L’œuvre de Cavaillès est associée à la critique de fond des pensées du sujet en philosophie des mathématiques, liée à une inspiration spinoziste. Il s’agit ici d’interroger le rapport de la pensée de Cavaillès à la philosophie transcendantale : la position fondamentale de Cavaillès consiste-t-elle à rejeter en philosophie des mathématiques toute philosophie du sujet mathématicien, c’est-à-dire toute thèse d’engendrement des objectités idéales des mathématiques par les actes de la conscience? Implique-t-elle l’exclusion, hors du champ de la philosophie mathématique, de (...) la notion d’acte subjectif? Faut-il lui substituer l’idée d’un ordre objectif, anonyme et dialectique d’engendrement de nouvelles idées rationnelles à partir d’idées données? Nous analyserons les critiques du sujet kantien émises par Cavaillès, pour voir comment la conceptualité hégélienne permet de penser en sa spécificité l’historicité des idéalités mathématiques, paradoxale progressivité de contenus omnitemporels. (shrink)

Ces articles expriment la pensée de J.-T. Desanti et permettent de cerner la cohérence de ses positions philosophiques pour dégager un ensemble cohérent de positions ontologiques qui constitueraient sa philosophie.

Dans Par-delà la révolution copernicienne, l'auteur avait pris pour fil conducteur la critique husserlienne de la révolution copernicienne de Kant : si, pour ce dernier, l'être des objets se règle sur les structures a priori du sujet transcendantal, c'est en phénoménologie, à l'inverse, chaque catégorie essentielle d'objets qui prescrit en miroir une structure régulatrice du sujet constituant. Le présent ouvrage prolonge cette démarche : car loin que le système des objets soit clos une fois pour toutes, la sphère des objets (...) culturels et idéaux est au contraire en perpétuel devenir ; cela n'implique-t-il pas, du côté du sujet, une plasticité et une relativité historiques de son essence et de ses facultés? En outre, si l'on considère les structures de la raison scientifique, on doit avec Husserl faire le constat qu'elles sont privées de permanence anhistorique et que l'histoire est scandée par des coupures épistémologiques où se redéfinissent le style de la rationalité et les catégories de la raison scientifique. Quelle est l'instance qui produit de telles mutations de la rationalité? Est-ce le sujet transcendantal, ou bien une dimension a-subjective plus originaire que le sujet lui-même? (shrink)

This study focuses on the essential difference between Kant’s and Husserl’s transcendental Idealism. In fact, Husserl describes in the «Cartesian Meditations» his own ontological thesis as a «transcendental idealism», in which all sorts of entities have to be constituted by an activity of the transcendental subjectivity, so that we have to regard pure consciousness as the ontological origin of all entities in the world. But this study is interested in the two opposite signications of the Kantian copernican inversion. On the (...) one hand, the Copernican inversion has the same sense as the phenomenological reduction, which implies that Husserl can’t agree with Kant’s presupposition of absolute things in themselves; on the second hand, it involves a relativistic and anthropologistic orientation, so that the aprioristic structures of given objects are founded on the universal structures of finite subjectivity, on pure forms and faculties of human consciousness. At the opposite, Husserl enounces a methodological prescription for any phenomenological elucidation: it is not allowed to presuppose in phenomenology any given faculty or given nature of transcendental subjectivity. This prescription has important consequences on which this study focuses. First the ontological difference between intuitus originarius and intuitus derivatus, in nite and nite type of intuition, doesn’t have any validity: the difference between factual and rational truths only depends on the essence of the truth itself, and doesn’t have its foundation on the ontological difference between creative and receptive sort of intuition. Secondly, this first thesis admits an immediate application on the level of subjective constitution of objects: the modality in which an object appears to the subjectivity doesn’t depend on the universal structure of finite subject, but is exclusively founded on the essence of the object itself, so that it is impossible to consider the aprioristic constitutive structure as a merely subjective structure. Thirdly, in this transcendental phenomenology everything has to be constituted by subjectivity: the aprioristic character of the pure forms of sensibility is not founded on the structure of finite subjectivity, but rather on the essential connection between sensual material and form; so that it is not allowed to presuppose any facticity of time and space; the pure forms of sensibility have to be constituted by a special type of synthesis that we have to elucidate in opposition to other types of higher levels. The profound signication of Husserl’s anticopernican inversion is that the field of transcendental phenomenology consists of the essential form of an eidos ego, which is «more objective than any objectivity», as Levinas said; and that transcendental phenomenology is completely dominated by the principium reddendae rationis. (shrink)

L’article s’interroge sur l’unité intrinsèque des concepts d’intuition, d’évidence et de remplissement dans la pensée de Husserl : existe-t-il un concept formel d’intuition qui soit valable pour toutes les sphères d’objets possibles ? Peut-on transposer aux différents types d’essences ou de catégories d’objets le paradigme de l’intuition élaboré dans la sphère de la perception sensible ? Cette question nous conduit à analyser, chez Husserl, la structure et les modalités du remplissement et de l’intuition pour les singularités sensibles, les essences matériales (...) et les essences mêlant sensibilité et forme catégoriale.In our paper, we ask whether or not the concepts of intuition, insight and fulfillment have an intrinsic unity in Husserl’s thought. Does a formal concept of intuition exist, which would have a validity in all possible spheres of objects ? Is it possible to transfer to the different kinds of essences the model of intuition, which has been elaborated in the sphere of sensory perception ? That problem leads us to analyze in Husserl’s thought the structure and modalities of fulfillment and intuition for sensory singularities, for material essences and for essences that are a mix of sensibility and categorical form. (shrink)

This paper raises the question – based on the works of Marc Richir and Dominique Pradelle – if and how phenomenology deals with an “anti-Copernican” revolution, considering that the motif of a “Copernican” revolution seems to have gone through some modifications that reflect a certain deposition of the constitutive role of the subject. Its fundamental thesis is that a certain dimension “beyond” the Copernican revolution does not reestablish a “Ptolemaic” realism but rather opens a dimension “beneath”: beneath the subject and (...) the object where can take place a mutual relationship between an a-subjective constitutive power and a pre-empirical foundational being. This dimension “beneath” means that the alternative does not concern a “pre-Copernican” realism on the one hand and an “idealism” leaving in the shadows the relationship between the transcendental method and an ontological perspective on the other, but rather puts forward a constructive circularity between the transcendental constitution and an ontological foundation. It follows that “normativity” is not achieved on the basis of pre-given objectivity – because it would mean a petition principia – but draws upon the “pre-immanent generativity”. (shrink)

Principlism aims to provide a framework to help those working in medicine both to identify moral problems and to make decisions about what to do. For it to meet this aim, the principles included within it must express values that all morally serious people share (or ought to share), and there must be no other values that all morally serious people share (or ought to share). This paper challenges the latter of these claims. I will argue that as a descriptive (...) claim about what values morally serious people do in fact share, principlism is inadequate; more principles would be needed to make this claim true. Furthermore, I will argue that while, taken as a claim about what principles we ought to share, principlism could turn out to be correct, it is either unsupported or unable to meet its aims. The only way in which principlists can avoid these problems is to add to the current four principles. (shrink)

Byzantine Empire; economic and social conditions; history.

The great achievement of mankind was the appearance of a printed book that not only significantly expanded the circle of readers, but also in comparison with the handwritten book contributed to the unification of canonical texts, in particular, such as Scripture, church service books, works of the Church Fathers, polemical and other religious literature. Consideration of the words "Japanese typography as the basis for the preservation and transmission of sources of Christian literary culture requires a brief description of the essence (...) of printing, not only as a means of mechanical reproduction of the text, but also a remarkable cultural-historical phenomenon. (shrink)