significant, positive relationship with ecological responsiveness among firms with low vertical complexity. Overall, the (...) results indicate that organizational structure plays a major role in ecological responsiveness. (shrink)

En sus orígenes, en la antigua Grecia, el vocablo sofista se utilizó para designar a quien se mostraba experto en alguna actividad. Podía ser la filosofía, la poesía, la música o la adivinación, pero siempre un sofista era un maestro de sabiduría, alguien que se proponía hacer sabio a quien re..

El objetivo principal de este artículo es el análisis de lo que una gran parte de las corrientes filosóficas de los últimos dos siglos han denominado «técnica». Con este análisis pretendemos investigar tanto las bondades o perjuicios de la técnica en la sociedad como, sobre todo, la posibilidad de salvaguardar la humaneidad en un mundo aparentemente dirigido por ella. Con este motivo, haremos uso de los tres autores que en opinión propia han conseguido patentizar los efectos que la técnica ostenta (...) en el modo de ser de lo humano de una manera clara y original: Husserl, Heidegger y Ortega y Gasset. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions imposed to stop its advance have affected the entire population. Children living with difficulties or in vulnerable situations prior to the pandemic might have suffered an even greater impact. This present study examines the psychological impact of quarantine on children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence against their mothers. Participants were 185 mothers who reported 269 children, as well as 108 children who self-reported. An emotional and behavioral checklist was administered to both mothers and (...) children throughout confinement. Results show mothers observed changes in their children’s psychological state. Children, in turn, reported an increase in different variables. Mothers reported a higher percentage of overall increase for both general and severe symptoms than their children. Differences were found by sex and age. Future research with similar population groups is necessary to establish the support and intervention children require in similar contexts, as well as to clarify possible causes of differences found by age and sex. (shrink)

Many months have passed since the first case of COVID-19 contagion was declared in Chile, in March 2020, and we started June with an official underreporting of more than a thousand deaths (Minay, 2020), all of which triggered serious questions due to lack of transparency (Sepúlveda, 2020) and even the change regarding the authority of the healthcare ministry. In this framework, the government’s call to confinement and stay in our homes, in our long and narrow territory, made visible the radic...

Altruism and solidarity are concepts that are closely related to organ donation for transplantation. On the one hand, they are typically used for encouraging people to donate. On the other hand, they also underpin the regulations in force in each country to different extents. They are often used indistinctly and equivocally, despite the different ethical implications of each concept. This paper aims to clarify to what extent we can speak of altruism and solidarity in the predominant models of organ donation. (...) It also raises the ethical question of whether these categories are adequate as a basis for such models, bearing in mind that organs are a scarce resource and that a shortage of them may mean that fewer lives are saved or improved. (shrink)

The authors describe the intensity and orientation of the corporate social responsibility reporting in four Spanish industries and explore the relationship that exists between both concepts and an independent measurement of reputation for CSR. The results demonstrate that the CSR reporting is especially relevant and useful in the finance industry. Finance companies report significantly more CSR information than most industries in Spain, and this reporting is more closely linked to their CSRR than the CSR reporting of basic, consumer goods and (...) services industries. (shrink)

El presente artículo se encamina a indagar en las implicaciones que la palabra individualismo contuvo en los existencialismos de Jean-Paul Sartre y Albert Camus. Con este objetivo, se pretende desenmascarar la filosofía de Sartre como un deontologismo igual de desubjetivizado que cualquier doctrina colectivista, así como postular el individualismo de Camus como esa doctrina que se atrevió a hacerse cargo de las repercusiones de aquel axioma desde el que partieron ambos existencialismos y solo él se atrevió a explotar: la existencia (...) precede a la esencia. (shrink)

La competencia léxica como parte de la competencia comunicativa contempla una serie de elementos entre los cuales el dominio de la valencia léxica constituye uno de los factores que permite distinguir los hablantes nativos de un idioma de aquellas personas que lo estudian como idioma extranjero o segunda lengua. Este artículo expone algunas consideraciones metodológicas para la implementación de un folleto sobre valencia léxica en Inglés con Fines Médicos para el perfeccionamiento del tecnolecto de los estudiantes de 5to año de (...) la carrera de Medicina, elaborado a partir de las necesidades cognoscitivas expresadas por parte de alumnos y profesores. El folleto facilita la adquisición y práctica de términos que enriquecen el tecnolecto; de esta forma se contribuye a un aprendizaje contextualizado, rápido y más eficaz por parte de los estudiantes. Además del carácter práctico de la propuesta, su fundamentación teórica puede servir de referencia para la elaboración de otros folletos. Lexical competence, as part of communicative competence, takes into account a series of elements among which mastering lexical valence is one of the factors allowing to distinguish native language speakers from people who study a foreign or a second language. The article presents methodological considerations for the implementation of a booklet on lexical valence in English for Medical Purposes which, developed from students and professors' cognitive needs, aims to improve fifth year medical students' technolect. It makes terms enriching technolect easier to practice and to acquire; therefore contributing to a contextualized, fast and more efficient learning by students. Apart from the practical character of the proposal, its theoretical basis can be used as reference for the development of other booklets. (shrink)

La oposición entre Democracia y Liberalismo tiene su punto de tensión en la relación vida pública-vida privada. Para Roger Labrousse, la Democracia hace depender la vida privada del hombre de su vida pública, en tanto que para el Liberalismo la vida privada se antepone a la vida pública. Se trata de dos extremos que se articulan de modo complejo, a veces como complemento y a veces como conflicto. No podría ser de otro modo. Normalmente estas dicotomías tienen en una primera (...) mirada una apariencia de claridad, que rápidamente en un análisis más exigente comienza a desdibujarse. En este artículo se reproducen algunos párrafos seleccionado de cinco autores seleccionados a los que se hace un breve comentario, teniendo en cuenta principalmente la oposición entre Democracia y Liberalismo. En cada caso el comentario busca mostrar la debilidad de la reflexión cuando se despliega sobre el fondo de esta oposición en términos demasiado rígidos. (shrink)

El presente artículo plantea la hipótesis de que la aparición del _hiperrealismo_ en la cultura -la búsqueda de la plasmación _exacta_ de la realidad en las obras culturales, ayudadas por las nuevas técnicas de reproducción- ha suprimido la labor propia de la cultura: otorgar al ser humano la capacidad para imaginar realidades alternativas. Con el objetivo de fundamentar esta hipótesis, recorreremos tanto los planteamientos de Arthur Danto y Mark Fisher como los de Adorno y Marcuse, todos ellos denunciantes de la (...) cerrazón de nuestra instancia crítica y la incapacidad de nuestra instancia política. Finalmente, daremos nuestra propia opinión respecto a la actualidad de la hipótesis. (shrink)