Yuan Dynasty was an era with austere political reality and thinking reality. As a result of despisement to ruling of different races, a large majority of scholars in Yuan Dynasty chose seclusion without other choice, but the “internal beauty” they pursued was amazingly unanimous, which was, without doubt, owing to the spirit of the mountains and forests. When they tried to find enjoyment in painting, they put their willpower in it, which was a spontaneous awareness of cultural spirit and was, (...) moreover, a peak experience of Chinese traditional culture. Achievement of Yuan Dynasty painting was impressive, and extended the aesthetic space of human beings. Thus, it enriched and development and manifestation connotation of landscape painting to a great extent, and would be engraved forever in the spiritual and cultural history of human beings. (shrink)

독일 철학자의 사회사상과 역사철학, 인식론을 두루 살피며 그의 미학이론을 중심으로 문학, 예술론의 중 요 국면을 면밀히 검토한 현직 교수의 논저. 연구가 일천했던 아도르노의 사상을 칸트, 헤겔, 마르크스 등기존의 사상들과 대비하여 논하였다.

The perception theory of emotions mainly argues for the similarity between emotions and perception from different perspectives, including the argument for non-inferential structure, which proposes that emotions and perception share non-inferential structure and non-conceptual content; the argument from the epistemic role, which advocates for the similarity between emotions and perception from an epistemic perspective; and the argument from phenomenology, which argues for the similarity between emotions and perception from a phenomenal perspective. However, these arguments all have some problems. In the (...) argument for non-inferential structure, emotions not only follow the criterion of correctness but also the criterion of truth and are closer to beliefs, while perception only follows the criterion of correctness and is different from beliefs. The argument from the epistemic role overlooks the influence of individual differences on perception and emotions. The argument from phenomenology lacks reliable evidence for cognitively impenetrable emotions. (shrink)

原始共同体、古代日本、ヘレニズムとヘブライズム、近代社会―文化と社会の形態によって異なる時間の感覚と観念を比較検討し、近代的自我に特有の時間意識がどのように形成されたかを、自然と人間、共同体と都市、市 場と貨幣等々の関係のなかで解明する。近代世界の自己解放の運動の一環を担う比較社会学の深い洞察に満ちた労作。.

STS scholarship has produced important insights about relationships between the roles of peer review and the social construction of knowledge. Yet, barriers related to access have been a continual challenge for such work. This article overcomes some past access challenges and explores peer review normativities operating in the new discipline of Engineering Education. In doing so, it contributes new insights about disciplinary development, interdisciplinarity, and peer review as a site of knowledge construction. In particular, it draws attention to an aspect (...) of peer review not previously discussed – how peer review normativities are shaped by disciplinary origins. A content analysis of peer review documentation revealed that a hyperfocus on methods, which can be traced back to disciplinary origins, continues to be a guiding normativity. However, interviews with editors revealed that they do not acknowledge that normativity. Implications of those findings and their misalignment are discussed, as are contrasts with the history of other disciplines. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the knowledge phenomenon as a metaphysical basis for the being order. It is the semantic content of this word that retains the meaning of “the light of truth”, “reason”, “word”. This allows a human to see the world around him, that is, makes the world “manifested, clear, understandable”. We are talking about knowledge that reflects a purely spiritual nature, which means that this knowledge is directed to the very essence of the human (...) soul. This is, in its essence, valuable knowledge that “heals”, that is, unites, makes all aspects of human nature one whole. Therefore, this knowledge requires a special perception from a person, makes us feel, go deeper into what we know. As an “ether”, that is, an information environment that is able to fill, inspire a person, transform, connect, reproduce his connections with reality, spiritual knowledge leads to the correspondence of the individual to the ontological laws of joint existence. In other words, these are the principles that underlie the integrity of human existence – its development, the formation of the space of co-existence. That is, we are talking about the metaphysical foundations of the order of the universe. In this perspective, we are talking about the fact that the basis of human existence, its correspondence and correlation, is the need for spiritual knowledge. It is the latter that are that transcendental light, which is endowed with transformative potency. Knowing what corresponds to the nature of a person’s sensibility, the needs of his soul. So, the need to discover this knowledge for oneself is cognition, and is the potential force that moves a person in her life choices, builds the meaning and perspective of her life. If we understand human and the world around him as a coexistence, then we are talking about the relationship between the inner state of the individual and the world around him, which is a living, dynamic environment. Light is an ontological order et life condition. In its metaphysical status, light is the basis of being itself, and, therefore, that which fills us with life force, which is incompatible with any manifestation of darkness, ignorance, evil. That is why the ability to see the surrounding reality without distortion, that is, objectively, holistically, is revealed only to the person who is the bearer of this light. (shrink)

The present study explored heterogeneity in the association between engaged living and problematic Internet use. This study included 641 adolescents from four junior-senior high schools of Guangzhou, China. Besides the standard linear regression analysis, mixture regression analysis was conducted to detect certain subgroups of adolescents, based on their divergent association between engaged living and PIU. Sex, age, and psychological need were further compared among the latent subgroups. The results showed that a mixture regression model could account for more variance of (...) PIU than a traditional linear regression model, and identified three subgroups based on their class-specific regression of PIU to engaged living. For the High-PIU class, lower social integration and higher absorption were associated with increased PIU; for the Medium-PIU class, only high social integration was linked with the increase of PIU. For the Low-PIU class, no relation between engaged living and PIU were found. Additionally, being male or having a lower level of satisfied psychological needs increased the link between engaged living and PIU. The results indicated a heterogeneous relationship between engaged living and PIU among adolescents, and prevention or intervention programs should be tailored specifically to subgroups with moderate or high levels of PIU and to those with lower levels of psychological needs’ satisfaction, as identified by the mixture regression model. (shrink)

The paper explores the influence of greenwash on green trust and discusses the mediation roles of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. The research object of this study focuses on Taiwanese consumers who have the purchase experience of information and electronics products in Taiwan. This research employs an empirical study by means of the structural equation modeling. The results show that greenwash is negatively related to green trust. Therefore, this study suggests that companies must reduce their greenwash behaviors to (...) enhance their consumers’ green trust. In addition, this study finds out that green consumer confusion and green perceived risk mediate the negative relationship between greenwash and green trust. The results also demonstrate that greenwash is positively associated with green consumer confusion and green perceived risk which would negatively affect green trust. It means that greenwash does not only negatively affect green trust directly but also negatively influence it via green consumer confusion and green perceived risk indirectly. Hence, if companies would like to reduce the negative relationship between greenwash and green trust, they need to decrease their consumers’ green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. (shrink)

This paper addresses the robust output feedback model predictive control schemes for networked control systems with input quantization. The logarithmic quantizer is considered in this paper, and the sector bound approach is applied, which appropriately treats the quantization error as a sector-bounded uncertainty. The presented method involves an offline designed state observer using linear matrix inequality and online robust output feedback MPC algorithms which optimize one free control move followed by the output feedback using the estimated state. Moreover, due to (...) the uncertainty of estimation error, a technique of refreshing the bound of estimation error which involves the quantization error is provided so as to guarantee the recursive feasibility of the optimization problem. The proposed MPC schemes inherit the characteristics of the synthesis approach of MPC, guaranteeing the recursive feasibility of the optimization problem and the stability of a closed-loop system, and explicitly account for quantization error. Two simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. (shrink)

There is increasing interest in clarifying how different face emotion expressions are perceived by people from different cultures, of different ages and sex. However, scant availability of well-controlled emotional face stimuli from non-Western populations limit the evaluation of cultural differences in face emotion perception and how this might be modulated by age and sex differences. We present a database of East Asian face expression stimuli, enacted by young and older, male and female, Taiwanese using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). (...) Combined with a prior database, this present database consists of 90 identities with happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, surprised and neutral expressions amounting to 628 photographs. 20 young and 24 older East Asian raters scored the photographs for intensities of multiple-dimensions of emotions and induced affect. Multivariate analyses characterized the dimensionality of perceived emotions and quantified effects of age and sex. We also applied commercial software to extract computer-based metrics of emotions in photographs. Taiwanese raters perceived happy faces as one category, sad, angry, and disgusted expressions as one category, and fearful and surprised expressions as one category. Younger females were more sensitive to face emotions than younger males. Whereas older males showed reduced face emotion sensitivity, older female sensitivity was similar or accentuated relative to young females. Commercial software dissociated six emotions according to the FACS demonstrating that defining visual features were present. Our findings show that East Asians perceive a different dimensionality of emotions than Western-based definitions in face recognition software, regardless of age and sex. Critically, stimuli with detailed cultural norms are indispensable in interpreting neural and behavioral responses involving human facial expression processing. To this end, we add to the tools, which are available upon request, for conducting such research. (shrink)

The article focuses on the role of social technology in the Russian electoral process. On this basis, the author provides answers to more general issues concerning such questions as whether it is possible in the Russian context to combine social stability and informative political communication; whether a conflict-free processing of objective information can be achieved; whether political communication can extricate itself from self-referential isolation around the issue of social unity and address the real challenges facing society; and whether the authorities (...) will be able to transition from motivative-integrative social technologies to object-information technologies. (shrink)

Through its struggle for three centuries, a demonstration of the strength of their beliefs, the patience and suffering of Christians in the beginning of IV. have achieved to a large extent what they demanded, what they wrote and what the apologists of Christianity sought. The latter gained the right to freedom of his being in a polytheistic state.

Due to the excellent approximation ability, the neural networks based control method is used to achieve adaptive consensus of the fractional-order uncertain nonlinear multiagent systems with external disturbance. The unknown nonlinear term and the external disturbance term in the systems are compensated by using the radial basis function neural networks method, a corresponding fractional-order adaption law is designed to approach the ideal neural network weight matrix of the unknown nonlinear terms, and a control law is designed eventually. According to the (...) designed Lyapunov candidate function and the fractional theory, the systems stability is proved, and the adaptive consensus can be guaranteed by using the designed control law. Finally, two simulations are shown to illustrate the validity of the obtained results. (shrink)

Let X, Y be Polish spaces,,. We say A is universal for Γ provided that each x‐section of A is in Γ and each element of Γ occurs as an x‐section of A. An equivalence relation generated by a set is denoted by, where. The following results are shown: If A is a set universal for all nonempty closed subsets of Y, then is a equivalence relation and. If A is a set universal for all countable subsets of Y, then (...) is a equivalence relation, and and ; if, then ; if every set is Lebesgue measurable or has the Baire property, then. for, if every set has the Baire property, and E is any equivalence relation, then. (shrink)

Georges Gurvitch, from the 1920s to the end of his life, was solving the problem of combining unity and plurality in the justification of society. He believed that individualism and collectivism represented social processes in a limited way because they were based on the preconception that the binding power of law derives respectively from a private or corporate actor's will. Gurvitch contrasted individual law with the social one, which was intended to overcome the opposition between individualism and collectivism. Social law (...) bases on legal sociology's assumption that social interactions as such are already legal relations. This conclusion allows Gurvitch to consider any social interaction as a source of law and to assert legal pluralism as a way of constructing society. The integrity of the latter is a condition for the mutual correlation of the multiplicity of legal regulations generated by internal social interactions into the unified structure of social law. In a holistic approach to comprehending social interactions, Gurvitch, in his Russian-language works in the migr period, uses the philosophical-legal interpretation of sobornost to describe society's integrity. In French- and English-language works from the 1930s, Gurvitch uses the term "totality," which he learned from Marcel Mauss, to describe social integrity. This article compares sobornost and totality as variants of denoting social integrity in Gurvitch's social law doctrine. The researcher determines that Gurvitch, using the concepts of sobornost and totality, interpreted society's development differently, 1) as anti-hierarchical sobornost equality, and 2) as a hierarchical inordination of totalities. Having analyzed the peculiarities of the interpretation of sobornost and totality in Gurvitch's works, the author concludes that these concepts should be considered multilingual equivalents in denoting communal unity as sources of law, which reflect changes in the interpretation of society in Gurvitch's social law doctrine. (shrink)

Technology licensing as a vital part of business behavior in many industries has drawn a fair amount of attention in industrial organization literature. Most existing literature on licensing decisions assumes that all firms engage in Cournot or Bertrand competition, while the type of mixed competition may affect the choice of the licensor. In this context, what decision will the licensor make faced with different mixed competitions? This paper studies the optimal technology licensing contract of a licensor firm engaging in different (...) mixed competitions with a potential licensee in a differentiated duopoly market considering one upstream firm that provides key inputs. We find that if either the royalty or fixed-fee licensing is applied, the licensor favors royalty licensing under Bertrand-Cournot competition when the degree of substitution is small and prefers the fixed-fee licensing no matter under what kind of mixed competition as the degree of substitution increases. In the case of fixed-fee licensing, the result shows that the profits of licensors are the same under different types of mixed competition. Besides, fixed-fee licensing is not always the optimal choice for consumers, and they would prefer royalty licensing when the degree of substitution is very small. (shrink)

In his work, the author critically interprets the idea of the connection of the achievements of William Whewell in the field of the philosophy of science with the prevailing sentiments and social-cultural attitudes in the so-called Victorian era. The author believes that, on the contrary, all of Whewell’s positive achievements should be associated with the development of world science, with the spirit of the times, and above all, with its neo-Kantian background, whereas his mistakes and delusions (rejection of evolutionism, support (...) for the idea of phlogiston) really resulted from specifically English conservatism and blind trust in the actual social institutions and ideas both in science and in politics. (shrink)

This article is dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the publication of Niklas Luhmann’s book The Science of Society. The system-communicative approach to the analysis of science is reconstructed with a focus on the relation of science to its highly complex external world. The problem of complexity is posed as a key one and is considered in the context of the communicative “reduction of the complexity” of the external world, which science actualizes through its unique binary opposition (truth/falsehood distinction). The (...) complexity of the world that science is facing disintegrates into two large areas. On the one hand, science processes its own external world, i.e., nature, society, the human psyche, as its object and thus fulfills a unique function, the pursuance of research. Scientific communication in this case can be integrated in the form of transdisciplinary studies. On the other hand, science has to respond to the complexity of the internal (i.e., social) external world of the communicative system of science, namely, to interfaced communicative systems of the embracing system of world society (politics, economy, religion, education, law, etc.). In the latter case, science does not fulfill a function but delivers achievements on request to the above-mentioned communicative systems in exchange for resources for interdisciplinary studies, which are occasional and cannot serve for integrating scientific communication on a systematic basis. We will propose some corrections to this theory and apply it to the situation in Russian science. (shrink)

本書は、「経験と存在」の関わりあるいは「経験と世界」の関わりという、哲学においてたえず問い直されかつ捉え返されつづけてきた問題について、カント哲学を手がかりにしながら考察したものである。.

The immediacy of feedback in media is emerging to enhance the interactivity of online experience for users. There is a gap in the study to explore the impacts of the immediacy of feedback on continuous intentions to use online learning from the student perspective. This study aims to fill the gap to investigate the impacts of the immediacy of feedback on students’ continuous intentions to use online learning. This study utilizes the technology acceptance model and expectation theory model to conceptualize (...) the effect of the immediacy of feedback on student continuous intentions to use online learning in terms of the mediation effect of Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, satisfaction, and attitude of students for continuous intentions to use online learning. An online survey of higher education students with experience in online learning is conducted to test the proposed hypothesis. The collected data are analyzed by using structural equation modeling to establish the proposed hypothesis. The findings reveal that the immediacy of feedback from the media has a strong association with PEOU, PU, students’ attitudes, students’ satisfaction, and ultimately toward the continuous intentions to use online line learning in future. The study set key theoretical and practical insights to pave the way for future research. (shrink)

In his post-critical philosophy, Polanyi challenges the intellectual trend in modern western philosophy which exalted critical reason and denigrated the uncritical elements of knowing, such as belief, tradion and authority. In this paper, the author focuses on Polanyi’s thoughts on tradition, authority and originality in a post-critical perspective. On the one hand, Polanyi, against modern critical philosophy, fulluy acknowledges the important role played by tradition and authority in science, on the other hand, he also tries to show the tension and (...) the deep unity between tradition, authority and originality. (shrink)