Results for 'Structural estimation'

981 found
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  1.  66
    Intrinsic estimates of fitness affect the causal structure of evolutionary change.J. H. van Hateren - 2015 - Biology and Philosophy 30 (5):729-746.
    The causal structure of Darwinian evolution by natural selection is investigated. Its basic scheme is reproduction resulting from a feedback loop driven by internal and external causes. Causation internal to the loop connects genotype, development, phenotype, and fitness, with environmental constraints on the latter preventing runaway reproduction. External causes driving the core loop are environmental change and genetic change. This basic causal structure is complicated by modern additions such as control of mutation rate, niche construction, interactions between evolution and development, (...)
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  2.  65
    Bayesian estimation and testing of structural equation models.Richard Scheines - unknown
    The Gibbs sampler can be used to obtain samples of arbitrary size from the posterior distribution over the parameters of a structural equation model (SEM) given covariance data and a prior distribution over the parameters. Point estimates, standard deviations and interval estimates for the parameters can be computed from these samples. If the prior distribution over the parameters is uninformative, the posterior is proportional to the likelihood, and asymptotically the inferences based on the Gibbs sample are the same as (...)
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  3.  19
    Estimating causal strength: the role of structural knowledge and processing effort.Michael R. Waldmann & York Hagmayer - 2001 - Cognition 82 (1):27-58.
  4.  30
    Conditional Structure versus Conditional Estimation in NLP Models.Dan Klein & Christopher D. Manning - unknown
    This paper separates conditional parameter estima- tion, which consistently raises test set accuracy on statistical NLP tasks, from conditional model struc- tures, such as the conditional Markov model used for maximum-entropy tagging, which tend to lower accuracy. Error analysis on part-of-speech tagging shows that the actual tagging errors made by the conditionally structured model derive not only from label bias, but also from other ways in which the independence assumptions of the conditional model structure are unsuited to linguistic sequences. The (...)
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  5.  60
    Estimating Large Numbers.David Landy, Noah Silbert & Aleah Goldin - 2013 - Cognitive Science 37 (5):775-799.
    Despite their importance in public discourse, numbers in the range of 1 million to 1 trillion are notoriously difficult to understand. We examine magnitude estimation by adult Americans when placing large numbers on a number line and when qualitatively evaluating descriptions of imaginary geopolitical scenarios. Prior theoretical conceptions predict a log-to-linear shift: People will either place numbers linearly or will place numbers according to a compressive logarithmic or power-shaped function (Barth & Paladino, ; Siegler & Opfer, ). While about (...)
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  6. Quantitative estimation of the properties of reflection of the stimulus spatial brightness distribution by the neuronal structures of cat LGB.A. N. Chizh, N. F. Podvigin & N. B. Kiseleva - 1996 - In Enrique Villanueva, Perception. Ridgeview Pub. Co. pp. 110-110.
  7.  27
    Developmental Models for Estimating Ecological Responses to Environmental Variability: Structural, Parametric, and Experimental Issues.Julia L. Moore & Justin V. Remais - 2014 - Acta Biotheoretica 62 (1):69-90.
    Developmental models that account for the metabolic effect of temperature variability on poikilotherms, such as degree-day models, have been widely used to study organism emergence, range and development, particularly in agricultural and vector-borne disease contexts. Though simple and easy to use, structural and parametric issues can influence the outputs of such models, often substantially. Because the underlying assumptions and limitations of these models have rarely been considered, this paper reviews the structural, parametric, and experimental issues that arise when (...)
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  8.  38
    Estimation of inbreeding from ecclesiastical dispensations: Application of three procedures to a spanish case.Vicente Fuster & Sonia Colantonio - 2002 - Journal of Biosocial Science 34 (3):395-406.
    The inbreeding coefficient of a population, estimated from ecclesiastical Roman Catholic dispensations, results from the relative contribution of different degrees of relationships (uncle–niece, first cousin, etc.). The interpopulation comparisons of consanguinity patterns may be obscured by the fact that in 1918 the Roman Catholic Church norm regulating the closest marriageable kinship was modified, limiting the application for an ecclesiastical dispensation to relatives of third degree (second cousins) or closer. Depending on the length of the period before or after the change (...)
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  9.  54
    Cortical Midline Structures and Autobiographical-Self Processes: An Activation-Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.Helder F. Araujo, Jonas Kaplan & Antonio Damasio - 2013 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7.
  10.  19
    The variance of causal effect estimators for binary v-structures.Giusi Moffa & Jack Kuipers - 2022 - Journal of Causal Inference 10 (1):90-105.
    Adjusting for covariates is a well-established method to estimate the total causal effect of an exposure variable on an outcome of interest. Depending on the causal structure of the mechanism under study, there may be different adjustment sets, equally valid from a theoretical perspective, leading to identical causal effects. However, in practice, with finite data, estimators built on different sets may display different precisions. To investigate the extent of this variability, we consider the simplest non-trivial non-linear model of a v-structure (...)
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  11.  38
    Generalized Structured Component Analysis with Uniqueness Terms for Accommodating Measurement Error.Heungsun Hwang, Yoshio Takane & Kwanghee Jung - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
    Generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) is a component-based approach to structural equation modeling (SEM), where latent variables are approximated by weighted composites of indicators. It has no formal mechanism to incorporate errors in indicators, which in turn renders components prone to the errors as well. We propose to extend GSCA to account for errors in indicators explicitly. This extension, called GSCA_M, considers both common and unique parts of indicators, as postulated in common factor analysis, and estimates a weighted composite (...)
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  12.  41
    Estimating F-Statistics: A Historical View.Bruce S. Weir - 2012 - Philosophy of Science 79 (5):637-643.
    Characterizing the genetic structure of populations is of importance to evolutionary biology, to human disease gene mapping, and to forensic science. Sewall Wright introduced a set of F-statistics to describe population structure in 1951, and he emphasized that these quantities were ratios of variances. Responding to uncertainty over the best way to estimate F-statistics, Weir and Cockerham published a method-of-moments set of estimators in 1984. This paper continues to be widely cited, with over 7,000 citations to date. Some background to (...)
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  13.  19
    Estimating weights of reasons using metaheuristics: A hybrid approach to machine ethics.Benoît Alcaraz, Aleks Knoks & David Streit - 2024 - In Sanmay Das, Brian Patrick Green, Kush Varshney, Marianna Ganapini & Andrea Renda, Proceedings of the Seventh AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES-24). ACM Press. pp. 27-38.
    We present a new approach to representation and acquisition of normative information for machine ethics. It combines an influential philosophical account of the fundamental structure of morality with argumentation theory and machine learning. According to the philosophical account, the deontic status of an action – whether it is required, forbidden, or permissible – is determined through the interaction of “normative reasons” of varying strengths or weights. We first provide a formal characterization of this account, by modeling it in(weighted) argumentation graphs. (...)
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  14.  29
    Estimating the effect of central bank independence on inflation using longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation.Enzo Rossi, Michael Schomaker & Philipp F. M. Baumann - 2021 - Journal of Causal Inference 9 (1):109-146.
    The notion that an independent central bank reduces a country’s inflation is a controversial hypothesis. To date, it has not been possible to satisfactorily answer this question because the complex macroeconomic structure that gives rise to the data has not been adequately incorporated into statistical analyses. We develop a causal model that summarizes the economic process of inflation. Based on this causal model and recent data, we discuss and identify the assumptions under which the effect of central bank independence on (...)
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  15.  17
    Estimation of Suspended Sediment Load Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Ensemble Model.Vahid Nourani, Huseyin Gokcekus & Gebre Gelete - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-19.
    Suspended sediment modeling is an important subject for decision-makers at the catchment level. Accurate and reliable modeling of suspended sediment load is important for planning, managing, and designing of water resource structures and river systems. The objective of this study was to develop artificial intelligence- based ensemble methods for modeling SSL in Katar catchment, Ethiopia. In this paper, three single AI-based models, that is, support vector machine, adaptive neurofuzzy inference system, feed-forward neural network, and one conventional multilinear regression modes, were (...)
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  16.  45
    Learn the source and target languages: (a) Learn a grammar GA for the source language (A). (b) Estimate a structural statistical language model SSLMA for (A). Given a grammar (consisting of..). [REVIEW]Shimon Edelman - unknown
    (a) Learn a grammar GA for the source language (A). (b) Estimate a structural statistical language model SSLMA for (A). Given a grammar (consisting of terminals and nonterminals) and a partial sentence (sequence of terminals (t1 . . . ti)), an SSLM assigns probabilities to the possible choices of the next terminal ti+1.
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  17.  20
    A billion-dollar donation: estimating the cost of researchers’ time spent on peer review.Alex O. Holcombe, Barnabas Szaszi & Balazs Aczel - 2021 - Research Integrity and Peer Review 6 (1).
    BackgroundThe amount and value of researchers’ peer review work is critical for academia and journal publishing. However, this labor is under-recognized, its magnitude is unknown, and alternative ways of organizing peer review labor are rarely considered.MethodsUsing publicly available data, we provide an estimate of researchers’ time and the salary-based contribution to the journal peer review system.ResultsWe found that the total time reviewers globally worked on peer reviews was over 100 million hours in 2020, equivalent to over 15 thousand years. The (...)
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  18.  89
    A uniformly consistent estimator of causal effects under the k-Triangle-Faithfulness assumption.Peter Spirtes & Jiji Zhang - unknown
    Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines [Causation, Prediction, and Search Springer] described a pointwise consistent estimator of the Markov equivalence class of any causal structure that can be represented by a directed acyclic graph for any parametric family with a uniformly consistent test of conditional independence, under the Causal Markov and Causal Faithfulness assumptions. Robins et al. [Biometrika 90 491–515], however, proved that there are no uniformly consistent estimators of Markov equivalence classes of causal structures under those assumptions. Subsequently, Kalisch and B¨uhlmann (...)
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  19.  20
    How to estimate the randomness in random sequence generation tasks?Anna Barbasz, Krzysztof Piotrowski, Michal Wierzchoń, Zbigniew Stettner & Jakub Barbasz - 2008 - Polish Psychological Bulletin 39 (1):42-46.
    How to estimate the randomness in random sequence generation tasks? The aim of the paper was to discuss the accuracy of the multiple indexes used for random sequences generation results calculation. In the first part of the paper the models explaining deviations from randomness were presented. The key role of the structural limitations interpretation was suggested. Secondly, the multiple indexes of the deviation from randomness used in random sequence generation task studies were presented. The authors concluded that too many (...)
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  20.  18
    Improved Doubly Robust Estimation in Marginal Mean Models for Dynamic Regimes.Brent A. Johnson, Xin Lu, Ashkan Ertefaie & Hao Sun - 2020 - Journal of Causal Inference 8 (1):300-314.
    Doubly robust (DR) estimators are an important class of statistics derived from a theory of semiparametric efficiency. They have become a popular tool in causal inference, including applications to dynamic treatment regimes. The doubly robust estimators for the mean response to a dynamic treatment regime may be conceived through the augmented inverse probability weighted (AIPW) estimating function, defined as the sum of the inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimating function and an augmentation term. The IPW estimating function of the causal estimand (...)
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  21.  23
    Clay-Based Brick Porosity Estimation Using Image Processing Techniques.Mohamed Azrour, Mohamed El Amraoui, Mohammed Ouanan, Brahim Aksasse, Hassan Ouallal & Safa Jida - 2019 - Journal of Intelligent Systems 29 (1):1226-1234.
    This work intends to apprehend and emphasize the contribution of image-processing techniques and computer vision in the treatment of clay-based material known in Meknes region. One of the various characteristics used to describe clay in a qualitative manner is porosity, as it is considered one of the properties that with “kill or cure” effectiveness. For this purpose, we use scanning electron microscopy images, as they are considered the most powerful tool for characterising the quality of the microscopic pore structure of (...)
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  22.  14
    Human Posture Recognition and Estimation Method Based on 3D Multiview Basketball Sports Dataset.Xuhui Song & Linyuan Fan - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-10.
    In traditional 3D reconstruction methods, using a single view to predict the 3D structure of an object is a very difficult task. This research mainly discusses human pose recognition and estimation based on 3D multiview basketball sports dataset. The convolutional neural network framework used in this research is VGG11, and the basketball dataset Image Net is used for pretraining. This research uses some modules of the VGG11 network. For different feature fusion methods, different modules of the VGG11 network are (...)
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  23.  27
    Modeling Structure‐Building in the Brain With CCG Parsing and Large Language Models.Miloš Stanojević, Jonathan R. Brennan, Donald Dunagan, Mark Steedman & John T. Hale - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (7):e13312.
    To model behavioral and neural correlates of language comprehension in naturalistic environments, researchers have turned to broad‐coverage tools from natural‐language processing and machine learning. Where syntactic structure is explicitly modeled, prior work has relied predominantly on context‐free grammars (CFGs), yet such formalisms are not sufficiently expressive for human languages. Combinatory categorial grammars (CCGs) are sufficiently expressive directly compositional models of grammar with flexible constituency that affords incremental interpretation. In this work, we evaluate whether a more expressive CCG provides a better (...)
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  24. Examining the Network Structure among Moral Functioning Components with Network Analysis.Hyemin Han - 2024 - Personality and Individual Differences 217:112435.
    I explored the association between components constituting the basis for moral and optimal human functioning, i.e., moral reasoning, moral identity, empathy, and purpose, via network analysis. I employed factor scores instead of composite scores that most previous studies used for better accuracy in score estimation in this study. Then, I estimated the network structure among collected variables and centrality indicators. For additional information, the structure and indicators were compared between two groups, participants who engaged in civic activities highly versus (...)
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  25.  21
    Comparative analysis of features extraction techniques for black face age estimation.Oluwasegun Oladipo, Elijah Olusayo Omidiora & Victor Chukwudi Osamor - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-15.
    A computer-based age estimation is a technique that predicts an individual's age based on visual traits derived by analyzing a 2D picture of the individual's face. Age estimation is critical for access control, e-government, and effective human–computer interaction. The other-race effect has the potential to cause techniques designed for white faces to underperform when used in a region with black faces. The outcome is the consequence of intermittent training with faces of the same race and the encoding structure (...)
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  26.  61
    A neurocognitive model of meditation based on activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis.Marco Sperduti, Pénélope Martinelli & Pascale Piolino - 2012 - Consciousness and Cognition 21 (1):269-276.
    Meditation comprises a series of practices mainly developed in eastern cultures aiming at controlling emotions and enhancing attentional processes. Several authors proposed to divide meditation techniques in focused attention and open monitoring techniques. Previous studies have reported differences in brain networks underlying FA and OM. On the other hand common activations across different meditative practices have been reported. Despite differences between forms of meditation and their underlying cognitive processes, we propose that all meditative techniques could share a central process that (...)
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  27.  30
    Hegel’s Estimation of Evolution.Sean Douglas & Marina F. Bykova - 2024 - Idealistic Studies 54 (2):191-212.
    This paper explores Hegel’s perspective on development within nature, his supposed rejection of evolution, and his concept of nature as a “system of stages.” It argues that interpreting Hegel through the lens of emergentist thinking provides a more accurate understanding of his conception of nature and its development, as well as his critique of evolution. The paper is structured in three parts. First, we introduce emergentist theory, exploring its contemporary and historical meanings to establish where Hegel fits within this framework. (...)
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  28.  23
    The structure of men's and women's feminist orientations: Feminist identity and feminist opinion.Laurie A. Rhodebeck - 1996 - Gender and Society 10 (4):386-403.
    This study considers two problems: the extent to which feminist opinions are distinct from feminist identity and the generalizability of these separate constructs across gender and time. Using pooled cross-sectional data from the six National Election Study surveys conducted from 1972 through 1992, the author employs a series of measurement and structural equation models to evaluate the validity and reliability of various feminist orientations and to estimate the relationships among feminist identity, feminist opinion, and individual characteristics associated with feminism. (...)
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  29.  85
    Examining the Dynamic Structure of Daily Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior at Multiple Levels of Analysis.Aidan G. C. Wright, Adriene M. Beltz, Kathleen M. Gates, Peter C. M. Molenaar & Leonard J. Simms - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:162698.
    Psychiatric diagnostic covariation suggests that the underlying structure of psychopathology is not one of circumscribed disorders. Quantitative modeling of individual differences in diagnostic patterns has uncovered several broad domains of mental disorder liability, of which the Internalizing and Externalizing spectra have garnered the greatest support. These dimensions have generally been estimated from lifetime or past-year comorbidity patters, which are distal from the covariation of symptoms and maladaptive behavior that ebb and flow in daily life. In this study, structural models (...)
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  30.  21
    How Does Explanatory Virtue Determine Probability Estimation?—Empirical Discussion on Effect of Instruction.Asaya Shimojo, Kazuhisa Miwa & Hitoshi Terai - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    It is important to reveal how humans evaluate an explanation of the recent development of explainable artificial intelligence. So, what makes people feel that one explanation is more likely than another? In the present study, we examine how explanatory virtues affect the process of estimating subjective posterior probability. Through systematically manipulating two virtues, Simplicity—the number of causes used to explain effects—and Scope—the number of effects predicted by causes—in three different conditions, we clarified two points in Experiment 1: that Scope's effect (...)
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  31.  94
    Representing Spatial Structure Through Maps and Language: Lord of the Rings Encodes the Spatial Structure of Middle Earth.Max M. Louwerse & Nick Benesh - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (8):1556-1569.
    Spatial mental representations can be derived from linguistic and non‐linguistic sources of information. This study tested whether these representations could be formed from statistical linguistic frequencies of city names, and to what extent participants differed in their performance when they estimated spatial locations from language or maps. In a computational linguistic study, we demonstrated that co‐occurrences of cities in Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit predicted the authentic longitude and latitude of those cities in Middle Earth. In (...)
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  32.  24
    Histoire, structure et dialectique.Claude Lagadec - 1965 - Dialogue 4 (1):26-47.
    Le débat actuel sur la pensée structurale soulève diverses questions qui intéressent l'interprétation de la philosophie hégélienne, et particulièrement l'interprétation hégélienne de la psychanalyse.Lucien Sebag estime que l'histoire et la structure représentent deux types d'explications qui se distinguent nettement par leur méthode d'opération tout autant que par les résultats obtenus. On peut conceptualiser, nous dit-il, de deux façons: I) en considérant des conduites individuelles ou collectives dont le compte rendu forme alors un récit. Ce mode de pensée est de type (...)
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  33.  18
    Score-Guided Structural Equation Model Trees.Manuel Arnold, Manuel C. Voelkle & Andreas M. Brandmaier - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Structural equation model trees are data-driven tools for finding variables that predict group differences in SEM parameters. SEM trees build upon the decision tree paradigm by growing tree structures that divide a data set recursively into homogeneous subsets. In past research, SEM trees have been estimated predominantly with the R package semtree. The original algorithm in the semtree package selects split variables among covariates by calculating a likelihood ratio for each possible split of each covariate. Obtaining these likelihood ratios (...)
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  34.  15
    Reconceptualizing Symbolic Magnitude Estimation Training Using Non-declarative Learning Techniques.Erin N. Graham & Christopher A. Was - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    It is well-documented that mathematics achievement is an important predictor of many positive life outcomes like college graduation, career opportunities, salary, and even citizenship. As such, it is important for researchers and educators to help students succeed in mathematics. Although there are undoubtedly many factors that contribute to students' success in mathematics, much of the research and intervention development has focused on variations in instructional techniques. Indeed, even a cursory glance at many educational journals and granting agencies reveals that there (...)
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  35.  13
    Demand System Specification and Estimation.Robert A. Pollak & Terence J. Wales - 1992 - Oxford University Press USA.
    This book explores the principal issues involved in bridging the gap between the pure theory of consumer behavior and its empirical implementation. The authors focus upon the structure of preferences, the treatment of demographic variables, the treatment of dynamics, and the specification of the stochastic structure of the demand system.
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  36.  13
    Hierarchy of Technoscience Estimation.Sergei Yu Shevchenko - 2019 - Epistemology and Philosophy of Science 56 (3):186-201.
    Semantic framework of the discussion about the equivalence and interchangeability of the original drugs and generics is considered in the article. Generics are identical to the original drugs in terms of chemical structure, nevertheless some patients and doctors consider that generics are less effective and have more severe side effects than original drugs. These discussions are considered as an example of a public deliberation concerning the achievements of technoscience. The conflicting parties determined the identity either from the chemical structure of (...)
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  37.  35
    Maximum likelihood estimation on generalized sample spaces: An alternative resolution of Simpson's paradox. [REVIEW]Matthias P. Kläy & David J. Foulis - 1990 - Foundations of Physics 20 (7):777-799.
    We propose an alternative resolution of Simpson's paradox in multiple classification experiments, using a different maximum likelihood estimator. In the center of our analysis is a formal representation of free choice and randomization that is based on the notion of incompatible measurements.We first introduce a representation of incompatible measurements as a collection of sets of outcomes. This leads to a natural generalization of Kolmogoroff's axioms of probability. We then discuss the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimator for a (...)
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  38.  23
    Residential Mobility, Family Structure, and Completion of Upper Secondary Education – A Registry-Based Cohort Study of the Norwegian Adolescent Population.Tommy Haugan & Arnhild Myhr - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:466382.
    Background: Longitudinal studies exploring the complex interplay between family structures and residential mobility on educational achievement and failure are lacking. We investigate the interplay between the number of residential moves during late childhood, parental education level, family living situation, and the probability of completing upper secondary education. Methodology Detailed longitudinal data for a random sample of 30% of the entire Norwegian population born 1982 to 1989 ( N = 121,247) and information on all their relocations between Norwegian enumeration districts from (...)
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  39.  13
    Improving the Precision of Ability Estimates Using Time-On-Task Variables: Insights From the PISA 2012 Computer-Based Assessment of Mathematics.Denise Reis Costa, Maria Bolsinova, Jesper Tijmstra & Björn Andersson - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12:579128.
    Log-file data from computer-based assessments can provide useful collateral information for estimating student abilities. In turn, this can improve traditional approaches that only consider response accuracy. Based on the amounts of time students spent on 10 mathematics items from the PISA 2012, this study evaluated the overall changes in and measurement precision of ability estimates and explored country-level heterogeneity when combining item responses and time-on-task measurements using a joint framework. Our findings suggest a notable increase in precision with the incorporation (...)
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  40.  32
    Asymptotic Classes of Finite Structures.Richard Elwes - 2007 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 72 (2):418 - 438.
    In this paper we consider classes of finite structures where we have good control over the sizes of the definable sets. The motivating example is the class of finite fields: it was shown in [1] that for any formulain the language of rings, there are finitely many pairs (d,μ) ∈ω×Q>0so that in any finite fieldFand for any ā ∈Fmthe size |ø(Fn,ā)| is “approximately”μ|F|d. Essentially this is a generalisation of the classical Lang-Weil estimates from the category of varieties to that of (...)
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  41.  15
    What Is Targeted When We Train Working Memory? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of the Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training Using Activation Likelihood Estimation.Oshin Vartanian, Vladyslava Replete, Sidney Ann Saint, Quan Lam, Sarah Forbes, Monique E. Beaudoin, Tad T. Brunyé, David J. Bryant, Kathryn A. Feltman, Kristin J. Heaton, Richard A. McKinley, Jan B. F. Van Erp, Annika Vergin & Annalise Whittaker - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Working memory is the system responsible for maintaining and manipulating information, in the face of ongoing distraction. In turn, WM span is perceived to be an individual-differences construct reflecting the limited capacity of this system. Recently, however, there has been some evidence to suggest that WM capacity can increase through training, raising the possibility that training can functionally alter the neural structures supporting WM. To address the hypothesis that the neural substrates underlying WM are targeted by training, we conducted a (...)
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  42.  48
    Probability and structure in econometric models.Kevin D. Hoover - manuscript
    The difficulty of conducting relevant experiments has long been regarded as the central challenge to learning about the economy from data. The standard solution, going back to Haavelmo's famous “The Probability Approach in Econometrics” (1944), involved two elements: first, it placed substantial weight on a priori theory as a source of structural information, reducing econometric estimates to measurements of causally articulated systems; second, it emphasized the need for an appropriate statistical model of the data. These elements are usually seen (...)
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  43.  29
    Optimal balancing of time-dependent confounders for marginal structural models.Michele Santacatterina & Nathan Kallus - 2021 - Journal of Causal Inference 9 (1):345-369.
    Marginal structural models can be used to estimate the causal effect of a potentially time-varying treatment in the presence of time-dependent confounding via weighted regression. The standard approach of using inverse probability of treatment weighting can be sensitive to model misspecification and lead to high-variance estimates due to extreme weights. Various methods have been proposed to partially address this, including covariate balancing propensity score to mitigate treatment model misspecification, and truncation and stabilized-IPTW to temper extreme weights. In this article, (...)
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  44.  36
    Sufficiency and Necessity Assumptions in Causal Structure Induction.Ralf Mayrhofer & Michael R. Waldmann - 2016 - Cognitive Science 40 (8):2137-2150.
    Research on human causal induction has shown that people have general prior assumptions about causal strength and about how causes interact with the background. We propose that these prior assumptions about the parameters of causal systems do not only manifest themselves in estimations of causal strength or the selection of causes but also when deciding between alternative causal structures. In three experiments, we requested subjects to choose which of two observable variables was the cause and which the effect. We found (...)
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  45.  64
    A Pinning Actor-Critic Structure-Based Algorithm for Sizing Complex-Shaped Depth Profiles in MFL Inspection with High Degree of Freedom.Zhenning Wu, Yiming Deng & Lixing Wang - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-12.
    One of the most efficient nondestructive methods for pipeline in-line inspection is magnetic flux leakage inspection. Estimating the size of the defect from MFL signal is one of the key problems of MFL inspection. As the inspection signal is usually contaminated by noise, sizing the defect is an ill-posed inverse problem, especially when sizing the depth as a complex shape. An actor-critic structure-based algorithm is proposed in this paper for sizing complex depth profiles. By learning with more information from the (...)
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  46.  13
    The Allegedly Simple Structure of Experts’ Risk Perception: An Urban Legend in Risk Research.Lennart Sjöberg - 2002 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 27 (4):443-459.
    Experts have been claimed to perceive risks in a different way than the general public. It is likely that experts often see risks in their own field of expertise as smaller than the public does, but that does not imply that their risk perception is also driven by other factors. Topical experts and general risk assessors are two quite different types of experts. Still, common assertions as to the simple structure of expert risk perception, said to be related only to (...)
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  47.  31
    On Computing Structural and Behavioral Complexities of Threshold Boolean Networks: Application to Biological Networks.Urvan Christen, Sergiu Ivanov, Rémi Segretain, Laurent Trilling & Nicolas Glade - 2019 - Acta Biotheoretica 68 (1):119-138.
    Various threshold Boolean networks, a formalism used to model different types of biological networks, can produce similar dynamics, i.e. share same behaviors. Among them, some are complex, others not. By computing both structural and behavioral complexities, we show that most TBNs are structurally complex, even those having simple behaviors. For this purpose, we developed a new method to compute the structural complexity of a TBN based on estimates of the sizes of equivalence classes of the threshold Boolean functions (...)
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  48.  14
    The Network Structure of Decision-Making Competence in Chinese Adults.Jiaxi Peng, Lei Ren, Nian Yang, Luming Zhao, Peng Fang & Yongcong Shao - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:563023.
    Decision-making competence refers to the ability to make better decisions, as defined by decision-making principles posited by models of rational choice. The adult decision-making competence (A-DMC) scale is a relatively mature evaluation tool used for decision-making competence. However, the A-DMC is yet far from other mature psychological evaluation tools, and especially the structure of A-DMC remains unclear. In the current study, we estimated a regularized partial correlation network of decision-making competence in a Chinese sample consisting of 339 adults who were (...)
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    Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling: A meta-analytic review of model fit.Andreas Gegenfurtner - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Multivariate behavioral research often focuses on latent constructs—such as motivation, self-concept, or wellbeing—that cannot be directly observed. Typically, these latent constructs are measured with items in standardized instruments. To test the factorial structure and multidimensionality of latent constructs in educational and psychological research, Morin et al. proposed bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. This meta-analytic review aimed to estimate the extent to which B-ESEM model fit differs from other model representations, including confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, hierarchical (...)
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  50.  27
    The Binge Eating Scale: Structural Equation Competitive Models, Invariance Measurement Between Sexes, and Relationships With Food Addiction, Impulsivity, Binge Drinking, and Body Mass Index.Tamara Escrivá-Martínez, Laura Galiana, Marta Rodríguez-Arias & Rosa M. Baños - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
    Introduction: The Binge Eating Scale (BES) is a widely-used self-report questionnaire to identify compulsive eaters. However, research on the dimensions and psychometric properties of the BES is limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the properties of the Spanish version of the BES. Method: Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) were carried out to verify the BES factor structure in a sample of Spanish college students (N = 428, 75.7% women; age range = 18–30). An invariance measurement routine was (...)
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