Avery’s et al. ’s 1944 paper provides the first direct evidence of DNA having gene-like properties and marks the beginning of a new phase in early molecular genetics (with a strong focus on chemistry and DNA). The study of its reception shows that on the whole, Avery’s results were immediately appreciated and motivated new research on transformation, the chemical nature of DNA’s biological specificity and bacteria genetics. It shows, too, that initial problems of transferring transformation to other systems and prominent (...) criticism of its results nurtured skepticism. Avery’s experiment was downplayed and neglected particularly by many of those scientists who worked in the new fields of biochemical and biophysical genetics, genetic phage, and TMV research. This was not due to the fact that the implications of the paper could not be connected to generally accepted knowledge. Contrary to a widespread belief, the assumed uniformity of DNA as opposed to proteins was not used as an argument against the validity of Avery’s et al.’s finding. The indifference rather reflected, among other things, the disciplinary gap between the chemically oriented microbiologists and the old and new geneticists who remained committed to genetic and physical methods (in particular x-ray studies) and clung to the assumption that proteins were the sole carriers of biological specificity. The responses to Avery’s et al.’s paper show how different research interests in the areas between microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry interacted with the prejudices, dogmas, individual farsightedness or short-sightedness, and scientific authority during a pivotal period of early molecular biology. (shrink)

This study investigates the problem of the natural universal in the works of Mullā Ṣadrā. The problem of universals made its way into Arabic/Islamic philosophy via its Greek sources, and was transformed into the problem of natural universals by Avicenna. Weighing in on this problem, Ṣadrā reinterprets the nature of natural universals against the backdrop of his doctrine of “the primacy of being.” As he argues, a natural universal or quiddity qua quiddity is an “accidental being” that requireswujūdfor its existentiation. (...) Thus, Ṣadrā re-envisions the status of natural universals by stripping them of their disputed status as independently existing entities.RésuméDans cette étude je me propose de réfléchir sur le problème de l'universel naturel dans l’œuvre de Mullā Ṣadrā. Le problème des universaux s'est introduit dans la philosophie arabe et musulmaneviales sources grecques et s'est trouvé transformé en celui des “universaux naturels” aux mains d'Avicenne. En contribuant à son tour à l’évolution de ce problème, Ṣadrā réinterpréta le statut des universaux naturels à partir de sa propre doctrine de la “primauté de l’être”. Selon lui, un universel naturel ou “quiddité en tant que quiddité” est un “être par accident” qui requiertwujūdpour son existentiation. Ainsi, Ṣadrā re-envisage le statut des universaux naturels en les privant de leur statut contesté en tant qu'entités “indépendantes existantes”. (shrink)

В книге представлены статьи современных российских философов, писателей, литературоведов о творчестве и миросозерцании русского философа и писателя Василия Васильевича Розанова (1856-1919). Труды розановедов собраны за последние 25 лет.

«Desde el punto de vista del discurso moderno e ilustrado sobre el sujeto, para este todo es posible; sin embargo, el discurso contemporáneo sobre el sujeto devuelve la tesis de que todo lo posible es ya pasado. [...] De un modo intuitivo pensamos que ser niño es, en cierta medida, tener un campo de posibilidad abierto e indefinido ---todo es posible--- pero que ese campo de posibilidades no ha sido decidido ni elegido, ni siquiera creado por uno ---todo lo posible (...) es ya pasado---. Si queremos saber cómo salir de la perplejidad, tenemos que entrar en la infancia y quizá buscar en ella alguna salida». «La filosofía, que es el oficio vital de Úbeda, ha meditado sobre la muerte, o sea, sobre la madurez y sobre la decrepitud de la vida; pero apenas ha prestado atención frontal a la infancia, e incluso no ha sabido relacionar con ella, como sin duda tendría que haber hecho, su modo de entender la muerte. Este libro reflexiona largamente acerca de la desconfianza y la deslealtad con la que, sobre todo el pensamiento moderno, se ha comportado respecto de la infancia. Jorge Úbeda habla desde la experiencia que busca retomar los términos esenciales de lo real y desde el conocimiento de una cultura cuya profundidad no siempre ha estado a la altura de lo Simple. Es la suya una voz que no debemos ya desatender nunca». (Miguel García-Baró). (shrink)

Starting in 2005, general logical metatheorems have been developed that guarantee the extractability of uniform effective bounds from large classes of proofs of theorems that involve abstract metric structures X. In this paper we adapt this to the class of CAT\)-spaces X for \ and establish a new metatheorem that explains specific bound extractions that recently have been achieved in this context as instances of a general logical phenomenon.

Ingolf U. Dalferth studies the complexity of this procedure in three thought processes which deal with the central concepts in the Christian understanding of malum as privation (a lack of good), as evil-doing and as a lack of faith.

In this work, a co-infection model for human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis with cost-effectiveness optimal control analysis is developed and analyzed. The disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model is shown not to be globally asymptotically stable, when the associated reproduction number is less unity. It is proven that the model undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. It is also shown that HPV re-infection induced the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. Numerical simulations of (...) the optimal control model showed that: focusing on HPV intervention strategy alone, in the absence of C. trachomatis control, leads to a positive population level impact on the total number of individuals singly infected with C. trachomatis, Concentrating on C. trachomatis intervention controls alone, in the absence of HPV intervention strategies, a positive population level impact is observed on the total number of individuals singly infected with HPV. Moreover, the strategy that combines and implements HPV and C. trachomatis prevention controls is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies in combating the co-infections of HPV and C. trachomatis. (shrink)

Jesus the Jew is the primary signifier of Christianity's indebtedness to Judaism. This connection is both historical and continuous. In this book, Barbara Meyer shows how Christian memory, as largely intertwined with Jewish memory, provides a framework to examine the theological dimensions of historical Jesus research. She explores the topics that are central to the Jewishness of Jesus, such as the Christian relationship to law, and otherness as a Christological category. Through the lenses of the otherness of the Jewish Jesus (...) for contemporary Christians, she also discusses circumcision, natality, vulnerability, and suffering in dialogue with thinkers seldom drawn into Jewish-Christian discourse, notably Hannah Arendt, Julia Kristeva, Martha Nussbaum and Adi Ophir. Meyer demonstrates how the memory of Jesus' Jewishness is a key to reconfiguring contemporary challenges to Christian thought, such as particularity and otherness, law and ethics after the Shoah, human responsibility, and divine vulnerability. (shrink)

A pure probabilistic approach to Gibbs' distributions is given, starting from the notion of “finite exchangeable random process.” The differences between bosons, fermions, and classical particles are ascribed to different values of correlation. The relationship between exchangeability and constraints on the energy distribution is investigated.