We characterize all finitary consequence relations over S4.3, both syntactically, by exhibiting so-called passive rules that extend the given logic, and semantically, by providing suitable strongly adequate classes of algebras. This is achieved by applying an earlier result stating that a modal logic L extending S4 has projective unification if and only if L contains S4.3. In particular, we show that these consequence relations enjoy the strong finite model property, and are finitely based. In this way, we extend the known (...) results by Bull and Fine, from logics, to consequence relations. We also show that the lattice of consequence relations over S4.3 is countable and distributive and it forms a Heyting algebra. (shrink)

Advertising is one of the commonly visible elements of the urban landscape (real and virtual). It also does not require proof that advertisements of cities as such are also part of their “cityscape.” Since at least the nineteenth century, cities have advertised themselves as attractive places to live, visit, or do business. Therefore, the following research question can be asked: How do Polish cities present themselves in advertisements one can find in the landscape? The study assumes that each advertisement should (...) clearly identify the sender and indicate its specific characteristics, distinguishing itself from its competitors. Polish cities began to use logos and slogans as a mecha­nism of description and distinction after 1990, when socioeconomic changes started. There are quite a few studies on this activity, but most of them are single case studies. Therefore, the authors decided to examine a relatively large sample of Polish cities, which allows for statistical analysis. Analysis of the logo and slogan content allows the authors to examine the desired image or the projected identity of Polish cities. The methods were chosen because they admit qualitative and quantitative analysis, especially when there is a sufficiently large sample. Therefore, the survey covered all towns and cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants in Poland. There are 218 such towns in total. The analysis was carried out in the first half of 2021. In conclusion, the authors find that the advertising of Polish cities is embedded in the past, promotes resources (substance), sometimes geographical location, but rarely refers to famous characters and human potential. And such a picture of these cities one may find on outdoor advertisements, which sometimes produce dissonance when accompanying modern buildings or new transport solutions in the city. (shrink)

In recent years there has been growing interest in adapting virtue ethics to the ethics of technology. However, it has most typically been invoked to address some particular issue of moral importance, and there is only a limited range of works dealing with the methodological question of how virtue ethics may contribute to this field. My approach in this paper is threefold. I start with a brief discussion of Aristotelian virtue ethics, with a view to constructing a framework in which (...) to then address at least some of the aspects of the growing technicization of life that call for scrutiny. I subsequently proceed further by outlining three possible models of virtue-theoretical analysis within the ethics of technology, giving special attention to those changes in human agency where technicization can be seen to exert a significant influence. Finally, I focus on the third such possibility, the extended virtue model, as a basis for calling for a more inclusive account of moral agency. (shrink)

The paper deals with reconstruction of the unique reductivecounterpart of the deductive logic. The procedure results in the deductivereductive form of logic. This extension is illustrated on the base of intuitionistic logics: Heyting’s, Brouwerian and Heyting-Brouwer’s ones.

It seems that nonmonotonicity of our reasoning is an obvious truth. Almost every logician not even believes, but simply knows very well that a human being thinks in a nonmonotonic way. Moreover, a nonmonotonicity of thinking seems to be a phenomenon parallel to the existence of human beings. Examples allegedly illustrating this phenomenon are not even analyzed today. They are simply quoted. Nowadays, this is a standard approach to nonmonotonicity. However, even simple analysis of those “obvious” examples shows that they (...) illustrate various problems of our thinking, among which none concerns nonmonotonicity. (shrink)

In the paper we examine the method of axiomatic rejection used to describe the set of nonvalid formulae of Aristotle's syllogistic. First we show that the condition which the system of syllogistic has to fulfil to be ompletely axiomatised, is identical to the condition for any first order theory to be used as a logic program. Than we study the connection between models used or refutation in a first order theory and rejected axioms for that theory. We show that any (...) formula of syllogistic enriched with classical connectives is decidable using models in the domain with three members. (shrink)

Human fascination with art has deep evolutionary roots, yet its role remains a puzzle for evolutionary theory. Although its widespread presence across cultures suggests a potential adaptive function, determining its evolutionary origins requires more comprehensive evidence beyond mere universality or assumed survival benefits. This paper introduces and tests the Collector Hypothesis, which suggests that artworks serve as indicators of collectors’ surplus wealth and social status, offering greater benefits to collectors than to artists in mating and reproductive contexts. Our study among (...) Indigenous Papuan communities provides preliminary support for the Collector Hypothesis, indicating that, compared to artists, collectors are perceived as having higher social status and greater attractiveness to women. These findings provide unique insights into Papuan communities and contribute to the ongoing discussion about art’s adaptive significance of art by suggesting that artistic capacities may benefit not only creators but also those who accumulate and display art. Further research in diverse cultural contexts is needed for a comprehensive understanding of this interplay. (shrink)

W bogatej literaturze poświęconej C.S. Lewisowi wskazuje się na trzy spotykane w jego publikacjach argumenty przeciwko naturalizmowi filozoficznemu. Są to argument z rozumu, argument z moralności oraz argument z Pragnienia (lub pragnienia transcendencji). Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że Lewis przedstawił także inne antynaturalistyczne rozumowanie odwołujące się do numinotycznej bojaźni, o której pisał Rudolf Otto. W tekście omawiam charakterystykę Pragnienia dokonaną przez Lewisa oraz spotykane w literaturze ujęcia Pragnienia, w których zestawia się je z doświadczeniem numinotycznym. Wykazuję, że Lewis charakteryzował Pragnienie, (...) pisząc o uczuciach rozkoszy, tęsknoty, smutku i niezaspokojenia, wskazywał na subiektywność tego doświadczenia, twierdził, że wywoływane jest ono przez rzeczy z tego świata oraz że ma ono charakter powszechny. Cechy te odróżniają je od doświadczenia numinotycznego. Odmiennie niż w doświadczeniu numinotycznym jest to też odczucie braku czegoś, a nie obecności Boga czy bóstwa. Na tej podstawie argumentuję, że wbrew popularnym ujęciom, Pragnienie, o którym pisał Lewis, różni się istotnie od doświadczenia numinotycznego, a przede wszystkim od doświadczenia numinotycznej bojaźni. Ponieważ Lewis odwoływał się do doświadczenia numinotycznego w swojej argumentacji przeciwko naturalizmowi, stąd można mówić o istnieniu czwartego antynaturalistycznego argumentu Lewisa – argumentu z numinotycznej bojaźni. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the implications flowing from adopting methodological naturalism in science, with special emphasis on the relation between science and religion. Methodological naturalism, denying supernatural and teleological explanations, influences the content of scientific theories, and in practice leads to vision of science as compatible with ontological naturalism and in opposition to theism. Ontological naturalism in turn justifies the acceptance of methodological naturalism as the best method to know the reality. If we accept realistic interpretation (...) of scientific theories, then methodological naturalism conflicts science with religion. Theistic evolution does not seem to be a proper way to reconcile Darwinism and methodological naturalism with theism. Many of such propositions are boiled down to deism. Although evolution can be interpreted theistically, it is not the way in which majority of modern scientists and respectable scientific institutions understand it. (shrink)

W artykule podejmuję zagadnienie relacji między charakterem filozofii Alfreda Northa Whiteheada i Bertranda Russella a intensywnymi transformującymi przeżyciami tych myślicieli, spowodowanymi przez pewne jednostkowe zdarzenia. Według Russella, taki właśnie charakter miało w jego życiu doświadczenie wywołane mocnym napadem bólu Evelyn Whitehead, żony Alfreda, w lutym 1901 r. W zdarzeniu tym uczestniczył też dwuipółletni syn Whiteheada, Eryk. Russell twierdzi, że doznał wówczas czegoś w rodzaju mistycznej iluminacji, która w przeciągu około pięciu minut całkowicie zmieniła jego dotychczasowy sposób myślenia: m.in. wyposażyła jego (...) ateizm w imperatyw przeciwstawiania się wszystkiemu, co powoduje ludzkie cierpienia, zwłaszcza cierpienia dzieci, i skłoniła go do bezkompromisowego pacyfizmu. Dla powściągliwego w ujawnianiu swoich przeżyć Whiteheada, podobnym doświadczeniem była śmierć osiemnastoletniego Eryka pod koniec pierwszej wojny światowej. Według Russella przyczyniła się ona do rezygnacji przez Whiteheada z uprawiania matematyki na rzecz filozofii i do ponownej akceptacji porzuconego wcześniej teizmu. Argumentuję, że hipoteza Russella nie jest bezpodstawna i staram się ją uszczegółowić przez wskazanie, że Whitehead znalazł pocieszenie, którego poszukiwał, w koncepcji Boga zachowującego w pamięci całą przeszłość oraz w idei współkonstytuowania boskiego życia przez byty aktualne. Oczywiście, zarówno zmiany w filozofii Russella, jak i genezę filozofii Whiteheada można tłumaczyć inaczej niż przez odwołanie się do ich jednostkowych intensywnych doświadczeń, na przykład jako wynik argumentacji uwzględniającej aktualny stan wiedzy filozoficznej, naukowej, moralnej i religijnej. Intuicja podpowiada nam jednak, że bez uwzględnienia wpływu owych jednostkowych intensywnych doznań, ich idee filozoficzne miałaby zapewne inny charakter. (shrink)

This article aims to show that our acceptance or non-acceptance of certain facts is influenced by our adoption of a philosophical world-picture as a kind of background knowledge on the basis of which one decides what does or does not exist, and what is true or false. For this purpose, I discuss the positions of the existential Thomists, as well as those of Wittgenstein and Abel, while also occasionally invoking the work of Putnam and Fleck. To begin with, it is (...) demonstrated that philosophical facts are accepted on the basis of a world-picture that is itself a tangle of facts, values, and theories exhibiting varying degrees of generality. Whether we embrace them or not is thus not determined by any sort of direct experience. There are no neutral philosophical facts. Our world-picture suggests what sort of facts we are prepared to accept, and what methods we use to explain them. It is on precisely this that the heuristic role played by world-pictures in “creating” philosophical facts depends. (shrink)

We propose developing the theory of consequences of morasses relevant in mathematical applications in the language alternative to the usual one, replacing commonly used structures by families of sets originating with Velleman’s neat simplified morasses called 2-cardinals. The theory of related trees, gaps, colorings of pairs and forcing notions is reformulated and sketched from a unifying point of view with the focus on the applicability to constructions of mathematical structures like Boolean algebras, Banach spaces or compact spaces. The paper is (...) dedicated to the memory of Jim Baumgartner whose seminal joint paper :109–129, 1987) with Saharon Shelah provided a critical mass in the theory in question. A new result which we obtain as a side product is the consistency of the existence of a function \ with the appropriate \-version of property \ for regular \ satisfying \. (shrink)

The expression “moral experience”, along with the concomitant notion of experience itself, seems to have been understood in divergent ways. Taking as a background three views currently operative in our culture - emotivism, the ethics of duty, and the notion of an ethics “beyond good and evil” - a conception of ethical experience will be presented based on the findings of Edith Stein as elaborated in her work "Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities".

Aristotle in Analytica Posteriora presented a notion of proof as a special case of syllogism. In the present paper the remarks of Aristotle on the subject are used as an inspiration for developing formal systems of demonstrative syllogistic, which are supposed to formalize syllogisms that are proofs. We build our systems in the style of J. Łukasiewicz as theories based on classical propositional logic. The difference between our systems and systems of syllogistic known from the literature lays in the interpretation (...) of general positive sentences in which the same name occurs twice (of the form SaS). As a basic assumption of demonstrative syllogistic we accept a negation of such a sentence. We present three systems which differ in the interpretation of specific positive sentences in which the same name occurs twice (of the form SiS). The theories are defined as axiomatic systems. For all of them rejected axiomatizations are also supplied. For two of them a set theoretical model is also defined. (shrink)

This paper analyzes selected issues related to the philosophy of the Krakow physicist Andrzej Fuliński. Since the 1970s, Fuliński has been strongly associated with the interdisciplinary milieu gathered around Heller and Życiński. His activity can therefore be considered within the context of the broader phenomenon known as the Krakow School of Philosophy in Science, which was founded by Heller and Życiński. This paper proposes the thesis that Fuliński’s style of philosophy is connected with the concept of philosophy in science and (...) tries to justify the thesis that Fuliński, due to his cooperation with the interdisciplinary milieu in Krakow and the specificity of his philosophical works, deserves to be regarded as a representative of the Krakow School of Philosophy in Science. (shrink)

This paper depicts my conception of the philosophy of religion. I think that there nothing like religion in general. The world of what is customarily called religion is a very different and analogous reality. I make Catholic Christianity the starting point of this philosophy of religion. I treat it as the main analogy to the world of religion. The objective aim of the philosophy of religion is threefold: 1) description of religion, 2) justification of religion, 3) epistemology of religious beliefs. (...) In the philosophy of religion understood in this manner I use methods proper to general metaphysics, philosophical anthropology, and theory of knowledge. (shrink)

This volume of the _Ignatianum Philosophical Yearbook _is dedicated to the issue of transhumanism. The texts in this issue focus predominantly on various bioethical issues discussed by transhumanists. Bioethical reflection around transhumanism is present primarily in the Englishlanguage literature, with the bulk of the debates taking place with the participation of prominent schoolars from the Anglo-American area. Increasingly, the issue is also visible in the German-speaking area. In Poland, on the other hand, it is only just entering the sphere of (...) interest of bioethicists from various scientific and research backgrounds. Recent years have abounded in publications addressing various issues related to transhumanism. (shrink)

Niniejszy tom _Roczników Filozoficznych Ignatianum _jest poświęcony problematyce transhumanizmu. W sposób szczególny zawarte w tym numerze teksty koncentrują się na szeroko rozumianych kwestiach bioetycznych, które są przedmiotem dyskusji transhumanistów. Refleksja bioetyczna wokół transhumanizmu jest obecna przede wszystkim w anglojęzycznej literaturze przedmiotu, a gros debat dokonuje się przy udziale prominentnych badaczy z obszaru angloamerykańskiego. Coraz mocniej problematyka ta jest widoczna także w obszarze języka niemieckiego. Natomiast w Polsce dopiero wchodzi ona w sferę zainteresowań bioetyków wywodzących się z rożnych środowisk naukowych i (...) badawczych. Ostatnie lata obfitowały w publikacje, w których podejmowano rozmaite zagadnienia związane z transhumanizmem. (shrink)

This article introduces a model of levels of analysis applied to statements found in philosophical, scientific, and religious discourses in order to facilitate a more accurate description of the relation between science and religion. The empirical levels prove to be the most crucial for the relation between science and religion, because they include statements that are important parts of both scientific and religious discourse, whereas statements from metaphysical levels are only important in terms of religion and are neutral in relation (...) to particular scientific theories. In particular, the rejection of certain ontological assumptions behind special divine action logically entails the rejection of the literal meaning of empirical statements describing special open expression of supernatural factors in nature. Such a rejection also entails an essential revision of many religious systems of beliefs, including traditional Christian theism. (shrink)

The paper is a continuation of A deductive-reductive form oflogic: general theory and intuitionistic case and considers the problem of definability of modal operators on the intuitionistic base. Contrary tothe classical case, it seems that the fact whether the connective is Heyting’sor Brouwerian is essential for the intuitionistic logic. The connective of possibility has the classical interpretation, i.e. w |= ✸α iff ∃t, if it is defined on the base of the logicwith Brouwerian connective of coimplication.

This article compares Luther’s understanding of the unity of Christ’s person with that of his theological successors, focusing on Martin Chemnitz and Johann Gerhard. It argues that Luther’s more apophatic approach to the communicatio idiomatum and his heirs’ elaborate doctrine of the three genera of the communication do not stand in a straightforward relationship of continuity. To be sure, both are historically found in the context of Eucharistic polemics. Yet Luther’s perspective on the communicatio is driven by a desire to (...) give expression to Christ-for-me specifically as the subject and agent of his promise; it has its driving force in the ontology of the promise as the essence of the gospel. By contrast, Luther’s successors are preoccupied with the ability of Christ’s assumed human nature to receive divine properties in the hope of shoring up the presence of Christ’s body in the Lord’s Supper. In the end, it is Luther who succeeds in presenting a more successful account of a co-extensive and internally congruent understanding of Christ’s divine and human agency, whereas his successors’ account of the unity of Christ remains undermined by intractable and ever-threatening divergence. (shrink)

The phenomenon of imaginative resistance occurs when the reader of fiction is invited to imagine as morally right a situation that the reader finds morally repugnant (e.g., that murder is morally good). The problem of imaginative resistance boils down to the question of how it is possible that we can imagine situations that are inconsistent with our knowledge of the facts (magic, teleportation, spaceships moving faster than light), while we have difficulty imagining situations that are inconsistent with our moral knowledge. (...) The purpose of this article is to present two popular concepts that explain the phenomenon of imaginative resistance, the so-called cantian response and the wontian response, and to propose an original solution. The first hypothesis states that imaginative resistance is a response to conceptual impossibility. In this conception, resistance to imagining a particular object or situation comes from the fact that such objects or situations are contradictory and therefore impossible to imagine. The second hypothesis states that imaginative resistance occurs when the recipient does not want to imagine a certain state of affairs. In the last part of the article, I try to show that the source of imaginative resistance can be the inability to imagine oneself as someone with different moral beliefs. (shrink)

In this paper, I propose a specific version of theism which I would call apophatic theism. In the first part of the paper, I argue that this in the only tenableversion of theism. Due to the fact that it may seem indistinguishable from a very strong form of agnosticism (or atheism understood in the etymological sense of the word: as a-theism where ‘a’ means ‘without’), in the second part of my paper, I try to distinguish apophatic theism from agnosticism (or (...) a-theism), and from so called “Wittgensteinian” view of religion, which also may seem similar to the position I propose. (shrink)

We współczesnych dyskusjach dotyczących szczegółowych zagadnień z zakresu etyki medycznej sporo uwagi poświęca się kwestii odstąpienia od interwencji medycznej lub zasadności stosowania pewnych rodzajów terapii nie rokujących poprawy stanu zdrowia chorej osoby. W publikacjach autorów chrześcijańskich tematyka ta nie zajmowała nigdy centralnego miejsca, aczkolwiek różnego typu kwestie dotyczące kontynuacji bądź przerwania leczenia znaleźć można już na kartach wczesnochrześcijańskich filozoficznych i teologicznych traktatów i rozpraw. Dopiero współcześnie w związku z szybkim rozwojem nauk medycznych poświęca się temu zagadnieniu więcej uwagi. Niniejszy artykuł (...) przedstawia poglądy wybranych wczesnochrześcijańskich i scholastycznych myślicieli na kwestię odstąpienia od interwencji medycznych. Zachowane do naszych czasów teksty i opinie różnych autorów pozwoli nam, w pewnym stopniu, zrozumieć historyczny kontekst oraz kulturowe uwarunkowania proponowanych wówczas rozstrzygnięć etycznych. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawione zostaną różne sformułowania argumentu z pragnień, wysuniętego przeciwko naturalizmowi, autorstwa Clive’a S. Lewisa. Analizie zostaną poddane zarzuty o brak logicznej poprawności jego wywodu oraz dotyczące zwodniczego charakteru czynników irracjonalnych, do jakich zaliczają się uczucia i pragnienia. Wykazane zostanie, że sformułowania, w których mamy do czynienia z brakiem konkluzywności antynaturalistycznego wniosku Lewisa, można jednak traktować jako poznawczo wartościowe, gdyż są one oparte na indukcyjnym schemacie wnioskowania. Istnieją natomiast sformułowania, które jedynie wielkim kosztem, jakim jest uznanie Wszechświata za absurdalny, (...) można uznać za niekonkluzywne. Podejrzenie, iż odwołanie do czynników irracjonalnych osłabia argumentację Lewisa, okazuje się błędne. -------------- Zgłoszono: 22/07/2020. Zrecenzowano: 30/08/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 19/09/2020. (shrink)

In my paper I'm going to present and evaluate position that science and religion (Christianity) do not contradict each other and that they rather answer different kinds of questions and solve different problems. Even if they both claim anything about the origin of Universe or human their claims are made from various, independent perspectives. Advocates of complementarity of science and religion state that science is a search for empirical data while religion refers to the domain of values and meaning. In (...) effect they are complementary to each other and their connection gives richer and consistent picture of reality. I agree that there are many problems and questions that are not common to scientific and religious domains, but I'm also going to show that meaning of many religious claims - also the crucial ones - is dependent upon existence of some facts in empirical world included to realm of science. I will also argue that the thesis of complementarity of science and religion is based on discredited neopositivistic picture of science as free from any philosophical commitments. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawiam tezę, uznawaną przez większość uczonych, że spełnianie postulatu naturalizmu metodologicznego jest warunkiem koniecznym naukowości oraz wskazuję na jej znaczenie dla relacji nauki i religii. Mówiąc o religii w tym artykule, mam na myśli przede wszystkim teizm chrześcijański. Staram się wykazać, że współczesna nauka nie pozostawia żadnych luk ani w naszej wiedzy (nie mam bynajmniej na myśli tego, że wszystkie problemy zostały już przez naukę rozwiązane), ani w porządku przyrodniczego świata, których wyjaśnienie wymagałoby odwołania do jakiejś nadnaturalnej, transcendentnej (...) sfery postulowanej przez religie teistyczne. W chrześcijaństwie uznaje się zajście takich zdarzeń w historii Wszechświata, dla wyjaśnienia których, konieczne jest odwołanie do takich działań czynników nadnaturalnych, które łamią naturalny porządek przyrodniczy. Jeśli faktycznie tak jest, to można twierdzić, iż współczesna nauka jest niezgodna z doktryną chrześcijańską. Będę argumentował również, że jeśli przyjmuje się realistyczną interpretację teorii naukowych powstałych na bazie naturalizmu metodologicznego oraz uwzględnia się znaczenie nauki we współczesnej kulturze Zachodu, to naukowy model rzeczywistości (jeżeli możemy mówić o istnieniu takiego modelu) należy uznać za skłaniający do ateizmu. (shrink)