Bakhsh-i avval. Akhlāq-i Islāmī -- Bakhsh-i duvvum. Ādāb-i ijtimāʻī.

al-Juzʼ al-awwal. al-Akhlāq al-fāḍilah -- al-juzʼ al-thānī. al-Akhlāq al-sāfilah.

Nietzsche tells us at the end of Beyond Good and Evil that ‘I would go so far as to venture an order of rank among philosophers according to the rank of their laughter’. Nietzsche violently dislikes those philosophers who, as he puts it, have ‘sought to bring laughter into disrepute’. He particularly singles out Thomas Hobbes for this offence, adding that Hobbes's puritanical attitude is just what you would expect from an Englishman. Nietzsche's accusation is based, as it happens, on (...) a misquotation of what Hobbes says about laughter in philosophy. But Nietzsche was undoubtedly right to point out that Hobbes — in common with most thinkers of his age — took it for granted that laughter is a subject in which philosophers need to be seriously interested. My aim in what follows will be to investigate the grounds and origins of this belief, and then to seek to explain it. (shrink)

Historical study of philosophical movements from ancient times to 19th century.

We study type 1 premice equipped with supercomplete extenders. In this paper, we show that such premice are normally iterable and all normal iteration trees of type 1 premice has a unique cofinal branch. We give a construction of an KC type model using supercomplete type 1 extenders.

From 1911 to 1913, in big streets and small lanes, in famous parks and thriving stores, and in tea houses and grand restaurants located in such cities as Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing and Wuchang, numerous business opportunities were born out of the Revolution of 1911. By using the political giants and military leaders around Shanghai, business firms skillfully dealt with the difficulties of the continually changing political situation and managed to keep their businesses afloat, succeeding in their response to the consumption (...) demands of the public. It can be argued that the Revolution of 1911 played a distinct role in the development of businesses in Shanghai during that time. (shrink)

In this paper we prove that any c. e. degree is splittable with an c. e. infimum over any lesser c. e. degree in the class of d-c. e. degrees.

Smooth function is the essence of the ε-smooth support vector regression (ε-SSVR) which is an unconstrained convex quadratic programming. In this paper, Bézier function as a new smooth function is proposed to replace the ε-insensitive loss function of ε-SSVR with tolerating a smaller error in fitting given data sets linearly and nonlinearly. The ε-Bézier function smooth support vector regression (ε-BSSVR) model is presented. Theoretical analyses show that the derived smooth function has improved approximation precision compared with other smooth approximate functions. (...) The Newton-Armijo algorithm is applied to solve the new model. Numerical results and comparisons demonstrate that the proposed method has the better regression performance and learning efficiency compared with other given models. (shrink)

ε-support vector regression (ε-SVR) as a constrained minimization problem can be converted into an unconstrained convex quadratic programming. Smooth function is the essence of the ε-smooth support vector regression (ε-SSVR). In this paper, a new rotated hyperbola function is proposed to replace the ε-insensitive loss function. The ε-rotated hyperbola smooth support vector regression (ε-RHSSVR) model is presented. Theoretical analyses show that the derived smooth function has improved approximation precision compared with other smooth approximate functions. The Newton-Armijo algorithm is applied to (...) train the new model. Numerical results and comparisons are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and speed of the method. -/- . (shrink)