Texto em homenagem à Carlos Drummond de Andrade.

Este texto pretende apresentar algumas posições sobre o problema do gênero, na modernidade. Partindo do diagnóstico de Foucault de que os processos de constituição e de produção do sujeito implicariam ter um modelo de autodeterminação de si, buscamos pensar o problema do gênero por duas vertentes: por um lado, uma proposta de Butler, em que a sexualidade não poderia ser determinada, pois ela sempre resistiria a qualquer forma de normatização; por outro, uma luta por reconhecimento da individualidade que procura incluir (...) todas as possibilidades de autorrealização de si, na esfera jurídica. Nossa proposta é avaliar esses dois modelos e questionar o que poderia estar mais próximo das demandas sociais em relação ao problema do gênero e, de um modo mais amplo, do problema da identidade individual. This paper aims to present certain positions regarding the question of gender in modernity. Starting from Foucault’s diagnosis that the processes of the constitution and production of the subject involve having a model of self-determination, we have attempted to reexamine the question of gender from two different perspectives: on the one hand, Butler’s proposal that sexuality cannot be determined, since it always resists any form of normatization; on the other, the struggle for recognition of individuality which seeks the inclusion into the legal sphere of all possibilities for self-fulfillment. Our aim is to evaluate these two models and to question which of the two might be closer to social demands connected to the issue of gender and, more broadly, the issue of individual identity. (shrink)

O artigo tem por objeto o exame de três registros de gritantes e distintos paradoxos na Doutrina do Direito de Kant. Registros feitos em tempos e contextos históricos diferentes por Friedrich Bouterwek, Marcus Willaschek e Balthazar Barbosa Filho. Bouterwek atribuiu a Kant a mais paradoxal das proposições jamais enunciadas por qualquer autor, a de que a mera ideia de soberania deve obrigar-nos a obedecer como a nosso inquestionável senhor a quem quer que se haja estabelecido como tal, sem que (...) caiba indagar quem lhe deu o direito de comandar-nos. Willaschek aponta a incompatibilidade de duas teses centrais da doutrina kantiana: a do caráter externo dos vínculos jurídicos e a da incondicionalidade obrigacional do direito positivo, pois não é possível entender como é possível termo-nos como obrigados por imperativos jurídicos e, ao mesmo, vermo-nos internamente isentados do dever de obedecê-los. O ponto crítico de Balthazar é alegar que não pode haver na filosofia kantiana uma crítica da razão político e jurídica, simplesmente porque o conceito de imputação, base da normatividade própria dessas esferas, pressupõe uma pluralidade de agentes livres que, justamente, só pode ser uma pressuposição, pois nosso acesso à normatividade prática só pode ter lugar em primeira pessoa. No exame a que o artigo submete essas alegações, o artigo argumenta, em objeção à tese de Balthazar, que o caráter universal e categórico da força que vincula o sujeito quando confrontado com a lei moral em primeira pessoa necessariamente se desvaneceria se, ao mesmo tempo, ele não fosse tomado pela evidência de que a realidade objetiva dos princípios morais é não só instanciável, mas assegurada pela múltipla instanciação. Com relação às dificuldades levantadas por Willaschek e Bouterwek, o artigo argumenta que o princípio exeundum e statu naturali, enquanto norma metapositiva, anterior à divisão do domínio prático entre doutrina do direito e doutrina da virtude, permite ao mesmo tempo compreender a exigência de obediência ao poder constituído e a restrição das obrigações jurídico-políticas exclusivamente ao foro externo.AbstractThe object of the article is to examine three claims about three distinct and allegedly blatant paradoxes in Kant's Doctrine of Right. These three critical points had been made in distinct times and contexts by Friedrich Bouterwek, Marcus Willaschek e Balthazar Barbosa Filho. Bouterwek attributed to Kant the most paradoxical of all paradoxical propositions, the statement that by the mere idea of sovereignty we are obliged to obey as our lord who has imposed himself upon us, without questioning from where he got such right. Willaschek points out the incompatibility of two main theses of Kantian doctrine of right: the claims that the legal bounds are of external character and that they are the source of unconditional obligations, since it seems impossible to understand how it would be possible to be obliged by juridical norms and decisions and at the same time to be exempted of the internal duty of compliance. The radical objection of Professor Balthazar is the claim that in the context of Kantian Philosophy it is impossible to admit a critique of the juridical and political reason because the concept of imputation, ground of the normativity in these domains, requires not only the presupposition of free agents, but a true and secure epistemic access to them, which is, according to him, impossible considering that the moral law and the other practical principles are accessible for us only in the first person. In the course of the appraisal of such claims, the article contest that objection arguing that the universal and categorical force of the normative bound experienced by the subject when confronted with the moral law in the first person would ineluctably vanish if, at the same time, he had not been taken by the evidence that the objective reality of the moral principles is secured by multiple instancing. Regarding the difficulties raised by Willaschek and Bouterwek, the article argues that the principle exeundum e statu naturali, as a norm of meta-positive character, prior to the division of practical domains between the doctrine of right and the doctrine of virtue, is the cue both to the understanding of the requirement of unquestioning obedience to the constituted power and to the restriction of the validity of this requirement only in foro externo. (shrink)

A exposição ou enjeitamento de crianças foi fenômeno importado do velho mundo e amplamente aceito e praticado em território ibero-americano. A historiografia avançou sobre o tema nos últimos anos, entretanto, algumas lacunas ainda permanecem para desafio dos historiadores interessados no assunto. Uma dessas questões é detectar as singularidades regionais desse fenômeno tão recorrente ao território luso-brasileiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é comparar o perfil da exposição de crianças e a assistência aos enjeitados em dois extremos da América portuguesa: (...) a freguesia de Porto Alegre em devoção a Nossa Senhora Madre de Deus no Rio Grande do Sul, e a freguesia da Cidade do Natal em devoção a Nossa Senhora da Apresentação no Rio Grande do Norte. A partir de fontes seriais, como os registros de batismo e os termos de vereação das respectivas localidades, elencamos os seguintes procedimentos para análise – leitura, transcrição e fichamentos qualitativos e quantitativos, seguidos da comparação de aspectos demográficos que podem nos trazer realidades adversas. Sendo assim, esse esforço de pesquisa resultou na identificação de baixos índices de exposição, elevadas taxas de filhos ilegítimos e formas distintas de assistência aos recém-nascidos enjeitados estritamente ligados aos seus contextos locais. (shrink)

Im Folgenden wird versucht, die wichtigsten brasilianischen Forschungsaktivitä-ten zur Philosophie Schopenhauers im Lauf der letzten Jahre bis in die Gegen-wart hinein zu dokumentieren. Im Allgemeinen handelt es sich um Projekte der Brasilianischen Sektion der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft, der Schopenhauer-Arbeits-gruppe des Bundesverbands der Postgraduiertenstudien in Philosophie (GT Schopenhauer ANPOF) und der Zeitschrift Revista Voluntas: Studien über Scho-penhauer (Revista Voluntas: Estudos sobre Schopenhauer). Der Inhalt dieses Textes wurde an einem Runden Tisch im Rahmen des VI. Internationalen Schopenhau-er-Kolloquiums, das vom 25. bis zum 30. November (...) 2013 in Fortaleza (Ceará) stattfand, von den genannten Autoren vorgestellt. Der Runde Tisch zu dem Thema ging auf den Vorschlag von Prof. Ruy de Carvalho Rodrigues Jr. zurück, der das Kolloquium im Auftrag des Organisationsteams durchgeführt hatte. 1. Geschichtliche Perspektive Zu Beginn, in den 80er Jahren, müssen die bahnbrechenden Studien von Prof. Maria Lúcia Cacciola im Fachbereich Philosophie der Universität São Paulo unterstrichen werden. Ihre Masterarbeit, veröffentlicht 1982 unter dem Titel A crítica da razão no pensamento de Schopenhauer [Die Kritik der Vernunft im Denken Schopenhauers], ist die erste auf Portugiesisch publizierte wissenschaft-liche Monographie über das Denken Schopenhauers, deren begeisterter Unter-stützer und Betreuer der renommierte Prof. Rubens Rodrigues Torres Filho war. Hinzu kamen bald die ersten brasilianischen deutsch-portugiesischen Ausgaben sowohl des Anhanges Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie als auch der Preisschrif-ten Über die Grundlage der Moral, die von Prof. Maria Lúcia Cacciola parallel zur Ausarbeitung ihrer Dissertation, Schopenhauer e a questão do dogmatismo [Scho-penhauer und die Frage des Dogmatismus], vom Jahr 1992, – die als Buch 1994 * Maria Lúcia Cacciola: Professorin des Postgradualen Studiums im Fachbereich Philosophie an der USP, Leiterin der brasilianischen Sektion der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft; Jarlee Salviano: Professor an der UFBA, Leiter der Studiengruppe GT Schopenhauer ANPOF; Vilmar Debona: Professor an der UFRRJ, Herausgeber der Zeitschrift Revista Voluntas.. (shrink)

Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWs) are robotic weapons systems, primarily of value to the military, that could engage in offensive or defensive actions without human intervention. This paper assesses and engages the current arguments for and against the use of LAWs through the lens of achieving more ethical warfare. Specific interest is given particularly to ethical LAWs, which are artificially intelligent weapons systems that make decisions within the bounds of their ethics-based code. To ensure that a wide, but not exhaustive, survey (...) of the implications of employing such ethical devices to replace humans in warfare is taken into account, this paper will engage on matters related to current scholarship on the rejection or acceptance of LAWs—including contemporary technological shortcomings of LAWs to differentiate between targets and the behavioral and psychological volatility of humans—and current and proposed regulatory infrastructures for developing and using such devices. After careful consideration of these factors, this paper will conclude that only ethical LAWs should be used to replace human involvement in war, and, by extension of their consistent abilities, should remove humans from war until a more formidable discovery is made in conducting ethical warfare. (shrink)

Call ‘a substance’ a person who is at home in a relatively stable and unified sense-making framework: a social structure that to some degree specifies which categories are important for interpreting reality, which goals are worth pursing, which character traits are admirable, etc. Call ‘an accident’ a person who is not at home in one such framework. It is tempting to think that being a substance is preferable, but I present some considerations for thinking otherwise. Mexican philosophers Emilio Uranga and (...) Jorge Portilla, I argue, present notions of accidentality as decolonial tools. Uranga’s account enables Mexicans to have positive valuation of their being independently of the approving gaze of the colonizers and their standards of value. Portilla’s thought distinguishes between pernicious accidentality resulting from the disintegration of sense-making frameworks and authentic accidentality as a condition for freedom, self-creation, and ultimately for individual and communal liberation. (shrink)

The current assessment of behaviors in the inventories to diagnose autism spectrum disorders (ASD) focus on observation and discrete categorizations. Behaviors require movements, yet measurements of physical movements are seldom included. Their inclusion however, could provide an objective characterization of behavior to help unveil interactions between the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Such interactions are critical for the development and maintenance of spontaneous autonomy, self-regulation and voluntary control. At present, current approaches cannot deal with the heterogeneous, dynamic and stochastic (...) nature of development. Accordingly, they leave no avenues for real-time or longitudinal assessments of change in a coping system continuously adapting and developing compensatory mechanisms. We offer a new unifying statistical framework to reveal re-afferent kinesthetic features of the individual with ASD. The new methodology is based on the non-stationary stochastic patterns of minute fluctuations (micro-movements) inherent to our natural actions. Such patterns of behavioral variability provide re-entrant sensory feedback contributing to the autonomous regulation and coordination of the motor output. From an early age, this feedback supports centrally driven volitional control and fluid, flexible transitions between intentional and spontaneous behaviors. We show that in ASD there is a disruption in the maturation of this form of proprioception. Despite this disturbance, each individual has unique adaptive compensatory capabilities that we can unveil and exploit to evoke faster and more accurate decisions. Measuring the kinesthetic re-afference in tandem with stimuli variations we can detect changes in their micro-movements indicative of a more predictive and reliable kinesthetic percept. Our methods address the heterogeneity of ASD with a personalized approach grounded in the inherent sensory-motor abilities that the individual has already developed. (shrink)

A pesquisa analisou a liberdade de expressão e a censura judicial no contexto inserido pela internet. Por meio do estudo bibliográfico e jurisprudencial, buscou-se definir o conteúdo do direito à liberdade de expressão e o seu exercício através da internet. Em seguida, passou-se a examinar o polêmico Inquérito das “fake news” (4.781 DF), do qual emanaram-se decisões colidentes com as garantias conferidas à liberdade de expressão. Por fim, após a discussão dos resultados, buscou-se evidenciar os perigos da censura judicial nas (...) plataformas virtuais. (shrink)

This paper examines and analyzes five definitions of ‘existential risk.’ It tentatively adopts a pluralistic approach according to which the definition that scholars employ should depend upon the particular context of use. More specifically, the notion that existential risks are ‘risks of human extinction or civilizational collapse’ is best when communicating with the public, whereas equating existential risks with a ‘significant loss of expected value’ may be the most effective definition for establishing existential risk studies as a legitimate field of (...) scientific and philosophical inquiry. In making these arguments, the present paper hopes to provide a modicum of clarity to foundational issues relating to the central concept of arguably the most important discussion of our times. (shrink)

The development of neuropsychological assessment methods using virtual reality (VR) is a valid and promising option for the detection of cognitive impairment in the older people, focusing on activities composed of tasks of multiple demands. This study verified the association of age, schooling, and general cognitive status on the performance of neurologically healthy older adults in ECO-VR, a virtual reality task of multiple demands for neuropsychological assessment. A total of 111 older adults answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini Mental State (...) Examination, the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (third edition), and the ECO-VR. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression, and comparisons between groups (effects by age and schooling groups) were used to evaluate the results. The ECO-VR total score was significantly associated with age, years of education, MMSE, and Vocabulary subtest. The linear regression models identified that age was the main predictor for total score and rule breaking of ECO-VR. According to the univariate analysis, it was identified the main effect of age group and schooling group in the total ECO-VR score, but there was no interaction effect. The results are discussed in order to understand the role of sociodemographic characteristics in the performance of older adults in a virtual reality task of multiple demands. It was also verified the possibility use of virtual reality for neuropsychological assessment of older adults. (shrink)

Carlos Vaz Ferreira argues that the problem of freedom is conceptually distinct from the problem of causal determinism. The problem of freedom is ultimately a problem regarding the ontologically independent agency of a being, and the problem of determinism is a problem regarding explanations of events or acts in terms of the totality of their antecedent causal conditions. As Vaz Ferreira sees it, failing to keep these problems apart gives rise to merely apparent but unreal puzzles pertaining to the nature (...) of freedom and its relation to determinism. In this article, I present my interpretation of Vaz Ferreira’s distinctive ideas regarding the nature of freedom and its relation to casual determinism. (shrink)

This article provides a comprehensive review of the rather intricate relationship between contemporary environmental ethics, understood as a philosophical branch, and ancient philosophy. While its primary focus is on Western philosophy, it also includes some brief yet crucial considerations about the influence of Eastern traditions of thought on environmental ethics. Aside from the introduction in the first section, the discussion is organised into three main sections. In the Reception: Ancient philosophy in environmental ethics section, I review the initial reception of (...) ancient philosophy in contemporary environmental ethics. Next, in the Reaction: Environmental ethics in ancient philosophy scholarship section, I examine how the scholarship in AP responded to this early reception. I conclude, in the final section, with some constructive suggestions for future research. (shrink)

A questão dos letramentos e da inovação demonstram-se fundamentais em períodos históricos como o atual, onde as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem tornam-se cada vez mais complexas, que requerem novas abordagens teóricas para compreendermos possibilidades alternativas de ensino. Tendo estas questões em mente, este artigo visa indicar relações possíveis entre o antifundacionismo, o pensamento de Paul Feyerabend e os letramentos científicos. Em um primeiro momento indicaremos questões relativas ao antifundacionismo, e em seguida verificaremos como tal questão se efetiva no pensamento de Feyerabend. (...) Finalizaremos avaliando como esta abordagem pode fundamentar novas práticas educacionais. (shrink)

This article introduces Agentive Cognitive Construction Grammar, an emerging field that seeks to connect the linguistic system with speaker-meaning. The stated purpose is thus to tackle a pervasive disconnect in both cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, whereby the linguistic system and speaker selections are separated in the belief that language is essentially a mental process associated with the brain, and hence, separated from bodily experience. I contend this view by introducing a triadic model of construction in which form and function (...) are inextricably bound up with agency. This is possible because language is tethered to senses of movement and balance that connect experiences with the physical world with the mental. A major insight of the paper is that argument structure constructions partake of both linguistic and non-linguistic signs, which provides speakers with a means to verbalize their thoughts and distribute agency in specific events. (shrink)

According to intellectualists, the will is a rational inclination towards apprehended goodness. This conception of the will makes its acts intelligible: they are explained by (i) the nature of the will as a rational inclination, and (ii) the judgement of the intellect that moves the will. From this it follows that it is impossible for an agent to will evil as such or for its own sake. In explaining wrongdoing intellectualists cite cognitive error or the disruptive influences of the passions; (...) these considerations, however, seem involuntary and at least partly exculpatory. The intellectualist needs an account that renders wrongful actions intelligible without undermining their status as responsible. I argue that Leibniz has the theoretical tools to provide at least part of an answer to this problem. In sum, an agent is directly responsible for her wrongdoing if the cognitive error or the disruptive influence of the passions that help explain this wrongdoing do not completely undermine her acting freely; an agent is indirectly responsible for her wrongdoing if she is directly responsible for previous actions which partly resulted in her wrongdoing, even if the presence of cognitive error or disruptive influence of the passions completely undermines her acting freely. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that a rich phenomenological description of ?sweet tension? is an important step to understanding how and why sport is a meaningful human endeavour. We introduce the phenomenological concepts of intersubjectivity and horizon and elaborate how they inform the study and understanding of human experience. In the process, we establish that intersubjectivity is always embodied, developing and ethically committed. Likewise, we establish that our horizons are experienced from an embodied, developing and ethically committed perspective that serves (...) as the possibility for new intersubjective engagement. What follows is a discussion of the explanatory role of intersubjectivity and horizon in elucidating experiences of sweet tension in and through sport. The phenomenological account of sweet tension provides insights into the significance of our sporting experiences. Indeed, taking phenomenology seriously represents a commitment to descriptively elucidate what makes such experiences of sport significant and why we long for them. Recognising that sweet tension is a form of intersubjective horizon opens up new avenues for addressing ethical issues in sport as well as in crafting well-balanced games. (shrink)

In a time imbued with civilisation crisis, José Manuel Naredo's work is of particular relevance. Naredo, one of the most prestigious economists in Spain and a pioneer of ecological economics, first published his most popular book ( La economía en evolución. Historia y perspectivas de las categorías básicas del pensamiento económico) in 1987. This article reviews its most recent and updated version released in 2015. Beyond a brilliant criticism of neoclassical economics, he discusses the underlying ideology and implications of the (...) notion of economic system uncritically endorsed by most schools of economic thought. Transcending the usual dichotomy between ‘orthodox’ and ‘heterodox’ economics, Naredo calls for an economic transition built on the integration of different kinds of scientific knowledge as well as other intuitive, metaphysical and ethical fields in favour of a truly inclusive economics. This is, he warns us, a sine qua non for a socioecological transformation to flourish. (shrink)

I argue for the view that the scientific model which Plato consistently had in mind when sharpening his main ethical theory was medicine. Moreover, I ascribe to Plato a “medical model of ethics”. A careful examination of this model reveals how Plato appropriates several medical concepts and ideas by employing two central methodological devices in his thought: dialectical transposition and analogical characterisation. In discussing them, I identify different kinds of medical references in the dialogues –not all medical references in Plato (...) have the same methodological status– and draw greater attention to the most recurrent medical analogies in them. More generally, the paper is also meant to provide a case study of the complex relationship between medicine and philosophy in Antiquity by examining in a new light the various ways in which the former served as an epistemological and ethical model for the latter. (shrink)

Jorge Portilla argues that authentic philosophical inquiry plays a liberating function. This function is that of bringing more fully to consciousness aspects of identities or ways of being‐in‐the world that have been, up until then, tacit or opaque to the agent herself to facilitate her endorsement, rejection, or modification of these identities. For Portilla, this function facilitates greater self‐mastery by increasing the range of free variations of subjectivity available to the agent, and this increase in self‐mastery itself constitutes a kind (...) of liberation. The main goal of this article is to provide a substantive interpretation of the nature of liberation Portilla thinks is embedded in this central function of authentic philosophical inquiry. I argue that this type of liberation should be understood ultimately in terms of increases in human agency, so I label it “agential liberation.” For Portilla, agential liberation involves two central elements: (i) a type of agential flourishing central to human flourishing, and (ii) an increase in the reach of intentional action that I describe as an expansion in the arena of human agency. (shrink)

This paper provides a new interpretation of Plato’s account of justice as psychic health in Republic IV. It argues that what has traditionally been considered to be one single analogy is actually a more complex line of reasoning that contains various medical analogies. These medical analogies are not only different in number but also in kind. I discuss each of them separately, while providing a response to various objections.

En economía, la investigación se divide en dos grandes metodologías: los modelos teórico-matemáticos y los estudios empíricos. Estudiando modelos teóricos y métodos empíricos ) se da cuenta de las limitaciones de ambos métodos. Se concluye que ninguno de estos puede generar explicaciones de cómo en realidad suceden las cosas, sino que solo de cómo posiblemente suceden. La razón es que ambos necesitan un enlace interpretativo que permita extrapolar desde su propio sistema hacia un sistema objetivo. Los modelos tienen dominio general (...) y pueden dar cuenta de mecanismos. Los RCTs, al contrario, son válidos internamente y están conectados al mundo real, pero su dominio es muy específico. Aunque ninguno logre responder preguntas amplias de un fenómeno de interés, pueden complementarse para generar extrapolaciones más confiables sobre un sistema objetivo. Sin embargo, esto solo podrá hacerse si se conocen bien los mecanismos y el contexto en que ocurre una evidencia. Palabras clave: Causalidad, Mecanismos, Capacidades, Epistemología de la Economía, Generalización de Evidencia. (shrink)

_This important early Heidegger text sheds new light on his later focus on language._.

This paper seeks to present and reflect on some contributions that the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty brings to pedagogy during his courses on child psychology and pedagogy achieved in Sorbonne between 1949 and 1952. It will be highlighted how the philosopher insists that it is in the intersection of knowledge that we are forced to think otherwise. Thus, studies on psychoanalysis, anthropology, culturalism, for instance, in his view, are fundamental for pedagogical reflections. This way of thinking renews our conception of children’s (...) world, as the children’s relation with the world, with others and with themselves. To expose this, we will first present some reflections on childhood that influenced the experience of the philosopher’s own thought. Finally, we will present one of Merleau-Ponty’s courses, “The child seen by the adult”, in which is revealed the philosopher’s originality in bringing to light some knowledge apparently distant from pedagogical reflections, but which forces us to think. (shrink)

O texto busca questionar a posição do filósofo Badiou quando ele afirma que a ontologia é as matemáticas. Badiou parte de uma concepção de que teríamos duas vozes sobre o ser. Por um lado, poderíamos pensar como Heidegger: para se fazer uma ontologia seria preciso buscar a essência da linguagem; por outro, poderíamos pensar como Badiou que concebe as matemáticas sendo a própria ontologia. O texto não pretende desenvolver a concepção de Badiou, mas questioná-la. Para isso, busco retomar o pensamento (...) heideggeriano e mostrar como sua concepção parte de um questionamento sobre o espírito matemático ao contrário de Badiou que assume como verdadeiro o axioma: “matemáticas = ontologia”. (shrink)