En su último libro, Han afirma: «[y]a no habitamos la tierra y el cielo, sino Google Earth y la nube» (p. 12). En No-cosas, Han critica el paso del mundo de las cosas hacia el mundo de las no-cosas. Las cosasson vendrían a ser los objetos físicos que solían constreñir nuestra vida cotidiana: los árboles, los libros, las casas y sus respectivos habitantes. Frente a ellas, Han nos muestra las no-cosas —o información digital—. Las no-cosas son realidades intangibles y, por (...) ende, inmunes al paso del tiempo. Los e-books o libros electrónicos, por ejemplo, son las no-cosas que en la actualidad intentan reemplazar a los libros. La naturaleza se aleja de nosotros siendo únicamente accesible mediante la pantalla de nuestros smartphones. Las personas también escapan de nuestro alcance, disponiendo únicamente de ellas en redes sociales como Facebook o Tinder (p. 94). En suma, No-cosas es una crítica social a la digitalización del mundo y una elegía al ‘misticismo’ del mundo de las cosas. (shrink)

The global pesticide complex has transformed over the past two decades, but social science research has not kept pace. The rise of an enormous generics sector, shifts in geographies of pesticide production, and dynamics of agrarian change have led to more pesticide use, expanding to farm systems that hitherto used few such inputs. Declining effectiveness due to pesticide resistance and anemic institutional support for non-chemical alternatives also have driven intensification in conventional systems. As an inter-disciplinary network of pesticide scholars, we (...) seek to renew the social science research agenda on pesticides to better understand this suite of contemporary changes. To identify research priorities, challenges, and opportunities, we develop the pesticide complex as a heuristic device to highlight the reciprocal and iterative interactions among agricultural practice, the agrochemical industry, civil society-shaped regulatory actions, and contested knowledge of toxicity. Ultimately, collaborations among social scientists and across the social and biophysical sciences can illuminate recent transformations and their uneven socioecological effects. A reinvigorated critical scholarship that embraces the multifaceted nature of pesticides can identify the social and ecological constraints that drive pesticide use and support alternatives to chemically driven industrial agriculture. (shrink)

From the most prominent thinkers in Latin American philosophy, literature, politics, and social science comes a challenge to conventional theories of globalization. The contributors to this volume imagine a discourse in which revolution requires no temporalized march of progress or takeovers of state power but instead aims at local control and the material conditions for human dignity.

Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children from Castro del Río, aged between 11 and 12 years, participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter (...) speed–agility test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence. These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development. (shrink)

The Aymara of the Andes use absolute (cardinal) frames of reference for describing the relative position of ordinary objects. However, rather than encoding them in available absolute lexemes, they do it in lexemes that are intrinsic to the body: nayra (“front”) and qhipa (“back”), denoting east and west, respectively. Why? We use different but complementary ethnographic methods to investigate the nature of this encoding: (a) linguistic expressions and speech–gesture co-production, (b) linguistic patterns in the distinct regional Spanish-based variety Castellano Andino (...) (CA), (c) metaphorical extensions of CA’s spatial patterns to temporal ones, and (d) layouts of traditional houses. Findings indicate that, following fundamental principles of Aymara cosmology, people, objects, and land—as a whole—are conceived as having an implicit canonical orientation facing east, a primary landmark determined by the sunrise. The above bodily based lexicalizations are thus linguistic manifestations of a broader macro-cultural worldview and its psycho-cognitive reality. (shrink)

Este ensayo reflexiona sobre el tipo de política cultural que una sociedad necesita. Defiende la idea de que la producción cultural, desde la subjetividad, es esencial para la diversidad. Analiza la importancia central de una política pública sobre la cultura, en la cual destaca el derecho a la información. Tras el discurso teórico, se examina la política pública de información en Colombia, donde se ponen de manifiesto unas estrategias que van en contra de la pluralidad y de una producción cultural (...) realmente democrática.This essay thinks about the type of cultural politics that a society needs. It defends the idea of that the cultural production, from the subjectivity, is essential for the diversity. It analyzes the central importance of a public politics on the culture, in which the right stands out to the information. After the theoretical speech, the public politics of information is examined in Colombia, where they put of manifest on a few strategies that go in opposition to the plurality and a cultural really democratic production. (shrink)

This paper presents the hypothesis that linguistic capacity evolved through the action of natural selection as an instrument which increased the efficiency of the cultural transmission system of early hominids. We suggest that during the early stages of hominization, hominid social learning, based on indirect social learning mechanisms and true imitation, came to constitute cumulative cultural transmission based on true imitation and the approval or disapproval of the learned behaviour of offspring. A key factor for this transformation was the development (...) of a conceptual capacity for categorizing learned behaviour in value terms - positive or negative, good or bad. We believe that some hominids developed this capacity for categorizing behaviour, and such an ability allowed them to approve or disapprove of their offsprings- learned behaviour. With such an ability, hominids were favoured, as they could transmit to their offspring all their behavioural experience about what can and cannot be done. This capacity triggered a cultural transmission system similar to the human one, though pre-linguistic. We suggest that the adaptive advantage provided by this new system of social learning generated a selection pressure in favour of the development of a linguistic capacity allowing children to better understand the new kind of evaluative information received from parents. (shrink)

Norms play a crucial role in governing human societies. From an early age, humans possess an innate understanding of norms, recognizing certain behaviours, contexts, and roles as being governed by them. The evolution of normativity has been linked to its contribution to the promotion of cooperation in large groups and is intertwined with the development of joint intentionality. However, there is no evolutionary consensus on what normatively differentiated our hominin ancestors from the phylogenetic lineage leading to chimpanzees and bonobos. Here (...) we propose that the development of teaching through a process of evaluative feedback between parent and offspring functioned as a prerequisite for the later development of normativity. Parents approve or disapprove of offspring’s behaviours based on their own learned knowledge of what is appropriate or inappropriate. We argue our proposition using a simple model of cultural transmission, which shows the adaptive advantage offered by these elementary forms of teaching. We show that an important part of this adaptive advantage can arise from the benefits derived from guidance about which behaviours to adopt or reject. We propose that this type of guidance has fundamental elements that characterise the normative world. We complete our argument by reviewing several studies that examine the emergence of normativity in young children without prior exposure to a normative framework with respect to the behaviours under analysis. We suggest that this normativity is best interpreted as manifestations of teaching among young children rather than as norm recognition among early normative children. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda la experiencia cotidiana de la violencia criminal entre estudiantes de preparatoria en la ciudad de Acapulco de Juárez en el Estado de Guerrero, en el sur de México. De forma particular, la investigación analiza el rol de la violencia en la conformación de campos de experiencia y horizontes de expectativas precarios entre esta población, mostrando cómo a través de dicho proceso se conforman lo que llamamos horizontes fragmentados, al interior de los cuales la producción de sentidos (...) contradictorios en torno a la experiencia de la inseguridad contribuye a los procesos de neoproletarización en el capitalismo contemporáneo. (shrink)

El objeto del presente artículo es el estudio y comparación del transhumanismo de Julian Huxley y del trasumanar de Dante Alighieri. Aunque sean autores separados en el tiempo, están conectados por el hecho de que el trasumanar de Dante inspiró la formulación de la palabra con la que Huxley definió su filosofía, el transhumanismo. De este modo, se recorre a lo largo del artículo el pensamiento de Dante hasta llegar, después, al de Huxley con el objetivo de compararlos y comprobar (...) el alcance antropológico de ambas propuestas filosóficas. (shrink)

The author argues that a continuing effort to avoid self-deception is the pre-requisite to any ethical analysis; that this effort cannot be altogether successful; that it is Iikely to even be dysfunctional in a variety of organizational contexts, perhaps particularly in the context of corporate middle management, but that it ought not therefore be ignored. It is contended that business ethicists should be committed to making the difficulties associated with self-scrutiny explicit. Finally, it is argued that in order to do (...) that Ilegitimately for the corporation, university based business ethicists must be willing to face up to parallel difficulties in the university generally and in the school of business in particular. (shrink)

Trata-se de uma tradução de uma carta que Descartes remeteu a Colviu em novembro de 1640 na qual ele delimita as diferenças entre seu cogito e o penso, logo existo de Santo Agostinho.

The COVID-19 pandemic brings up unprecedented challenges. Healthcare practitioners find themselves in an extraordinary, wartime-like situation and are obliged to apply triage on a daily basis. In this context, routine procedures prove insufficient and the redefinition of ethical practice guidelines becomes a necessity – leading not only to a shift in procedures, but also reshaping the very value of human life. This, in turn, triggers an axiological crisis, which exacerbates the tension between paradigms of sanctity and quality of life and (...) the conflicting principles of egalitarianism and utilitarianism. Triage should not be limited to healthcare practice only: the concept can be extended to a macro-level where policymakers decide whether to prioritize human lives over livelihoods and economic health, impacting healthcare system capacity. The complexity of the challenges arising from the pandemic uncovers the urgent need to seek solutions from an integrated approach. In this paper, we offer a transdisciplinary view: we first define technical aspects of triage from the perspective of a healthcare professional. In the second part, we further analyze the problem of medical prioritization in the light of doctrinal findings related to the value of human life, and we show how and to what extent this philosophical debate is reflected in the emerging ethical guidelines in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany and Austria. Finally, we broaden the concept of triage, adding the “macro-economic” ingredient in our analysis and we present the results for selected European countries with special emphasis on the case of Poland. (shrink)

In his Vermischte Bemerkungen 43, Wittgenstein notices that he was also influenced by Oswald Spengler. The paper deals with the question of in which way Spengler influenced Wittgenstein’s late works and if it really was influence or only a coincidence of ideas. It is put forward that Spengler’s rather unknown philosophy of language influenced Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language, especially the concepts of family resemblance, antiessentialism, and language-game (Sprachspiel). A picture of the famous Neapolitan gesture of “negation” which motivated Wittgenstein to (...) give up the picture theory of language is also shown with an example taken from Andrea de Jorio, La mimica degli antichi investigala nel gestire napoletano, Napoli 1832. (shrink)

There is evidence of persistent inequalities in household financial protection of health and drugs spending in Latin America. Despite the expansion of coverage, strong inequalities persist in access to health and family spending on drugs in the region. Out-of-pocket spending in medicines is regressive in greater need for affordable medicines.

Durante los últimos cinco años, un tema principal de discusión en el área epistemológica ha sido el rol de las intuiciones como una guía confiable para el conocimiento, o como una forma de justificación de alguna creencia. Se asume que si no existe tal función de las intuiciones (intuiciones racionales específicamente), entonces son gratuitas, irrelevantes y una guía poco confiable para el conocimiento o la creencia. El papel de las intuiciones en el área práctica no simplifica el problema: si un (...) sujeto (S) toma una decisión fundado (incluso parcialmente) en algunas intuiciones, entonces es difícil negar la relevancia de ellas en esta arista práctica. Por lo tanto, surge el dilema: ¿cómo puede una intuición guiar la acción de un sujeto S, si S ni siquiera está justificado en tener esa intuición? Para responder a esta cuestión, propongo una defensa híbrida (a priori - a posteriori / teórica - práctica) de la intuición racional (IR), a través de dos roles (diferentes de los roles probatorios o justificatorios): un rol propedéutico (también llamado rol ejemplificador contrafactual) y un rol de guía de la acción en la toma de decisiones. Al mismo tiempo, se afirma que una IR tiene un rol de transmisor (diferente del rol justificatorio) que es relevante con respecto al vínculo inferencial entre premisa-conclusión. Se discute una conexión similar sobre el nexo concebible-posible. De esta manera, se propone un racionalismo moderado, que sostiene la falibilidad de IR, la relevancia de la evidencia a posteriori y la confiabilidad a priori. (shrink)

This piece is an answer to comments by Matei Candea, Debbora Battaglia, and Roy Wagner on the author's article, “Zeno and the Art of Anthropology.” Here Viveiros de Castro focuses on the relation between exo- and endo-anthropology, on the conditions for the conceptual imagination of the other, on the distinction between minor and royal (or state) science, and on the precise meaning of the characterization of anthropology as a theory of the “ontological autodetermination of the world's peoples.”.

This paper defends the Quine-Putnam mathematical indispensability argument against two objections raised by Penelope Maddy. The objections concern scientific practices regarding the development of the atomic theory and the role of applied mathematics in the continuum and infinity. I present two alternative accounts by Stephen Brush and Alan Chalmers on the atomic theory. I argue that these two theories are consistent with Quine’s theory of scientific confirmation. I advance some novel versions of the indispensability argument. I argue that these new (...) versions accommodate Maddy’s history of the atomic theory. Counter-examples are provided regarding the role of the mathematical continuum and mathematical infinity in science. (shrink)

Was ist eine gute Weltanschauung? Die Aufsätze behandeln einige der großen Themen der westlichen Philosophie unter neuen Gesichtspunkten, wie z. B. das Apeiron des Anaximander, das Leib-Seele-Problem bei Descartes und Wittgensteins Begriff der Sprache und Lebensform. Sie beleuchten aber auch Seitenwege wie z. B. einen Ausflug Schopenhauers, ein „Plagiat" Nietzsches und einige der Aphorismen Ludwig Hohls.

The task of mapping the reception of mimetic theory in Latin America presents two challenges. On the one hand, rather than looking at just one country, this study has to take into account a mosaic of nations making up a continent, each with their own local diversities and particular complexities. Such circumstances impose specific rhythms onto the assimilation of Girardian thought, and being aware of these rhythms is vital to understanding the precise impact of mimetic theory. On the other hand, (...) such a study also has to cover two languages, Spanish and Portuguese, which means identifying the translations of his work and the impact of Girard’s ideas in both of the languages.And that is not all: such a mapping .. (shrink)

The central idea defended here is that ethical judgements are the product of the adaptive advantage provided by the conceptual capacity to categorise learned behaviour. In the same way that evolution of learning required the presence of value-laden brain structures that guide behaviour in the organism, we propose that the evolution of social learning and the development of human culture required the emergence of a new value system — the 'conceptual capacity to categorise'. This capacity is defined as the ability (...) to categorise one's own behaviour through a conceptual value code — 'favourable/unfavourable' or 'good/bad'. The conceptual capacity to categorise learned behaviour as good or bad was evolutionary successful because it transformed a system of rudimentary cultural transmission based on imitation into a system of efficient and biased cultural heredity based on teaching. Conceptual categorisation allowed the acquisition, through social learning, of adaptive information about behaviour, originating in/from the value-laden brain systems which control learning, without resorting to individual experience. We also suggest that the conceptual capacity to categorise conditioned the evolution of the human intelligence and that the ethical capacity arose as a by-product of both high intelligence and the ability to make evaluations of learned behaviour. (shrink)

One of the main goals of Bayesian epistemology is to justify the rational norms credence functions ought to obey. Accuracy arguments attempt to justify these norms from the assumption that the source of value for credences relevant to their epistemic status is their accuracy. This assumption and some standard decision-theoretic principles are used to argue for norms like Probabilism, the thesis that an agent’s credence function is rational only if it obeys the probability axioms. We introduce an example that shows (...) that the accuracy arguments for Probabilism given by Joyce and Pettigrew fail, and that Probabilism in fact turns out to be false given Pettigrew’s way of conceiving of the goal of having accurate credences. Finally, we use our discussion of Pettigrew’s framework to draw an important general lesson about normative theorizing that relies on the positing of ideal agents. (shrink)

Superluminal particles are studied within the framework of the Extended Relativity theory in Clifford spaces (C-spaces). In the simplest scenario, it is found that it is the contribution of the Clifford scalar component π of the poly-vector-valued momentum which is responsible for the superluminal behavior in ordinary spacetime due to the fact that the effective mass $\mathcal{M} = \sqrt{ M^{2} - \pi^{2} }$ is imaginary (tachyonic). However, from the point of view of C-space, there is no superluminal (tachyonic) behavior because (...) the true physical mass still obeys M 2>0. Therefore, there are no violations of the Clifford-extended Lorentz invariance and the extended Relativity principle in C-spaces. It is also explained why the charged muons (leptons) are subluminal while its chargeless neutrinos may admit superluminal propagation. A Born’s Reciprocal Relativity theory in Phase Spaces leads to modified dispersion relations involving both coordinates and momenta, and whose truncations furnish Lorentz-violating dispersion relations which appear in Finsler Geometry, rainbow-metrics models and Double (deformed) Special Relativity. These models also admit superluminal particles. A numerical analysis based on the recent OPERA experimental findings on alleged superluminal muon neutrinos is made. For the average muon neutrino energy of 17 GeV, we find a value for the magnitude $|\mathcal{M } | = 119.7\mbox{~MeV}$ that, coincidentally, is close to the mass of the muon m μ =105.7 MeV. (shrink)

Ahora que tan familiarizados andamos con el término crisis, suele olvidarse que hace ya bastantes años, y desde presupuestos ecológicos, veníamos hablando de otra crisis, la ambiental, si bien la experiencia ha demostrado que no estaban tan lejanas, ni en el tiempo, ni en el origen: el medio ambiente y sus alteraciones no son sino un formidable indicador del modelo económico que subyace.

Primera parte. Problemas teóricos en torno a la filosofia latinoamericana. A modo de introducción : la historia de las ideas en América Latina -- Breve trazo de un camino -- Crítica de la Crítica de la razón latinoamericana de Santiago Castro-Gómez -- Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot y José Luis Romero : historiografía e identidad latinamericana -- El colonialismo intelectual en América Latina y su crítica -- La historiografía como "carta de batalla" -- El rastacuerismo y nuestra cultura política -- (...) La secularización y la racionalización en hispanoamérica -- Filosofía y crisis -- Segunda parte. Filósofos y filosofías revisitados. El Ariel de José Enrique Rodó : su contexto, sus fuentes y sus críicas -- María Zambrano, José Gaos y la filosofía latinoamericana -- El problema de la recepción del pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en Colombia -- Ernesto Sábato : crítica de la tecnolatría y religación de lo humano -- Guillermo Hoyos Vásquez...entre nosotros -- Pablo Guadarrama y la filosofía colombiana : un testimonio. (shrink)

Discute a ação comunicativa como meio para reconstruir o entendimento da mediação da informação em relação à discussão da ideologia da técnica. Como método, apresenta uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica. A mediação da informação é entendida como um fenômeno emancipatório, analisado da base técnica ao saber-fazer, com uma perspectiva crítica da teoria da ação comunicativa. O estudo confirmou elementos para uma compreensão dialógica entre a técnica e a ação comunicativa, o que pode permitir uma orientação com base (...) em pretensões de validade argumentativa para mediação de tarefas práticas. Considerar a crítica dos instrumentos da ideologia da técnica, para que os usuários não sejam condicionados a normas ou regras, sem uma representação da realidade social, onde as ideias estão dissociadas dos processos sociais. (shrink)