Focusing on the reception of Maine de Biran by Alexis Bertrand in his thesis, L’aperception du corps humain par la conscience (1880), I will demonstrate how the “corps propre” (one’s own body) becomes a key concept in order to re-orientate the French spiritualist movement. To do so, Bertrand’s neo-Biranism uses a new methodology with phenomenological issues. The image of the body, the primitive space or the engagement within the world becomes new research themes for spiritualism. His interpretation of Biran’s philosophy (...) leads him to criticize mechanistic epistemology, and especially the concept of reflex. In this context, Bertrand proposes an animist metaphysics, aiming to reconcile his Biranism with the advances of science. As a consequence, the history of the concept of one’s own body must take into account metaphysical perspectives and not only scientific and experimental researches. (shrink)

By studying the school editions of Leibniz’s Monadology published on the occasion of this work’s introduction to school programmes in 1880, we will demonstrate two points. First, how the intellectual and political context shapes the interpretations of Leibniz. Then, how these editions can be considered as philosophical positions. We will show how the figure of Leibniz is used to defend secularism, to fight against the eviction of metaphysics by the positive sciences and to found the autonomy of morality. We will (...) also consider how publishers use it as a resource to fuel their own philosophical thought. Editing and commenting the classics contributes to a political and intellectual debate whose actors and issues will be retraced. Thus, the objective of this study is to consider these school editions from a philosophical point of view, and to show the importance of the context of the period for the practice of the history of philosophy. (shrink)

The neural coding metaphor is so ubiquitous that we tend to forget its metaphorical nature. What do we mean when we assert that neurons encode and decode? What kind of causal and representational model of the brain does the metaphor entail? What lies beneath the neural coding metaphor, I argue, is a bureaucratic model of the brain.

Romain Rolland (1866-1944), écrivain, dramaturge, historien et musicologue, est l'auteur d'une oeuvre considérable et variée. La Grande Guerre fut pour lui l'occasion d'une méditation sur la violence et la haine, et le désastre qui s'abattit sur l'Europe, méditation qui aboutira à la rédaction d'Au-dessus de la mêlée (1914). Ce manifeste pacifiste, lucide et passionné, contribua à l'obtention, par l'auteur déjà célèbre de Jean-Christophe, Beethoven, La vie de Tolstoï, Danton, Les Loups, etc, du prix Nobel de littérature (1915). Son oeuvre (...) se caractérise par la recherche d'une harmonie universelle, de paix et de justice. Empédocle (1918) et L'éclair de Spinoza (1924) sont une expression "enthousiaste" de gratitude envers deux immenses penseurs, compagnons de route de Rolland, qui en a subi la profonde et durable influence. Il s'y révèle un styliste de grande classe, poète original en même temps que rigoureux penseur et pédagogue. (shrink)

Inner speech has been shown to vary in form along several dimensions. Along condensation, condensed inner speech forms have been described, that are supposed to be deprived of acoustic, phonological and even syntactic qualities. Expanded forms, on the other extreme, display articulatory and auditory properties. Along dialogality, inner speech can be monologal, when we engage in internal soliloquy, or dialogal, when we recall past conversations or imagine future dialogs involving our own voice as well as that of others addressing us. (...) Along intentionality, it can be intentional (when we deliberately rehearse material in short-term memory) or it can arise unintentionally (during mind wandering). We introduce the ConDialInt model, a neurocognitive predictive control model of inner speech that accounts for its varieties along these three dimensions. ConDialInt spells out the condensation dimension by including inhibitory control at the conceptualization, formulation or articulatory planning stage. It accounts for dialogality, by assuming internal model adaptations and by speculating on neural processes underlying perspective switching. It explains the differences between intentional and spontaneous varieties in terms of monitoring. We present an fMRI study in which we probed varieties of inner speech along dialogality and intentionality, to examine the validity of the neuroanatomical correlates posited in ConDialInt. Condensation was also informally tackled. Our data support the hypothesis that expanded inner speech recruits speech production processes down to articulatory planning, resulting in a predicted signal, the inner voice, with auditory qualities. Along dialogality, covertly using an avatar’s voice resulted in the activation of right hemisphere homologs of the regions involved in internal own-voice soliloquy and in reduced cerebellar activation, consistent with internal model adaptation. Switching from first-person to third-person perspective resulted in activations in precuneus and parietal lobules. Along intentionality, compared with intentional inner speech, mind wandering with inner speech episodes was associated with greater bilateral inferior frontal activation and decreased activation in left temporal regions. This is consistent with the reported subjective evanescence and presumably reflects condensation processes. Our results provide neuroanatomical evidence compatible with predictive control and in favor of the assumptions made in the ConDialInt model. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:New Rhetoric's Empire:Pragmatism, Dogmatism, and SophismRomain LauferPragmatism vs. RationalismThere are at least two reasons to devote some attention to sophism when dealing with the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric in the context of Franco-American intellectual exchanges. The first reason is that it lies at the very origin of classical philosophy which could be described as resulting directly from the way in which Plato and Aristotle succeeded in separating the (...) realm of rhetoric from the realm of philosophy. The second reason arises out of the way in which Durkheim, the founder of French academic sociology, thought it necessary to establish a clear distinction between sociology and pragmatism. This was done in a course given at the Sorbonne during the academic year 1913–14. The course could be considered a direct answer to the lectures on pragmatism given by William James at the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1906–7 (Durkheim 1955).From the very beginning of his talk, Durkheim expresses an extremely ambivalent point of view. On the one hand, pragmatism, better than any other doctrine, allows one to feel the necessity of reforming or renovating the type of "traditional rationalism" that dominated the French intellectual atmosphere of the time. On the other hand, it represents a real threat for this same rationalist tradition. Is it not a declaration of war that pragmatism launches on rationalism when William James writes that "against [End Page 326] rationalism as a pretension and a method pragmatism is fully armed and militant" (1975, 32)? In the face of this attack Durkheim declares that what is at stake are the very foundations of French culture: "Our whole French culture is essentially based on rationalism. Here the eighteenth century lives on. Thus, a radical negation of rationalism would constitute a danger: it would imply a complete disruption of our national culture. The whole French spirit would have to be transformed if the form of irrationalism that pragmatism represents were to be admitted" (1955, 28). Durkheim adds that this threat is not limited to the French tradition: "Not only our culture but the whole of the philosophical tradition has been, since the very beginnings of philosophical speculation—apart from a single exception that will be dealt with later—of a rationalist tendency. Therefore it is toward the disruption of all this tradition that one would have to proceed if pragmatism were valid" (1955, 28).Durkheim insists that what pragmatism tends to destroy is the "cult of truth," the fact that there are judgments that are necessary, which he will allude to throughout his analysis as corresponding to a dogmatic conception of truth that is repeatedly criticized by William James. James writes in his lectures on pragmatism that "rationalism is comfortable only in the presence of abstractions[;]... objective truth must be something non-utilitarian, haughty, refined, remote, august, exalted. It must be the absolute correspondence of our thoughts with an equally absolute reality.... Down with psychology, up with logic, in all this question!" (1975, 38).This allows Durkheim to declare that by stating that the human mind is free in front of the truth, pragmatism approaches the single exception he mentioned, namely, sophism, which in a similar manner negated truth. This connection is not arbitrary: it is avowed by the pragmatists themselves (1955, 28–29). Thus F. C. S. Schiller proclaims himself a "Protagorean" and recalls the axiom that "man is the measure of all things."Thus the debate between rationalism and pragmatism—between, according to Durkheim, a French philosophical tradition characterized by its link with a Cartesian dogmatic form of rationalism and an American philosophy characterized by its link with pragmatism—can be seen as the continuation of the debate between Plato and Aristotle, on the one hand, and the Sophists, on the other, at the origin of Western philosophy. Moreover, Durkheim tells us that the resurgence of the debate between pragmatism and philosophy corresponds to a historical transformation that affects the whole Western world. Pragmatism is becoming the only and dominant philosophy of the time. The central trait of this intellectual orientation is its [End Page 327] focus on action, a focus it shares with sociology itself: both are "daughters of... (shrink)

The question of a pragmatist justification of religious beliefs appeared in James’s writing in 1898, as an alternative to Royce’s theory of the absolute. This pragmatist justification was repeated in The Varieties of Religious Experiences in 1902 but it failed to give a proper account of the truth of religious beliefs based on private religious experiences and ultimately failed to answer Royce’s arguments. James knows that any possible pragmatist justification of religious belief based on the practical consequences of religious belief (...) must be completed by a metaphysical theory of the non-natural causality of religious experiences. But that would require going beyond the dualistic and naturalistic account of the Varieties. Nevertheless, the difficulties of the monistic theories of the Essays in Radical Empiricism pushed James to defend, in A Pluralistic Universe, a pantheistic theory in which the Absolute is accepted as a logical possibility, which in turn supposes to accept the composition theory of consciousness that he had rejected in The Principle of Psychology. Therefore, James’s final theory isn’t very different to Royce’s theory, since Royce’s theory is not a theory of the necessity of the Absolute but rather a theory of its possibility. (shrink)

“Neural coding” is a popular metaphor in neuroscience, where objective properties of the world are communicated to the brain in the form of spikes. Here I argue that this metaphor is often inappropriate and misleading. First, when neurons are said to encode experimental parameters, the neural code depends on experimental details that are not carried by the coding variable. Thus, the representational power of neural codes is much more limited than generally implied. Second, neural codes carry information only by reference (...) to things with known meaning. In contrast, perceptual systems must build information from relations between sensory signals and actions, forming an internal model. Neural codes are inadequate for this purpose because they are unstructured and therefore unable to represent relations. Third, coding variables are observables tied to the temporality of experiments, whereas spikes are timed actions that mediate coupling in a distributed dynamical system. The coding metaphor tries to fit the dynamic, circular, and distributed causal structure of the brain into a linear chain of transformations between observables, but the two causal structures are incongruent. I conclude that the neural coding metaphor cannot provide a valid basis for theories of brain function, because it is incompatible with both the causal structure of the brain and the representational requirements of cognition. (shrink)

After forty years of incessant wars begun in 1494, the Italian peninsula is experiencing a long period of relative peace, until the end of the 18th century. Florence, Venice and Rome are at that time the three cultural and political spaces that give birth to the most important – and the most “European” – thinking upon the question of war and “post-war era”. After Florentine political thought and its connection of conquest politics to conservation in times of war, the “after-war” (...) is always virtually tensed between the impossibility of peace and the consent to political and military domination. The understanding of such a situation is expressed by the praising of neutrality and pacification of power relations, in particular in venetian thought. In this perspective, peace is in the same time an imposed and a mobile framework. At stake is what does war transmit to after-war. Since war is a radical experience, a limit-experience, it brings a knowledge that gains necessity: therefore this knowledge continues to inform the reflection even when the circumstances are totally different. Even when the reasons of conservation are placed before the reasons of conquest, war is not replaced with peace. It is not thought anymore that after war comes peace: on the contrary, it is considered that peace has its origins in war. (shrink)

Résumé Le formalisme relève d’une vision unilatérale et dualiste qui lutte contre les formes. La forme est vivante comme désir conscient et inconscient, matière, couleur, rythme, métamorphose, Gestaltung énergétique et érotique au sens de Klee. Ces perspectives semblent échapper à nombre de théoriciens qui la figent dans ses oppositions traditionnelles avec le contenu et la matière. Refoulant l’événement sensible et corporel qu’elle constitue, les uns l’assimilent au formalisme, les autres élaborent un concept d’informe, tous s’avérant incapables de distinguer la forme (...) du formalisme. (shrink)

Written in the early 1990s by a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Unlike usual real graphs which have a low number of edges, we study here a dense network constructed from legal citations. This study is achieved on the simple graph and on the multiple graph associated to this legal network, this allows exploring the behavior of the network structural properties and communities by considering the weighted graph and see which additional information are provided by the weights. We propose new measures to assess the role of the weights in the network structure (...) and to appreciate the weights repartition. Then we compare the communities obtained on the simple graph and on the weighted graph. We also extend to weighted networks the amphitheater-like representation of this legal network. Finally we evaluate the robustness of our measures and methods thus taking into account potential errors which may occur by getting data or building the network. Our methodology may open new perspectives in the analysis of weighted networks. (shrink)

Psychiatry is becoming a cognitive neuroscience. This new paradigm not only aims to give new ways for explaining mental diseases by naturalizing them, but also to have an influence on different levels of psychiatric norms. We tried here to verify whether a biological paradigm is able to fulfill this normative goal. We analyzed three main normative assumptions that is to say the will of giving psychiatry a valid nosology, a rigorous definition of what is a mental disease, and new tools (...) for destigmatizing mentally ill patients. Although these different kinds of normativity are very heterogeneous, we must conclude that, in all these cases, biological psychiatry is a failure, in part because of a lack of epistemological conceptualization. (shrink)

To make the voice heard of those for whom the written word is not part of their cultural tradition is Romaine Moreton’s project as Aboriginal poetess and performer. We publish here two poems from her collection Post Me to the Prime Minister. Flowing by the beat of the bongo, originally written in English, manoeuvering between the written language of the colonisator and the music of the colonised, they forcefully express Romaine Moreton’s struggle : the combat of a people for the (...) right to represent itself and to be the author of its own existence. (shrink)

Au fil de cet ouvrage, le lecteur rencontrera souvent l'« Économie politique » avec un É majuscule. La minuscule en fait le nom commun d'une supposée réalité, la majuscule le nom propre d'une discipline déconnectée du réel. Il existe des politiques économiques, mais il n'existe pas d'économie politique. L'économie est avant tout un caractère du vivant en relation avec son environnement naturel. Ses particularités, certes, ne sont pas négligeables et méritent une étude spécifique, mais sans jamais oublier qu'elle est avant (...) tout un échange entre l'espèce et l'écosystème, contrairement à ce que prétend l'Économie politique. On a longtemps affirmé que les ressources naturelles étaient gratuites et illimitées, et que l'Économie politique ne devait s'intéresser qu'aux rapports et aux transactions au sein du corps social. Si ce dogme n'est plus explicitement formulé, il demeure implicitement la base axiomatique de l'Économie politique centrée sur le « marché ». Tous les économistes patentés sont coupables de cette imposture, véritable fantasme de la toute-puissance de l'innovation technologique et du pouvoir politique. Pourtant la course à la productivité est en conflit permanent avec les cycles naturels et détruit les ressources renouvelables. C'est en intégrant ces contingences que la science économique devrait être un outil au service de la société et de l'écologie. (shrink)

By the author of Life of Ramakrishna, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

This paper shows that low-level generalisations in argument structure constructions are crucial to understanding the concept of alternation: low-level generalisations inform and constrain more schematic generalisations and thus constructional meaning. On the basis of an analysis of the causative alternation in English, and more specifically of the theme, I show that each construction has its own schematic meaning. This analysis is conducted on a dataset composed of 11,554 instances of the intransitive non-causative construction and the transitive causative construction. The identification (...) of lower-level generalisations feeds into the idea that language acquisition is organic and abstractions are formed only gradually from exposure to input. So far, most of the literature on argument structure constructions has focused on the verb itself, and thus fails to capture these generalisations. I make up for this deficit through an in-depth analysis of the causative alternation. (shrink)

Résumé Cette étude cherche à établir entre Maître Eckhart et Fichte une commune nécessité structurelle d’un principe d’unité s’articulant à partir d’une commune réflexion sur la place accordée à l’être, qui engendre une proximité d’intérêt marquée pour une doctrine de l’image qui peut trouver une interprétation théologique. Ensuite, nous montrons que la Doctrine de la Science entretient avec la théologie négative un rapport privilégié quoique implicite en ce que l’Absolu se veut au fond insaisissable au concept et à la conscience. (...) Cette contribution s’achève sur une tentative critique d’ouverture vers l’occasion d’un dialogue entre Maître Eckhart et Fichte en accentuant les subtiles différences qui les séparent notamment sur les figures du Soll, de la lumière et de la révélation. (shrink)

Résumé L’étude porte sur la représentation d’un enfer chinois. Les espaces plastiques et l’équivoque domaine du textuel y sont interrogés. Fruit d’une imagination complexe, liée aux syncrétismes religieux et païens, l’image engendre des formes vivantes inattendues, notamment grâce à la facture de l’imagier. Condamné par les sages chinois comme la source du mal, l’esprit de démesure semble gagner, jusque dans les moindres détails, ces enfers aux châtiments hallucinants.

Avec l'extension du domaine du risque, consecutive aux avancees technologiques de tous ordres et a l'amplification des echanges a l'echelle planetaire, chacun porte desormais une responsabilite etendue, dans l'espace et le temps. Cette situation inedite, generatrice de nouveaux questionnements ethiques, met en lumiere un paradoxe: bien qu'essentielle dans un tel contexte, la notion de responsabilite semble avoir perdu de son sens et de sa clarte, comme dissimulee derriere la multiplicite de ses occurrences. Il devient ainsi decisif d'interroger a nouveau ce (...) concept: qu'est-ce que la responsabilite? Comment prendre une decision responsable face aux dilemmes moraux, juridiques, economiques, environnementaux, politiques, sociaux et societaux? Analysant a la fois les fondements philosophiques de la responsabilite et ses recentes metamorphoses, cet essai introduit autant a l'ethique appliquee, notamment dans le domaine des affaires et du management, qu'il suggere une nouvelle forme de sagesse pratique, singuliere et incarnee, centree sur l'exercice quotidien de vertus adaptees aux enjeux du monde contemporain. (shrink)

Die ersten Bemerkungen Wittgensteins zur Identität stammen vom Herbst 1913; Spuren zeitweise intensiver Beschäftigung mit dem Thema finden sich indes bis in die Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht jenen Gedankenläufen Wittgensteins zu folgen, die in seine eigentümliche Schreibweise gebundener Variablen und der Streichung des Identitätszeichens aus der Begriffsschrift mündeten. Neben der Typentheorie Russells hat,was im ersten Abschnitt gezeigt wird, besonders seine Analyse definiter Beschreibungen Wittgensteins frühe Gedanken zur Identität angeregt, zumal er sich nach der Ablehnung von Russells Definition der (...) Identität der neuerlichen Frage gegenübersah, ob sich Sätze, worin das Zeichen der Identität vorkommt, weiter zerlegen lassen oder ob dieses vielmehr als Urzeichen angenommen werden müsse. Diese Frage stand für Wittgenstein in engem Zusammenhang mit dem,was er als das Grundproblem der Logik ausgemacht zu haben glaubte, d. i. mit der Frage nach der Beschaffenheit eines idealen Zeichensystems, das jede Tautologie auf ein und dieselbe Weise als Tautologie erkennen ließe. Wie in einer ausführlichen Besprechung der ab-Notation im dritten Abschnitt nachgewiesen wird, war die Lösung des Grundproblems denn auch das Ziel seines fieberhaften, letztlich aber erfolglosen Versuchs, die ab-Notation auf allgemeine Sätze - und insbesondere auf solche, worin das Identitätszeichen vorkommt - auszuweiten. Der vierte Abschnitt schließlich folgt Wittgensteins neuerlichem Anlauf zur Lösung des Grundproblems, der ausgeht von einer früheren Betrachtung zu dem bereits im zweiten Abschnitt behandelten Phänomen der Rekurrenz und deren Affinität zur Frage nach der richtigen Handhabung der Identität. Am Ende erweist sich die durch eine veränderte Variablenschreibweise ohne Verlust an Ausdruckskraft ermöglichte Streichung des Identitätszeichens gleichsam als Begleitprodukt der umfassenderen Bemühung, das Grundproblem der Logik doch noch einer Lösung zuzuführen. (shrink)

Les leçons du décolonial sont multiples pour celleux qui avaient cru aux récits de la fin des Empires : aux côtés des luttes anticoloniales qui nous ont appris à rejeter les formes les plus directes d’oppression politique et économique, avec les impasses du post-colonialisme et des pensées de l’hybridation, le décolonial fait le jour sur la saisie des imaginaires, des sensibilités et des rationalités par la logique coloniale. À l’ère de la sixième extinction, l’Anthropocène prend le visage d’un âge de (...) la Plantation, où la logique d’appauvrissement et de simplification des naturecultures est partout à l’œuvre. Parce que cette « oxydentalisation » qui coupe le souffle n’épargne personne, il est urgent d’entendre les ouvertures contre-plantationnelle du décolonial. (shrink)

Dans la péninsule italienne, à une quarantaine d’années de guerres incessantes fait suite, à partir de 1494, une longue période de paix relative jusqu’à la fin du xviiie siècle. Florence, Venise et Rome sont alors les trois espaces culturels et politiques où naissent les réflexions les plus importantes – et les plus « européennes » – sur la question de la guerre et sur le déploiement d’un « après-guerre ». Après la pensée florentine qui articule politique de conquête et nécessité (...) de la conservation en temps de guerre, « l’après-guerre»s’inscrit dans une tension potentielle, sinon permanente, entre l’impossibilité de la paix et l’acceptation de la domination politico-militaire. La compréhension des effets de cette situation peut passer par l’éloge de la neutralité et de la pacification des rapports de force, notamment dans la pensée vénitienne. Dans cette perspective, la paix constitue un cadre à la fois imposé et en mouvement. Le questionnement concerne du coup ce que la guerre transmet à l’après-guerre. Puisque la guerre est une expérience radicale, une expérience de la limite, elle est du coup porteuse d’un savoir qui acquiert une nécessité : de ce fait, ce savoir continue d’informer la réflexion, même quand la conjoncture s’est modifiée du tout au tout. Ainsi, même lorsqu’on fait passer les raisons de la conservation avant celles de la conquête, on ne remplace pas la guerre par la paix. On a cessé de penser qu’après la guerre était la paix : bien au contraire, on a placé la guerre au principe de la paix. (shrink)

Dans le contexte de la réaction romaine aux guerres de religions françaises, Giovanni Botero, premier théoricien de la raison d'État, effectue une opération originale : il place la question économique au cœur même de la pensée politique et de la théorie de l'État. L'enjeu est de définir une pensée de l'État entièrement fondée sur une idée de puissance qu'il oppose explicitement au concept de souveraineté. Contre la nouvelle théorisation juridico-politique d'origine française qui ne cesse de se répandre en Europe, Botero (...) propose ainsi un modèle politique qui allie l'analyse machiavélienne des rapports de forces et l'étude des conditions du développement économique des États. (shrink)

The role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mate choice in humans is controversial. Nowadays, the availability of genetic variation data at genomic scales allows for a careful assessment of this question. In 2008, Chaix et al. reported evidence for MHC‐dependent mate choice among European American spouses from the HapMap 2 dataset. Recently, Derti et al. suggested that this observation was not robust. Furthermore, when Derti et al. applied similar analyses to the HapMap 3 European American samples, they did (...) not see a significant effect. Although some of the points raised by Derti et al. are relevant, we disagree with the reported absence of evidence for MHC‐dependent mate choice within the HapMap samples. More precisely, we show here that the MHC dissimilarity among HapMap 3 European American spouses is still extreme in comparison to the rest of the genome, even after multiple testing correction. This finding supports the hypothesis of MHC‐dependent mate choice in some human populations. (shrink)

Depuis près de cent cinquante ans, l’essai du mathématicien William Kingdon Clifford intitulé The Ethics of Belief est au centre de la plupart des discussions sur les rapports entre éthique et épistémologie, plus précisément sur les questions d’épistémologie et d’éthique de la croyance religieuse car, même si la croyance religieuse n’est jamais la cible exclusive de Clifford, le contexte de sa rédaction ainsi que la quasi-totalité des exemples pris par Clifford portent sur la religion. On opp...