In this chapter, I examine Max Deutsch’s dilemma for the implementation of newly engineered concepts. In the debate over this dilemma, the goal of conceptual engineering tends to be set either too high or too low. As a result, implementation tends to be seen as either very unlikely to succeed or too easily achievable. This chaper aims to offer a way out of this dilemma. I argue that the success conditions for implementation can be better understood if we distinguish between (...) different stages in the implementation process. Implementation is a complex process involving several stages, each of which can be evaluated as a success or a failure. I argue that even if an implementation does not reach the final stage in which a new concept is widely used in the society at large, it may not be a complete failure: conceptual engineers may not even aim for a new concept to be widely used in the society at large; or even if they do and a new concept only circulates in a smaller subgroup, this can still be a significant achievement. The upshot is that we should take more seriously the possibility that conceptual engineering can be implemented locally at the subgroup level. (shrink)

In his 1975 paper “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’”, Hilary Putnam famously argued for semantic externalism. Little attention has been paid, however, to the fact that already in 1973, Putnam had presented the idea of the linguistic division of labor and the Twin Earth thought experiment in his comment on Wilfrid Sellars’s “Meaning as Functional Classification” at a conference, and Sellars had replied to Putnam from a broadly inferentialist perspective. The first half of this paper aims to trace the development of (...) Putnam’s semantic externalism, situate his debate with Sellars in it, and reconstruct the two arguments he presented against Sellars. The second half of this paper aims to reconstruct how Sellars replied to Putnam. I argue that Sellars not only accepts the social character of language but also suggests how inferentialists can accommodate the contribution of the world. Sellars’s key idea is that substance terms have a “promissory note aspect” which is to be cashed out in a successor conceptual framework. I reconstruct Sellars’s position as ideal successor externalism, and compare it with temporal externalism. (shrink)

Even after Willard Quine’s critique of the analytic-synthetic distinction in “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” Wilfrid Sellars maintained some forms of analyticity or truth in virtue of meaning. In this article, I aim to reconstruct (a) his neglected account of the analytic-synthetic distinction and the revisability of analytic sentences, (b) its connection to his inferentialist account of meaning, and (c) his response to Quine. While Sellars’s account of the revisability of analytic sentences bears certain similarities to Carnap’s and Grice and Strawson’s (...) accounts, it is still striking in that it is part of his broader picture of how our language develops dynamically in our ongoing inquiry. I aim to show how it relates to his account of how the diachronic continuity in meaning, language, or conceptual framework can be preserved through a revision of analytic sentences and to his evolutionary account of the development of our language or conceptual framework. (shrink)

Face recognition is impaired in patients with prosopagnosia, which may occur as a side effect of neurosurgical procedures. Face selective regions on the ventral temporal cortex have been localized with electrical cortical stimulation, electrocorticography, and functional magnetic resonance imagining. This is the first group study using within-patient comparisons to validate face selective regions mapping, utilizing the aforementioned modalities. Five patients underwent surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy and joined the study. Subdural grid electrodes were implanted on their ventral temporal cortices to (...) localize seizure foci and face selective regions as part of the functional mapping protocol. Face selective regions were identified in all patients with fMRI, four patients with ECoG, and two patients with ECS. From 177 tested electrode locations in the region of interest, which is defined by the fusiform gyrus and the inferior temporal gyrus, 54 face locations were identified by at least one modality in all patients. fMRI mapping showed the highest detection rate, revealing 70.4% for face selective locations, whereas ECoG and ECS identified 64.8 and 31.5%, respectively. Thus, 28 face locations were co-localized by at least two modalities, with detection rates of 89.3% for fMRI, 85.7% for ECoG and 53.6 % for ECS. All five patients had no face recognition deficits after surgery, even though five of the face selective locations, one obtained by ECoG and the other four by fMRI, were within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Moreover, fMRI included a quite large volume artifact on the ventral temporal cortex in the ROI from the anatomical structures of the temporal base. In conclusion, ECS was not sensitive in several patients, whereas ECoG and fMRI even showed activation within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Considering the potential signal drop-out in fMRI makes ECoG the most reliable tool to identify face selective locations in this study. A multimodal approach can improve the specificity of ECoG and fMRI, while simultaneously minimizing the number of required ECS sessions. Hence, all modalities should be considered in a clinical mapping protocol entailing combined results of co-localized face selective locations. (shrink)

Amino-terminal heteroacylation has been identified in retinal proteins including recoverin and α subunit of G-protein, transducin. The tissue-specific modification seems to mediate not only a proteinmembrane interaction but also a specific protein-protein interaction. The mechanism generating the heterogeneity and its physiological role are still unclear, but an interesting idea for the latter postulates a fine regulation of the signal transduction pathway by distinct N-acyl groups.

Rudolf Carnap was an Esperantist who also had an active interest in other international auxiliary languages (IALs), and noted a psychological affinity between the construction of IALs and symbolic language systems. This paper provides a detailed reconstruction of Carnap’s engagement with Esperanto and other IALs, drawing on his underdiscussed essay on IALs, “The Problem of a World Language,” and his unpublished material from the Virtual Archive of Logical Empiricism (VALEP). It addresses two questions: the first is about the relationship between (...) his interests in the two forms of language engineering, IALs and symbolic logic, and the second is about the philosophical implications of his engagement with IALs. As for the first question, I argue that underlying Carnap’s interests in both projects is the common idea that natural language is unsuited for some special purposes, which are better served by constructing new special languages. As for the second, I argue that considering Carnap’s views on IALs reveals that despite a utopian tendency, his view of language has several realistic aspects, such as (1) non-perfectionism, (2) experimentalism, and (3) a recognition of the role of psychological factors in language choice. Additionally, this paper also highlights Carnap’s neglected concerns about linguistic injustice suffered by speakers of minor languages and the use of the generic masculine. (shrink)

The second volume of “Advancing Uncertain Combinatorics through Graphization, Hyperization, and Uncertainization: Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Soft, Rough, and Beyond” presents a deep exploration of the progress in uncertain combinatorics through innovative methodologies like graphization, hyperization, and uncertainization. This volume integrates foundational concepts from fuzzy, neutrosophic, soft, and rough set theory, among others, to further advance the field. Combinatorics and set theory, two central pillars of mathematics, focus on counting, arrangement, and the study of collections under defined rules. Combinatorics excels in handling (...) uncertainty, while set theory has evolved with concepts such as fuzzy and neutrosophic sets, which enable the modeling of complex real-world uncertainties by addressing truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood. These advancements, when combined with graph theory, give rise to novel forms of uncertain sets in "graphized" structures, including hypergraphs and superhypergraphs. Innovations such as Neutrosophic Oversets, Undersets, and Offsets, as well as the Nonstandard Real Set, build upon traditional graph concepts, pushing both theoretical and practical boundaries. The synthesis of combinatorics, set theory, and graph theory in this volume provides a robust framework for addressing the complexities and uncertainties inherent in both mathematical and real-world systems, paving the way for future research and application. In the first chapter, “A Review of the Hierarchy of Plithogenic, Neutrosophic, and Fuzzy Graphs: Survey and Applications”, the authors investigate the interrelationships among various graph classes, including Plithogenic graphs, and explore other related structures. Graph theory, a fundamental branch of mathematics, focuses on networks of nodes and edges, studying their paths, structures, and properties. A Fuzzy Graph extends this concept by assigning a membership degree between 0 and 1 to each edge and vertex, representing the level of uncertainty. The Turiyam Neutrosophic Graph is introduced as an extension of both Neutrosophic and Fuzzy Graphs, while Plithogenic graphs offer a potent method for managing uncertainty. The second chapter, “Review of Some Superhypergraph Classes: Directed, Bidirected, Soft, and Rough”, examines advanced graph structures such as directed superhypergraphs, bidirected hypergraphs, soft superhypergraphs, and rough superhypergraphs. Classical graph classes include undirected graphs, where edges lack orientation, and directed graphs, where edges have specific directions. Recent innovations, including bidirected graphs, have sparked ongoing research and significant advancements in the field. Soft Sets and their extension to Soft Graphs provide a flexible framework for managing uncertainty, while Rough Sets and Rough Graphs address uncertainty by using lower and upper approximations to handle imprecise data. Hypergraphs generalize traditional graphs by allowing edges, or hyperedges, to connect more than two vertices. Superhypergraphs further extend this by allowing both vertices and edges to represent subsets, facilitating the modeling of hierarchical and group-based relationships. The third chapter, “Survey of Intersection Graphs, Fuzzy Graphs, and Neutrosophic Graphs”, explores the intersection graph models within the realms of Fuzzy Graphs, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs, Neutrosophic Graphs, Turiyam Neutrosophic Graphs, and Plithogenic Graphs. The chapter highlights their mathematical properties and interrelationships, reflecting the growing number of graph classes being developed in these areas. Intersection graphs, such as Unit Square Graphs, Circle Graphs, and Ray Intersection Graphs, are crucial for understanding complex graph structures in uncertain environments. The fourth chapter, “Fundamental Computational Problems and Algorithms for SuperHyperGraphs”, addresses optimization problems within the SuperHypergraph framework, such as the SuperHypergraph Partition Problem, Reachability, and Minimum Spanning SuperHypertree. The chapter also adapts classical problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem and the Chinese Postman Problem to the SuperHypergraph context, exploring how hypergraphs, which allow hyperedges to connect more than two vertices, can be used to solve complex hierarchical and relational problems. The fifth chapter, “A Short Note on the Basic Graph Construction Algorithm for Plithogenic Graphs”, delves into algorithms designed for Plithogenic Graphs and Intuitionistic Plithogenic Graphs, analyzing their complexity and validity. Plithogenic Graphs model multi-valued attributes by incorporating membership and contradiction functions, offering a nuanced representation of complex relationships. The sixth chapter, “Short Note of Bunch Graph in Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Graphs”, generalizes traditional graph theory by representing nodes as groups (bunches) rather than individual entities. This approach enables the modeling of both competition and collaboration within a network. The chapter explores various uncertain models of bunch graphs, including Fuzzy Graphs, Neutrosophic Graphs, Turiyam Neutrosophic Graphs, and Plithogenic Graphs. In the seventh chapter, “A Reconsideration of Advanced Concepts in Neutrosophic Graphs: Smart, Zero Divisor, Layered, Weak, Semi, and Chemical Graphs”, the authors extend several fuzzy graph classes to Neutrosophic graphs and analyze their properties. Neutrosophic Graphs, a generalization of fuzzy graphs, incorporate degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity to model uncertainty more effectively. The eighth chapter, “Short Note of Even-Hole-Graph for Uncertain Graph”, focuses on Even-Hole-Free and Meyniel Graphs analyzed within the frameworks of Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Turiyam Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Graphs. The study investigates the structure of these graphs, with an emphasis on their implications for uncertainty modeling. The ninth chapter, “Survey of Planar and Outerplanar Graphs in Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Graphs”, explores planar and outerplanar graphs, as well as apex graphs, within the contexts of fuzzy, neutrosophic, Turiyam Neutrosophic, and plithogenic graphs. The chapter examines how these types of graphs are used to model uncertain parameters and relationships in mathematical and real-world systems. The tenth chapter, “General Plithogenic Soft Rough Graphs and Some Related Graph Classes”, introduces and explores new concepts such as Turiyam Neutrosophic Soft Graphs and General Plithogenic Soft Graphs. The chapter also examines models of uncertain graphs, including Fuzzy, Intuitionistic Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Graphs, all designed to handle uncertainty in diverse contexts. The eleventh chapter, “Survey of Trees, Forests, and Paths in Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Graphs”, provides a comprehensive study of Trees, Forests, and Paths within the framework of Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Graphs. This chapter focuses on classifying and analyzing graph structures like trees and paths in uncertain environments, contributing to the ongoing development of graph theory in the context of uncertainty. (shrink)

We study stable strategy profiles in a pure exchange game of bads, where each player dumps his or her bads such as garbage onto someone else. Hirai et al. (Mathematical Social Sciences 51(2):162–170, 2006) show that cycle dumping, in which each player follows an ordering and dumps his or her bads onto the next player, is a strong Nash equilibrium and that self-disposal is $$\alpha$$ -stable for some initial distributions of bads. In this paper, we show that a strategy (...) profile of bullying, in which all players dump their bads onto a single player, becomes $$\alpha$$ -stable for every exchange game of bads. We also provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a strategy profile to be $$\alpha$$ -stable in an exchange game of bads. In addition, we show that repeating an exchange after the first exchange makes self-disposal stationary. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is to study stable coalition structures in symmetric majority games. We assume that players deviate from a coalition structure to another to maximize their power given by the Owen power index. We introduce three myopic core concepts and one farsighted stability concept, the farsighted vNM stable set. Our main result is that the pessimistic core, the largest myopic core, coincides with some farsighted vNM stable set for any number of players. Moreover, we show that a (...) coalition structure belongs to the pessimistic core and the farsighted vNM stable set if and only if it contains an exact majority coalition. (shrink)

This article reviews Scott McQuire's book, The Media City, which focuses on the historical formation of the media-architecture complex of the current urban environment. While the book provides rich insights into the ways various media technologies have become interconnected with urban architectural structures, the underlying concept of media in McQuire's discussion could be criticized in three respects: (1) visual-centred, (2) technology-based and (3) real-time oriented. After considering these three points in the context of the theoretical ideas put forward by Henri (...) Lefebvre, Friedrich Kittler and Walter Benjamin, particular attention is paid to Benjamin's prominent figure of the flâneur. Through reconsidering the experience of the flâneur in terms of the technique of getting lost in the city, possibilities are suggested as to thinking differently about the `media city'. In other words, it is proposed that we should examine the theoretical possibilities concerning the modern urban experience between the `media city' and the `city as a medium'. (shrink)

This book is the sixth volume in the series of Collected Papers on Advancing Uncertain Combinatorics through Graphization, Hyperization, and Uncertainization: Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Soft, Rough, and Beyond. Building upon the foundational contributions of previous volumes, this edition focuses on the exploration and development of Various New Uncertain Concepts, further enriching the study of uncertainty and complexity through innovative theoretical advancements and practical applications. The volume is meticulously organized into 15 chapters, each presenting unique perspectives and contributions to the field. From (...) theoretical explorations to real-world applications, these chapters provide a cohesive and comprehensive overview of the state of the art in uncertain combinatorics, emphasizing the versatility and power of the newly introduced concepts and methodologies. The first chapter (SuperHypertree-depth – Structural Analysis in SuperHyperGraphs) explores the concept of SuperHypertree-depth, an extension of the classical graph parameter Tree-depth and its hypergraph counterpart Hypertree-depth. By introducing hierarchical nesting within SuperHyperGraphs, where both vertices and edges can represent recursive subsets, this study investigates the mathematical properties and structural implications of these extended parameters. The findings highlight the relationships between SuperHypertree-depth and its traditional graph-theoretic equivalents, providing a deeper understanding of their applicability to hierarchical and complex systems. The second chapter (Obstructions for Hypertree-width and SuperHypertree-width) examines the role of ultrafilters as obstructions in determining Hypertree-width and extends the concept to SuperHypertree-width. Building on hypergraph theory, which abstracts traditional graph frameworks into more complex domains, the study investigates how recursive structures within SuperHyperGraphs redefine the computational and structural properties of these parameters. Ultrafilters, with their broad mathematical significance, serve as critical tools for understanding the limitations and potentials of these advanced graph metrics. The third chapter (SuperHypertree-Length and SuperHypertree-Breadth in SuperHyperGraphs) investigates the extension of the graph-theoretic parameters Tree-length and Tree-breadth to the realms of hypergraphs and SuperHyperGraphs. By leveraging the hierarchical nesting of SuperHyperGraphs, the study explores how these parameters adapt to increasingly complex and multi-level structures. Comparative analyses between these extended parameters and their classical counterparts reveal new insights into their relevance and utility in advanced graph and hypergraph theory. Plithogenic Sets, which generalize Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Sets, are extended in the fourth chapter (Extended HyperPlithogenic Sets and Generalized Plithogenic Graphs) to Extended Plithogenic Sets, HyperPlithogenic Sets, and SuperHyperPlithogenic Sets. This study further investigates their application to graph theory through the concepts of Extended Plithogenic Graphs and Generalized Extended Plithogenic Graphs. The chapter provides a concise exploration of these frameworks, offering insights into their potential for addressing uncertainty and complexity in graph structures. Soft Sets provide an effective framework for decision-making by mapping parameters to subsets of a universal set, addressing uncertainty and vagueness. The fifth chapter (Double-Framed Superhypersoft Set and Double-Framed Treesoft Set) introduces the Double-Framed SuperHypersoft Set and the Double-Framed Treesoft Set as extensions of traditional and advanced soft set frameworks, such as Hypersoft and SuperHypersoft Sets. The chapter explores their relationships with existing concepts, offering new tools to handle complex decision-making scenarios with enhanced structural flexibility. The sixth paper (HyperPlithogenic Cubic Set and SuperHyperPlithogenic Cubic Set) introduces the concepts of the HyperPlithogenic Cubic Set and SuperHyperPlithogenic Cubic Set, which extend the Plithogenic Cubic Set by integrating both interval-valued and single-valued fuzzy memberships. These sets leverage multi-attribute aggregation techniques inherent to plithogenic structures, allowing for nuanced representations of uncertainty. Additionally, related constructs such as the HyperPlithogenic Fuzzy Cubic Set, HyperPlithogenic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cubic Set, and HyperPlithogenic Neutrosophic Cubic Set are explored, further enriching the theoretical and practical applications of this framework. The seventh chapter (L-Neutrosophic Sets and Nonstationary Neutrosophic Sets) extends the foundational concepts of fuzzy sets by integrating Neutrosophic and Plithogenic frameworks. By introducing L-Neutrosophic Sets and Nonstationary Neutrosophic Sets, the study enhances the representation of uncertainty through independent membership components: truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. These advanced constructs also incorporate multi-dimensional and contradictory attributes, providing a robust means of modeling complex decision-making and uncertain data. Plithogenic and Rough Sets, known for generalizing uncertainty modeling and classification, are extended in the eight chapter (Forest HyperPlithogenic and Forest HyperRough Sets) to Forest HyperPlithogenic Sets, Forest SuperHyperPlithogenic Sets, Forest HyperRough Sets, and Forest SuperHyperRough Sets. These frameworks incorporate hierarchical and recursive structures to advance existing set-theoretic paradigms. The chapter explores their applications in multi-level data analysis and uncertainty classification, demonstrating their adaptability to complex systems. Building on Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Sets, the tenth chapter (Symbolic HyperPlithogenic Sets) introduces Symbolic HyperPlithogenic Sets and Symbolic n-SuperHyperPlithogenic Sets. These sets incorporate symbolic components and algebraic coefficients, enabling flexible operations within a defined prevalence order. By extending symbolic representation into hyperplithogenic and superhyperplithogenic domains, the chapter opens new pathways for addressing uncertainty and hierarchical complexity in mathematical modeling. Soft Sets, designed to manage uncertainty and imprecision, have evolved through various extensions like Hypersoft Sets and SuperHypersoft Sets. The eleventh chapter (N-SuperHypersoft and Bijective SuperHypersoft Sets) introduces N-SuperHypersoft Sets, N-Treesoft Sets, Bijective SuperHypersoft Sets, and Bijective Treesoft Sets. These new constructs enhance decision-making frameworks by incorporating advanced hierarchical and bijective relationships, building on existing theories and expanding their applications. Plithogenic Sets, known for integrating multi-valued attributes and contradictions, and Rough Sets, which partition data into definable approximations, are combined in the twelfth chapter (Plithogenic Rough Sets) to form Plithogenic Rough Sets. This fusion provides a powerful framework for addressing uncertainty in dynamic and complex decision-making scenarios, offering a novel approach to uncertainty modeling. Expanding on Neutrosophic Sets, which represent truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood, this chapter introduces Plithogenic Duplets and Plithogenic Triplets. These constructs leverage the Plithogenic framework to incorporate attributes, values, and contradiction measures. The thirteenth chapter (Plithogenic Duplets and Triplets) examines their relationships with Neutrosophic Duplets and Triplets, offering new tools for multi-dimensional data representation and decision-making. Building on foundational concepts like Rough Sets and Vague Sets, the fourteenth chapter (SuperRough and SuperVague Sets) introduces SuperRough Sets and SuperVague Sets. These generalized frameworks extend uncertainty modeling by incorporating hierarchical structures. The study also demonstrates that SuperRough Sets can evolve into SuperHyperRough Sets, providing further generalizations for advanced data classification and analysis. The fifteenth chapter (Neutrosophic TreeSoft Expert and ForestSoft Sets) revisits the Neutrosophic TreeSoft Set, which combines the hierarchical structure of TreeSoft Sets with the Neutrosophic framework for uncertainty representation. Additionally, it introduces the Neutrosophic TreeSoft Expert Set, incorporating expert knowledge into the model. The chapter also explores the ForestSoft Set and its extension, the Neutrosophic ForestSoft Set, to provide multi-level, tree-structured approaches for complex data representation and analysis. (shrink)

This book is the fifth volume in the series of Collected Papers on Advancing Uncertain Combinatorics through Graphization, Hyperization, and Uncertainization: Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Soft, Rough, and Beyond. This volume specifically delves into the concept of Various SuperHyperConcepts, building on the foundational advancements introduced in previous volumes. The series aims to explore the ongoing evolution of uncertain combinatorics through innovative methodologies such as graphization, hyperization, and uncertainization. These approaches integrate and extend core concepts from fuzzy, neutrosophic, soft, and rough set theories, (...) providing robust frameworks to model and analyze the inherent complexity of real-world uncertainties. At the heart of this series lies combinatorics and set theory—cornerstones of mathematics that address the study of counting, arrangements, and the relationships between collections under defined rules. Traditionally, combinatorics has excelled in solving problems involving uncertainty, while advancements in set theory have expanded its scope to include powerful constructs like fuzzy and neutrosophic sets. These advanced sets bring new dimensions to uncertainty modeling by capturing not just binary truth but also indeterminacy and falsity. In this fifth volume, the exploration of Various SuperHyperConcepts provides an innovative lens to address uncertainty, complexity, and hierarchical relationships. It synthesizes key methodologies introduced in earlier volumes, such as hyperization and neutrosophic extensions, while advancing new theories and applications. From pioneering hyperstructures to applications in advanced decision-making, language modeling, and neural networks, this book represents a significant leap forward in uncertain combinatorics and its practical implications across disciplines. -/- The book is structured into 17 chapters, each contributing unique perspectives and advancements in the realm of Various SuperHyperConcepts and their related frameworks: Chapter 1 introduces the concept of Body-Mind-Soul-Spirit Fluidity within psychology and phenomenology, while examining established social science frameworks like PDCA and DMAIC. It extends these frameworks using Neutrosophic Sets, a flexible extension of Fuzzy Sets, to improve their adaptability for mathematical and programming applications. The chapter emphasizes the potential of Neutrosophic theory to address multi-dimensional challenges in social sciences. Chapter 2 delves into the theoretical foundation of Hyperfunctions and their generalizations, such as Hyperrandomness and Hyperdecision-Making. It explores higher-order frameworks like Weak Hyperstructures, Hypergraphs, and Cognitive Hypermaps, aiming to establish their versatility in addressing multi-layered problems and setting a foundation for further studies. Chapter 3 extends traditional decision-making methodologies into HyperDecision-Making and n-SuperHyperDecision-Making. By building on approaches like MCDM and TOPSIS, this chapter develops frameworks capable of addressing complex decision-making scenarios, emphasizing their applicability in dynamic, multi-objective contexts. Chapter 4 explores integrating uncertainty frameworks, including Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Sets, into Large Language Models (LLMs). It proposes innovative models like Large Uncertain Language Models and Natural Uncertain Language Processing, integrating hierarchical and generalized structures to advance the handling of uncertainty in linguistic representation and processing. Chapter 5 introduces the Natural n-Superhyper Plithogenic Language by synthesizing natural language, plithogenic frameworks, and superhyperstructures. This innovative construct seeks to address challenges in advanced linguistic and structural modeling, blending attributes of uncertainty, complexity, and hierarchical abstraction. Chapter 6 defines mathematical extensions such as NeutroHyperstructures and AntiHyperstructures using the Neutrosophic Triplet framework. It formalizes structures like neutro-superhyperstructures, advancing classical frameworks into higher-dimensional realms. Chapter 7 explores the extension of Binary Code, Gray Code, and Floorplans through hyperstructures and superhyperstructures. It highlights their iterative and hierarchical applications, demonstrating their adaptability for complex data encoding and geometric arrangement challenges. Chapter 8 investigates the Neutrosophic TwoFold SuperhyperAlgebra, combining classical algebraic operations with neutrosophic components. This chapter expands upon existing algebraic structures like Hyperalgebra and AntiAlgebra, exploring hybrid frameworks for advanced mathematical modeling. Chapter 9 introduces Hyper Z-Numbers and SuperHyper Z-Numbers by extending the traditional Z-Number framework with hyperstructures. These extensions aim to represent uncertain information in more complex and multidimensional contexts. Chapter 10 revisits category theory through the lens of hypercategories and superhypercategories. By incorporating hierarchical and iterative abstractions, this chapter extends the foundational principles of category theory to more complex and layered structures. Chapter 11 formalizes the concept of n-SuperHyperBranch-width and its theoretical properties. By extending hypergraphs into superhypergraphs, the chapter explores recursive structures and their potential for representing intricate hierarchical relationships. Chapter 12 examines superhyperstructures of partitions, integrals, and spaces, proposing a framework for advancing mathematical abstraction. It highlights the potential applications of these generalizations in addressing hierarchical and multi-layered problems. Chapter 13 revisits Rough, HyperRough, and SuperHyperRough Sets, introducing new concepts like Tree-HyperRough Sets. The chapter connects these frameworks to advanced approaches for modeling uncertainty and complex relationships. Chapter 14 explores Plithogenic SuperHyperStructures and their applications in decision-making, control, and neuro systems. By integrating these advanced frameworks, the chapter proposes innovative directions for extending existing systems to handle multi-attribute and contradictory properties. Chapter 15 focuses on superhypergraphs, expanding hypergraph concepts to model complex structural types like arboreal and molecular superhypergraphs. It introduces Generalized n-th Powersets as a unifying framework for broader mathematical applications, while also touching on hyperlanguage processing. Chapter 16 defines NeutroHypergeometry and AntiHypergeometry as extensions of classical geometric structures. Using the Geometric Neutrosophic Triplet, the chapter demonstrates the flexibility of these frameworks in representing multi-dimensional and uncertain relationships. Chapter 17 establishes the theoretical groundwork for SuperHyperGraph Neural Networks and Plithogenic Graph Neural Networks. By integrating advanced graph structures, this chapter opens pathways for applying neural networks to more intricate and uncertain data representations. (shrink)

This book represents the fourth volume in the series Collected Papers on Advancing Uncertain Combinatorics through Graphization, Hyperization, and Uncertainization: Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, Soft, Rough, and Beyond. This volume specifically delves into the concept of the HyperUncertain Set, building on the foundational advancements introduced in previous volumes. The series aims to explore the ongoing evolution of uncertain combinatorics through innovative methodologies such as graphization, hyperization, and uncertainization. These approaches integrate and extend core concepts from fuzzy, neutrosophic, soft, and rough set theories, (...) providing robust frameworks to model and analyze the inherent complexity of real-world uncertainties. At the heart of this series lies combinatorics and set theory—cornerstones of mathematics that address the study of counting, arrangements, and the relationships between collections under defined rules. Traditionally, combinatorics has excelled in solving problems involving uncertainty, while advancements in set theory have expanded its scope to include powerful constructs like fuzzy and neutrosophic sets. These advanced sets bring new dimensions to uncertainty modeling by capturing not just binary truth but also indeterminacy and falsity. In this fourth volume, the integration of set theory with graph theory takes center stage, culminating in "graphized" structures such as hypergraphs and superhypergraphs. These structures, paired with innovations like Neutrosophic Oversets, Undersets, Offsets, and the Nonstandard Real Set, extend the boundaries of mathematical abstraction. This fusion of combinatorics, graph theory, and uncertain set theory creates a rich foundation for addressing the multidimensional and hierarchical uncertainties prevalent in both theoretical and applied domains. The book is structured into thirteen chapters, each contributing unique perspectives and advancements in the realm of HyperUncertain Sets and their related frameworks. -/- The first chapter (Advancing Traditional Set Theory with Hyperfuzzy, Hyperneutrosophic, and Hyperplithogenic Sets) explores the evolution of classical set theory to better address the complexity and ambiguity of real-world phenomena. By introducing hierarchical structures like hyperstructures and superhyperstructures—created through iterative applications of power sets—it lays the groundwork for more abstract and adaptable mathematical tools. The focus is on extending three foundational frameworks: Fuzzy Sets, Neutrosophic Sets, and Plithogenic Sets into their hyperforms: Hyperfuzzy Sets, Hyperneutrosophic Sets, and Hyperplithogenic Sets. These advanced concepts are applied across diverse fields such as statistics, clustering, evolutionary theory, topology, decision-making, probability, and language theory. The goal is to provide a robust platform for future research in this expanding area of study. The second chapter (Applications and Mathematical Properties of Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets) extends the work on Hyperfuzzy, Hyperneutrosophic, and Hyperplithogenic Sets by delving into their advanced applications and mathematical foundations. Building on prior research, it specifically examines Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets, exploring their integration into: Neutrosophic Logic, Cognitive Maps,Graph Neural Networks, Classifiers, and Triplet Groups. The chapter also investigates their mathematical properties and applicability in addressing uncertainties and complexities inherent in various domains. These insights aim to inspire innovative uses of hypergeneralized sets in modern theoretical and applied research. The third chapter (New Extensions of Hyperneutrosophic Sets – Bipolar, Pythagorean, Double-Valued, and Interval-Valued Sets) studies advanced variations of Neutrosophic Sets, a mathematical framework defined by three membership functions: truth (T), indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F). By leveraging the concepts of Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets, the study extends: Bipolar Neutrosophic Sets, Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Sets, Pythagorean Neutrosophic Sets, and Double-Valued Neutrosophic Sets. These extensions address increasingly complex scenarios, and a brief analysis is provided to explore their potential applications and mathematical underpinnings. Building on prior research, the fourth chapter (Hyperneutrosophic Extensions of Complex, Single-Valued Triangular, Fermatean, and Linguistic Sets) expands on Neutrosophic Set theory by incorporating recent advancements in Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets. The study focuses on extending: Complex Neutrosophic Sets, Single-Valued Triangular Neutrosophic Sets, Fermatean Neutrosophic Sets, and Linguistic Neutrosophic Sets. The analysis highlights the mathematical structures of these hyperextensions and explores their connections with existing set-theoretic concepts, offering new insights into managing uncertainty in multidimensional challenges. The fifth chapter (Advanced Extensions of Hyperneutrosophic Sets – Dynamic, Quadripartitioned, Pentapartitioned, Heptapartitioned, and m-Polar) delves deeper into the evolution of Neutrosophic Sets by exploring advanced frameworks designed for even more intricate applications. New extensions include: Dynamic Neutrosophic Sets, Quadripartitioned Neutrosophic Sets, Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Sets, Heptapartitioned Neutrosophic Sets, and m-Polar Neutrosophic Sets. These developments build upon foundational research and aim to provide robust tools for addressing multidimensional and highly nuanced problems. The sixth chapter (Advanced Extensions of Hyperneutrosophic Sets – Cubic, Trapezoidal, q-Rung Orthopair, Overset, Underset, and Offset) builds upon the Neutrosophic framework, which employs truth (T), indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F) to address uncertainty. Leveraging advancements in Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets, the study extends: Cubic Neutrosophic Sets, Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Sets, q-Rung Orthopair Neutrosophic Sets, Neutrosophic Oversets, Neutrosophic Undersets, and Neutrosophic Offsets. The chapter provides a brief analysis of these new set types, exploring their properties and potential applications in solving multidimensional problems. The seventh chapter (Specialized Classes of Hyperneutrosophic Sets – Support, Paraconsistent, and Faillibilist Sets) delves into unique classes of Neutrosophic Sets extended through Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic frameworks to tackle advanced theoretical challenges. The study introduces and extends: Support Neutrosophic Sets, Neutrosophic Intuitionistic Sets, Neutrosophic Paraconsistent Sets, Neutrosophic Faillibilist Sets, Neutrosophic Paradoxist and Pseudo-Paradoxist Sets, Neutrosophic Tautological and Nihilist Sets, Neutrosophic Dialetheist Sets, and Neutrosophic Trivialist Sets. These extensions address highly nuanced aspects of uncertainty, further advancing the theoretical foundation of Neutrosophic mathematics. The eight chapter (MultiNeutrosophic Sets and Refined Neutrosophic Sets) focuses on two advanced Neutrosophic frameworks: MultiNeutrosophic Sets, and Refined Neutrosophic Sets. Using Hyperneutrosophic and nn-SuperHyperneutrosophic Sets, these extensions are analyzed in detail, highlighting their adaptability to multidimensional and complex scenarios. Examples and mathematical properties are provided to showcase their practical relevance and theoretical depth. The ninth chapter (Advanced Hyperneutrosophic Set Types – Type-m, Nonstationary, Subset-Valued, and Complex Refined) explores extensions of the Neutrosophic framework, focusing on: Type-m Neutrosophic Sets, Nonstationary Neutrosophic Sets, Subset-Valued Neutrosophic Sets, and Complex Refined Neutrosophic Sets. These extensions utilize the Hyperneutrosophic and SuperHyperneutrosophic frameworks to address advanced challenges in uncertainty management, expanding their mathematical scope and practical applications. The tenth chapter (Hyperfuzzy Hypersoft Sets and Hyperneutrosophic Hypersoft Sets) integrates the principles of Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Soft Sets with hyperstructures to introduce: Hyperfuzzy Hypersoft Sets, and Hyperneutrosophic Hypersoft Sets. These frameworks are designed to manage complex uncertainty through hierarchical structures based on power sets, with detailed analysis of their properties and theoretical potential. The eleventh chapter (A Review of SuperFuzzy, SuperNeutrosophic, and SuperPlithogenic Sets) revisits and extends the study of advanced set concepts such as: SuperFuzzy Sets, Super-Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets,Super-Neutrosophic Sets, and SuperPlithogenic Sets, including their specialized variants like quadripartitioned, pentapartitioned, and heptapartitioned forms. The work serves as a consolidation of existing studies while highlighting potential directions for future research in hierarchical uncertainty modeling. Focusing on decision-making under uncertainty, the tweve chapter (Advanced SuperHypersoft and TreeSoft Sets) introduces six novel concepts: SuperHypersoft Rough Sets,SuperHypersoft Expert Sets, Bipolar SuperHypersoft Sets, TreeSoft Rough Sets, TreeSoft Expert Sets, and Bipolar TreeSoft Sets. Definitions, properties, and potential applications of these frameworks are explored to enhance the flexibility of soft set-based models. The final chapter (Hierarchical Uncertainty in Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Sets) provides a comprehensive survey of hierarchical uncertainty frameworks, with a focus on Plithogenic Sets and their advanced extensions: Hyperplithogenic Sets, SuperHyperplithogenic Sets. It examines relationships with other major concepts such as Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Vague Sets, Picture Fuzzy Sets, Hesitant Fuzzy Sets, and multi-partitioned Neutrosophic Sets, consolidating their theoretical interconnections for modeling complex systems. This volume not only reflects the dynamic interplay between theoretical rigor and practical application but also serves as a beacon for future research in uncertainty modeling, offering advanced tools to tackle the intricacies of modern challenges. (shrink)

80年代から90年代の時代情況に向かい合い、その根源にある心と生命の問題をヘーゲル、フーコー、ヴェイユ、良寛、日本人の死...

The world’s population is currently aging, and the issue of ageism has become serious worldwide, including in Japan. Negative attitudes toward older adults can have undesirable effects on the mental and physical health of this group. We focused on the effects of contact experience with older adults and germ aversion, or the degree of aversion to infection, on negative attitudes toward older adults. Additionally, we included a moderating variable; youth identity, or the sense of belonging with younger rather than older (...) age groups. An online survey was conducted with Japanese participants. We conducted multiple regression analyses and the results showed that the interaction effect between youth identity and contact experience on negative attitudes toward older adults was significant. The findings suggest that contact experience may help in reducing negative attitudes toward older adults among people with low youth identity. The interaction effect between youth identity and germ aversion, however, was not significant. Academic research on the effects of some psychological interventions should pay particular attention to the role of youth identity. Future directions for empirical studies are also discussed. (shrink)

The commutativity of the 1-dimensional XY-h type Hamiltonian and the transfer matrix of a 2-dimensional spin-lattice model constructed from an R-matrix is studied by Sutherland's method. We generalize Krinsky's result to more general Hamiltonians and more general R matrices, and we obtain a generic condition on their parameters for the commutativity, which defines an irreducible algebraic manifold in the parameter space.

In this review, we introduce the concept of “dual thermosensing mechanisms,” highlighting the functional collaboration between G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that enable sophisticated cellular thermal responsiveness. GPCRs have been implicated in thermosensory processes, with recent findings identifying several candidates across species, including mammals, fruit flies, and nematodes. In many cases, these GPCRs work in conjunction with another class of thermosensors, TRP channels, offering insights into the complex mechanisms underlying thermosensory signaling. We examine how GPCRs (...) function as thermosensors and how their signaling regulates cellular thermosensation, illustrating the complexity of thermosensory systems. Understanding these dual thermosensory mechanisms would advance our comprehension of cellular thermosensation and its regulatory pathways. (shrink)

In the remainder of this article, we will disarm an important motivation for epistemic contextualism and interest-relative invariantism. We will accomplish this by presenting a stringent test of whether there is a stakes effect on ordinary knowledge ascription. Having shown that, even on a stringent way of testing, stakes fail to impact ordinary knowledge ascription, we will conclude that we should take another look at classical invariantism. Here is how we will proceed. Section 1 lays out some limitations of previous (...) research on stakes. Section 2 presents our study and concludes that there is little evidence for a substantial stakes effect. Section 3 responds to objections. The conclusion clears the way for classical invariantism. (shrink)

In this article, we present evidence that in four different cultural groups that speak quite different languages there are cases of justified true beliefs that are not judged to be cases of knowledge. We hypothesize that this intuitive judgment, which we call “the Gettier intuition,” may be a reflection of an underlying innate and universal core folk epistemology, and we highlight the philosophical significance of its universality.

This article examines whether people share the Gettier intuition (viz. that someone who has a true justified belief that p may nonetheless fail to know that p) in 24 sites, located in 23 countries (counting Hong Kong as a distinct country) and across 17 languages. We also consider the possible influence of gender and personality on this intuition with a very large sample size. Finally, we examine whether the Gettier intuition varies across people as a function of their disposition to (...) engage in “reflective” thinking. (shrink)

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

Since at least Hume and Kant, philosophers working on the nature of aesthetic judgment have generally agreed that common sense does not treat aesthetic judgments in the same way as typical expressions of subjective preferences—rather, it endows them with intersubjective validity, the property of being right or wrong regardless of disagreement. Moreover, this apparent intersubjective validity has been taken to constitute one of the main explananda for philosophical accounts of aesthetic judgment. But is it really the case that most people (...) spontaneously treat aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity? In this paper, we report the results of a cross‐cultural study with over 2,000 respondents spanning 19 countries. Despite significant geographical variations, these results suggest that most people do not treat their own aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories of aesthetic judgment and the purpose of aesthetics in general. (shrink)

Philosophers have argued that stakes affect knowledge: a given amount of evidence may suffice for knowledge if the stakes are low, but not if the stakes are high. By contrast, empirical work on the influence of stakes on ordinary knowledge ascriptions has been divided along methodological lines: “evidence‐fixed” prompts rarely find stakes effects, while “evidence‐seeking” prompts consistently find them. We present a cross‐cultural study using both evidence‐fixed and evidence‐seeking prompts with a diverse sample of 17 populations in 11 countries, speaking (...) 14 languages. Our study is the first to use an evidence‐seeking prompt cross‐culturally, and includes several previously untested populations (including indigenous populations). Across cultures, we do not find evidence of a stakes effect with our evidence‐fixed prompt, but do with our evidence‐seeking prompt. We argue that the divergent results reveal a tension within folk epistemology: people's beliefs about when it is appropriate to ascribe knowledge differ significantly from their actual practice in ascribing knowledge. (shrink)

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, we conducted a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two countries, speaking eighteen (...) different languages. Our results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Our results suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”— that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence. (shrink)

Is behavioral integration a necessary feature of belief in folk psychology? Our data from over 5,000 people across 26 samples, spanning 22 countries suggests that it is not. Given the surprising cross-cultural robustness of our findings, we argue that the types of evidence for the ascription of a belief are, at least in some circumstances, lexicographically ordered: assertions are first taken into account, and when an agent sincerely asserts that p, nonlinguistic behavioral evidence is disregarded. In light of this, we (...) take ourselves to have discovered a universal principle governing the ascription of beliefs in folk psychology. (shrink)

For public health professionals, traumatic brain injury and its possible protracted repercussions are a significant source of worry. In opposed to patient neurorehabilitation with developed brain abnormalities of different etiologies, neurorehabilitation of affected persons has several distinct features. The clinical repercussions of the various types of TBI injuries will be discussed in detail in this paper. During severe TBI, the medical course frequently follows a familiar first sequence of coma, accompanied by disordered awareness, followed by agitation and forgetfulness, followed by (...) return of function. Clinicians must be aware of common medical issues that might occur throughout the various stages of neurorehabilitation, for example, posttraumatic hydrocephalus, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and posttraumatic neuroendocrine disorders, at each step of the process. Furthermore, we address problems about the scheduling of various rehabilitation programs as well as the availability of current data for comprehensive rehabilitative neuropsychology techniques. (shrink)

1-3. [without special titles] -- 4. "Kogaku" no shisō.

Maruyama Masao to Yoshimoto Takaaki : kaisōfū shisōron -- Nihon-teki shii no yōsō -- NIhon kindai ni okeru kojin shugi no keiki to shosō -- Natsume Sōseki no kojin shugi.

第二次大戦における敗北は、日本の近代化の行く先に必然的に用意されていた、日本史上最大の事件だった。そして日本はその後遺症を抱えたまま、近代化の極たるグローバリゼーションに翻弄され、「第二の敗戦」を経験 しつつある。我々は精神の構えをどう立て直し、やくざ化した世界と伍していくべきなのか。本書では、敗戦をまたいで現われ、西欧近代とひとり格闘し、創造的思考に到達した七人の足跡を是々非々で批評。西欧思考の限 界を超え、日本から発信する文明的普遍性の可能性を探った野心的論考。.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2008v12n2p217 O presente ensaio fornece uma reconstrução do argumento de Strawson no capítulo 3 de Individuals , destacando um aspecto de sua análise que tem recebido relativamente pouca atenção na literatura: o papel atribuído à atitude “não-distanciada” ou “envolvida” em relação a outros sujeitos na constituição de uma consciência não-solipsista do mundo. Além disso, o ensaio apresenta algumas das principais linhas de desenvolvimento disponíveis para uma melhor articulação desse aspecto da análise strawsoniana, concluindo com a sugestão de que a principal (...) fraqueza do argumento defendido em Individuals poderia ser sanada a partir de uma maior atenção ao exame posterior, por parte de Strawson, das variedades de atitudes e sentimentos “reativos” para com outros sujeitos (sobretudo como este exame é apresentado no artigo “Freedom and Resentment”). (shrink)