Explores the understanding of self-consciousness and personal identity - two fundamendtal features of human subjectivity - as it developed in early modern philosophy. Udo Thiel presents a critical evaluation of these features as they were conceived in the sevententh and eighteenth centuries. He explains the arguments of thinkers such as Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, Wolff, and Hume, as well as their early critics, followers, and other philosophical contemporaries, and situates them within their historical contexts. Interest in the issues of self-consciousness and (...) personal identity is in many ways characteristic [of] and even central to early modern thought, but Thiel argues here that this is also an interest that continues to this day, in a form still strongly influenced by the conceptual frameworks of early modern thought. In this book he attempts to broaden the scope of the treatment of these issues considerably, covering more than a hundred years of philosophical debate in France, Britain, and Germany while remaining attentive to the details of the arguments under scrutiny and discussing alternative interpretations in many cases"--Publisher's description, p. [4] of dust jacket. (shrink)

Dr. Udo Lenzig ist Schulreferent im Kirchenkreis Julich.

Der Verf. beschreibt die Einstellung Alberts zur Alchemie und die verschiedenen Phasen seiner Auseinandersetzung mit dieser ars. Alberts naturwissenschaftliche Schriften haben prozessualen Charakter. Er rezipiert alchemische Literatur seit der Mitte der 40er Jahre und sucht nach einem philosophischen Fundament zur Sicherung der neuen Wissenschaft. Grundlage ist für ihn die aristotelische Naturphilosophie. Nachdem er im Frühwerk De quattuor coaequaevis das Problem der Materie generell diskutiert und die über Augustin rezipierten platonischen Positionen zugunsten einer aristotelisch gestützten Theorie verworfen hatte, wird seit dem (...) Sentenzenkommentar die Transmutation ausführlich diskutiert, . Albert, dessen Positionen erkennbar an den Schriften des Avicenna orientiert sind, weist die Ansätze zeitgenössischer Alchemisten zurück, die eine antimetaphysische und materialistische Grundhaltung vertreten und damit gleichsam Ansätze zu einer autonomen Naturwissenschaft zeigen. Er kritisiert zudem die mangelnde Qualität der Produkte der künstlichen Transmutation und ihre fehlende geheime Wirksamkeit im Verhältnis zu den naturalia. Dennoch hat Albert ein differenziertes Bild von der Alchemie. Ihn interessiert allerdings weniger die praktische Nützlichkeit als ihr Stellenwert im Kontext der Naturphilosophie. - Der Verf. druckt die einschlägige Stelle aus Alberts Sentenzenkommentar ab und kommentiert sie ausführlich. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung a. Angeregt von den Hinweisen aus dem armenischen Kloster in St. Lazzaro, bemerkten einige, auf die kaukasischen Hochkulturen spezialisierte europäische Orientalisten, die Rezeption der proklischen Philosophie in Armenien. 1874, nach fast fünfzig Jahren Forschungsarbeit, standen folgende Ergebnisse fest: I. Im 9. Jahrhundert übersetzte der Georgier Petrizi die Στοιχείωσις θεολογική ins Georgische und fügte Kommentare hinzu. Diese Vorlage nutzte der Armenier Simeon für eine erste armenische Übersetzung des proklischen Opusculums. Später, in der Frühen Neuzeit, erkannte dann ein anderer armenischer Gelehrter, (...) der ebenfalls den Namen Simeon‘ trug, die Fehler dieser ersten Translation, verbesserte sie und verfasste ebenfalls einen Kommentar dazu. Handschriften dieser zweiten Fassung befanden sich in Westeuropa sowie in armenischen Klöstern. b. Eine umfangreiche Auseinandersetzung mit den armenischen Procliana fand in Europa allerdings nicht statt. Die Ursache für diese verpasste Gelegenheit liegt vor allem am mangelnden Interesse an einem vertieften Studium der armenischen Philosophie und an fehlenden philologischen Fachkenntnissen. Nur C. F. Neumann kann dabei als Ausnahme gelten. Er wäre aufgrund seiner philosophischen und philologischen Ausbildung zu einer qualifizierten Auswertung der armenischen Procliana in der Lage gewesen. Er suchte sogar nach diesen Materialien, aber seine Recherchen führten nicht zum gewünschten Erfolg. Später verlor er die Philosophie der Armenier aus den Augen und überließ das Feld anderen. Deren Kenntnis des Proklos und seiner Philosophie hielt sich dagegen in engen Grenzen und ging nicht über die Informationen lexikalischer Handbücher hinaus. Das entsprach dem Geist der Zeit, die im Neuplatonismus keine bedeutende philosophische Strömung sah. Dennoch führten diese Untersuchungen zu Einsichten in die Geschichte der armenischen Philosophie. c. Die armenischen Procliana standen im 19. Jahrhundert niemals im Mittelpunkt der Forschung. Daran hat sich bis heute kaum etwas geändert. Ein Umdenken kann jedoch nur dann gelingen, wenn sich die Erkenntnis durchsetzt, dass auch Translationen als Dokumente der interkulturellen Philosophie eine hohe Bedeutung besitzen und die Rekonstruktion derartiger Transfers zu wichtigen Ergebnissen führt; Übersetzungen verknüpfen nicht nur Sprachwelten, sondern auch differente Weltdeutungen. Die armenischen Procliana bestätigen jedenfalls die These, dass die Auffassung von separaten philosophischen Traditionen in Armenien und Georgien nur bedingt Gültigkeit besitzt. (shrink)

Dieser Band stellt Abhandlungen von Udo Müllges (1926-1985), Universitätsprofessor an der RWTH Aachen, vor, die in ihrer Gesamtheit ein pädagogisches Programm spiegeln, das auf der geisteswissenschaftlichen Tradition fußt und sich dieser verpflichtet weiß. Der Bogen ist von der konstitutiv-kritischen Frage nach dem Wissenschaftscharakter der Pädagogik bis hin zu aktuellen schulpolitischen Problemen gespannt. In ihrer Gesamtheit bieten die Beiträge einen Einblick in das breite Feld pädagogischer Forschung und eröffnen die Möglichkeit zur produktiven Auseinandersetzung mit den von Udo Müllges erarbeiteten Konzepten zur (...) Klärung gegenwärtiger theoretischer und praktischer Fragen. Das Buch bietet gleichermaßen Anregungen für Fachkollegen, Studierende und Praktiker des pädagogischen Bereiches. (shrink)

Background: The advent of AIDS brought about a group of patients unwilling to accept crucial aspects of the methodological standards for clinical research investigating Phase 1 drugs, surgeries or devices. Their arguments against placebo controls in trials, which depended-at the time-on the terminal status of patient volunteers led to a renewed discussion of the ethics of denying patients with catastrophic illnesses access to last-chance experimental drugs, surgeries or devices. Sources of data: Existing ethics and health policy literature on the topic (...) of access to experimental drugs. Areas of agreement: The positions of those arguing for or against free access to experimental drugs for terminally ill patients are irreconcilable. Areas of controversy: At stake are questions about the kinds of personal sacrifices society can reasonably expect patients in clinical trials to make to ensure statistically predictive results. These would benefit by necessity a much larger number of current and future patients-the conflict is about individual versus public interests. It is also about the question of whether or not the state can legitimately prevent patients with terminal illnesses from unfettered access to experimental drugs, surgeries or devices in order to motivate them to participate in clinical trials. We review the ethical arguments for and against the provision of access to Phase 1 agents for terminally ill patients. Growing points: Finding a compromise between providing free or no access to Phase 1 drugs for terminally ill patients. Areas timely for developing research: We ought to investigate means to increase access to experimental drugs for terminally ill patients without sacrificing necessary clinical trials' sounds scientific methods. (shrink)

Emotions are often met with suspicion in political debates about risky technologies, because they are seen as contrary to rational decision making. However, recent emotion research rejects such a dichotomous view of reason and emotion, by seeing emotions as an important source of moral insight. Moral emotions such as compassion and feelings of responsibility and justice can play an important role in judging ethical aspects of technological risks, such as justice, fairness, and autonomy. This article discusses how this idea can (...) be integrated into approaches for political decision making about risk. The article starts with an analysis of the dichotomous view of reason and emotion in risk theory, in approaches to participatory risk assessment as well as in relevant approaches to political philosophy. This article then presents alternative approaches in political philosophy and political theory that do explicitly endorse the importance of emotions. Based on these insights, a procedural approach for policy making is presented, in which emotional responses to technological risks, and the ethical concerns that lie behind them, are taken seriously. This approach allows for morally better political decisions about risky technologies and a better understanding between experts and laypeople. (shrink)

This paper makes a conceptual inquiry into the notion of ‘publics’, and forwards an understanding of this notion that allows more responsible forms of decision-making with regards to technologies that have localized impacts, such as wind parks, hydrogen stations or flood barriers. The outcome of this inquiry is that the acceptability of a decision is to be assessed by a plurality of ‘publics’, including that of a local community. Even though a plurality of ‘publics’ might create competing normative demands, its (...) acknowledgment is necessary to withstand the monopolization of the process of technology appraisal. The paper presents four ways in which such an appropriation of publicness takes place. The creation of dedicated ‘local publics’, in contrast, helps to overcome these problems and allows for more responsible forms of decision-making. We describe ‘local publics’ as those in which stakeholders from the different publics that are related to the process of technology implementation are brought together, and in which concerns and issues from these publics are deliberated upon. The paper will present eight conditions for increasing the effectiveness of such ‘local publics’. (shrink)

This essay inquires into the semantics of the term “experience” in a selection of prose novels from the early modern period. Against the background of a complex history of discourses about experience, ultimately leading to a fully articulated concept of “empiricism” and “experiment”, the author traces the term’s usages in Hartlieb’s ‘Alexander’, in the novel ‘Fortunatus’ as well as in Wickram’s ‘Of Good and Bad Neighbours’. Furthermore, he elaborates those cultural topoi of experience that are based principally on an understanding (...) of “memory” and “adaptation”. As a result, the author is able to show, that all three texts place varying emphases on the topics of experience. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungFür Eckhart ist das intelligere dei die Grundlage des Seins . Das intelligere dei unterscheidet sich von dem intelligere hominis dadurch, dass dieses verursacht ist und erleuchtet wird, während jenes verursacht und erleuchtet. Das Erkennen des einen Gottes ist unbegrenzt. Der Mensch ist in die Dialektik von Endlichkeit und Unendlichkeit gestellt. Endlichkeit kommt dem intellectus agens, Unendlichkeit dem intellectus passibilis resp. possibilis zu, da letztere operatio dei sind. Der durch die Gottesgeburt geprägte Mensch wird durch Gott qualifiziert, capax infiniti und (...) damit wizzender mensche zu sein. Denn: »Darin erkennen wir Gott […], dass er uns sehend und erkennend macht.«SummaryAccording to Eckhart intelligere dei is the principle of being . There is a difference between the principle and act of intelligere dei and intelligere hominis. The last one is caused and illuminated, whereas the first one causes it self. The knowledge that God has, is unlimited. The human is placed between the dialectic of limited and unlimited. The limited belongs to the intellectus agens and the unlimited to the intellectus passibilis respectively intellectus possibilis because the last one is an operatio dei. God makes the human to the capax infiniti by means of »Gottesgeburt« in the baptized human soul . This way the human accedes to the knowledge. (shrink)

50 Voices of Disbelief: Why We Are Atheists presents acollection of original essays drawn from an international group ofprominent voices in the fields of academia, science, literature,media and politics who offer carefully considered statements of whythey are atheists. Features a truly international cast of contributors, rangingfrom public intellectuals such as Peter Singer, Susan Blackmore,and A.C. Grayling, novelists, such as Joe Haldeman, and heavyweightphilosophers of religion, including Graham Oppy and MichaelTooley Contributions range from rigorous philosophical arguments tohighly personal, even whimsical, accounts (...) of how each of thesenotable thinkers have come to reject religion in their lives Likely to have broad appeal given the current publicfascination with religious issues and the reception of such booksas The God Delusion and The End of Faith. (shrink)

Einleitung -- Kindheit und Jugend im grossbürgerlichen Ambiente in Kiel, Cuxhaven und Lübeck -- Student und politischer Aktivist in Tübingen -- Doktorand in Berlin und die Beziehungen zu Aussenminister Gustav Stresemann -- Polltische und berufliche Aktivitäten in den Krisenjahren der Republik -- Wirtschaftspolitischer Amtsträger im Dritten Reich -- In der Regierung von Württemberg-Hohenzollern -- Professor für Politikwissenschaft an der Universität Tübingen -- "Öffentlicher Professor" sowie interner Berater und Kritiker -- Lebensabend : Familiäres, Krankheiten und die Fron des Memoirenschreibens -- Epilog.

John Lockes Essay uber den menschlichen Verstand (zuerst 1690 erschienen) ist eines der einflussreichsten Bucher der Philosophiegeschichte. Es behandelt vorwiegend erkenntnis- und wissenschaftstheoretische Themen, nimmt aber auch Stellung zu Fragen aus der Philosophie des Geistes, der Religionsphilosophie und der Ethik. Locke war einer der Initiatoren und fuhrenden Kopfe der europaischen Aufklarung. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Essay wird auch in der Philosophie der Gegenwart vehement fortgesetzt. Die elf Beitrage dieses Bandes, die Bibliographie und ein ausfuhrliches Glossar machen das Buch zu einem (...) wichtigen Begleittext zu Lockes Werk. Mit Beitragen von: Michael Ayers, Reinhard Brandt, John Colman, Bertram Kienzle, Heiner F. Klemme, Lorenz Kruger, Michel Malherbe, Rolf W. Puster, G.A.J. Rogers, Rainer Specht, Jurgen Sprute und Udo Thiel". (shrink)

Knowing that technologies are inherently value-laden and systemically interwoven with society, the question is how individual engineers can take up the challenge of accepting the responsibility for their work? This paper will argue that engineers have no institutional structure at the level of society that allows them to recognize, reflect upon, and actively integrate the value-laden character of their designs. Instead, engineers have to tap on the different institutional realms of market, science, and state, making their work a ‘hybrid’ activity (...) combining elements from the different institutional realms. To deal with this institutional hybridity, engineers develop routines and heuristics in their professional network, which do not allow societal values to be expressed in a satisfactory manner. To allow forms of ‘active’ responsibility, there have to be so-called ‘accountability forums’ that guide moral reflections of individual actors. The paper will subsequently look at the methodologies of value-sensitive design and constructive technology assessment and explore whether and how these methodologies allow engineers to integrate societal values into the design technological artifacts and systems. As VSD and CTA are methodologies that look at the process of technological design, whereas the focus of this paper is on the designer, they can only be used indirectly, namely as frameworks which help to identify the contours of a framework for active responsibility of engineers. (shrink)

The question of whether problems with the social determinants of health that might impact decision-making justify denying eligibility for assisted dying has recently come to the fore in debates about the legalisation of assisted dying. For example, it was central to critiques of the 2021 amendments made to Canada’s assisted dying law. The question of whether changes to a country’s assisted dying legislation lead to descents down slippery slopes has also come to the fore—as it does any time a jurisdiction (...) changes its laws. We explore these two questions through the lens of Canada’s experience both to inform Canada’s ongoing discussions and because other countries will confront the same questions if they contemplate changing their assisted dying law. Canada’s Medical Assistance in Dying law has evolved through a journey from the courts to Parliament, back to the courts, and then back to Parliament. Along this journey the eligibility criteria, the procedural safeguards, and the monitoring regime have changed. In this article, we focus on the eligibility criteria. First, we explain the evolution of the law and what the eligibility criteria were at the various stops along the way. We then explore the ethical justifications for Canada’s new criteria by looking at two elements of the often-corrosive debate. First, we ask whether problems with the social determinants of health that might impact decision-making justify denying eligibility for assisted dying of decisionally capable people with mental illnesses and people with disabilities as their sole underlying medical conditions. Second, we ask whether Canada’s journey supports slippery slope arguments against permitting assisted dying. All data relevant to the study are included in the article. (shrink)

What should I do? What can I hope for? The essays are weighted towards the practical philosophy, which Kant himself described as the keystone of his complete philosophical system.

Apoptosis is a physiological mechanism for the removal of unwanted or damaged cells. Apoptotic cells are rarely seen in living tissues, however, because of their rapid and efficient removal by phagocytosis. Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells recognize apoptotic cells by specific changes of cell surface markers, which usually are not present on normal cells. One such event is the exposure of phosphatidylserine, which moves from the plasma membrane inner leaflet to the outer leaflet in preapoptotic cells. An (...) unresolved problem, however, was the nature of the phosphatidylserine receptor on the phagocytotic cells. In a recent issue of Nature, Fadok et al.(1) have reported the cloning of a phosphatidylserine receptor using an antibody raised against activated macrophages. Antibody treatment of these macrophages blocks this capacity to engulf. BioEssays 22:878–881, 2000. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)