The current study investigates whether self-talk phrases can influence behavior in Ultimatum Games. In our three self-talk treatments, participants were instructed to tell themselves (i) to keep their own interests in mind, (ii) to also think of the other person, or (iii) to take some time to contemplate their decision. We investigate how such so-called experimenter-determined strategic self-talk phrases affect behavior and emotions in comparison to a control treatment without instructed self-talk. The results demonstrate that other-focused self-talk can nudge proposers (...) towards fair behavior, as offers were higher in this group than in the other conditions. For responders, self-talk tended to increase acceptance rates of unfair offers as compared to the condition without self-talk. This effect is significant for both other-focused and contemplation-inducing self-talk but not for self-focused self-talk. In the self-focused condition, responders were most dissatisfied with unfair offers. These findings suggest that use of self-talk can increase acceptance rates in responders, and that focusing on personal interests can undermine this effect as it negatively impacts the responders’ emotional experience. In sum, our study shows that strategic self-talk interventions can be used to affect behavior in bargaining situations. (shrink)

This study investigates how tone at the top, implemented by top management, and tone at the bottom, in an employee’s immediate work environment, determine noncompliance. We focus on the disallowed actions of employees that improve their own and, in turn, the company’s performance, referred to as performance-improving noncompliant behavior. We conduct a survey of German sales employees to investigate specifically how, on the one hand, corporate rules and performance pressure, both implemented by top management, and, on the other hand, others’ (...) PINC expectations and others’ PINC behavior, both arising from the employee’s immediate work environment, influence PINC behavior. When considered in isolation, we find that corporate rules, as top management’s main instrument to guide employee behavior, decrease employee PINC behavior. However, this effect is negatively influenced by the employees’ immediate work environment when employees are expected to engage in PINC or when others engage in PINC. In contrast, even though top management places great performance pressure on employees, that by itself does not increase PINC behavior. Overall, our study informs practitioners and researchers about whether and how the four determinants increase or decrease employees’ PINC behavior, which is important to comprehend triggers and to counteract such misconduct. (shrink)

This paper brings two major research lines in current sociology together. Research on social networks has long focused primarily on network effects but meanwhile also addresses the emergence and dynamics of networks. Research on trust in social and economic relations shows that networks have effects on trust. Using game theory, we provide a simple model that allows for an integrated and simultaneous analysis of network effects on trust and for the endogenous emergence of the network. The model also allows for (...) characterizing the value of the network. We use standard assumptions on full strategic rationality. Testable implications of the model as well as model extensions are sketched. (shrink)

Warning behaviour prior to an act of severe targeted school violence was often not recognized by peers and school staff. With regard to preventive efforts, we attempted to identify barriers to information exchange in German schools, and understand mechanisms that influenced the recognition, evaluation, and reporting of warning behaviour through a teacher or peer. Our analysis is based on inquiry files from eleven cases of German school shootings that were obtained during the three-year research project “Incident and case analysis of (...) highly expressive targeted violence (TARGET)". We conducted a qualitative retrospective case study to analyze witness reports from school staff and peers. Our results point to subjective explanations used by teachers and peers towards conspicuous behaviour (e.g., situational framing, typical adolescent behaviour), as well as reassuring factors that indicated harmlessness (e.g., no access to a weapon). Additionally, we found organizational barriers similar to those described in US-American case studies (e.g., organizational deviance). (shrink)

PETER KNAUER'S CONCEPTION OF MORAL CHOICE ON THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL CREAITVENESS IN MODERN MORAL THEOLOGY Summary The author undertakes a critical analysis of the ethical views of Peter Knauer who is one of the most influential theological moralist today. The author tends to show the consequences of Knauer's theory which consequences are destructive for morality. The first part of the paper presents Knauer's standpoint in view of the conception of moral choice and shows three crucial points of (...) his system. They are the following: the definition of moral good (lightness) in its relation to physical good; the reinterpretation of the principle of double effect which reinterpretation reduces that principle to its "Ideological explanation"; and, finally, the conception of the so-called non-counterproductivity which decides whether an activity is right. That non-counterproductivity is comprehended as an all-embracing correspondence between the goals which the subject has chosen and means which the subject has taken in order to accomplish the goals. In the second critical part one finds some questions related to the immanent critique of the discussed theory and some consequences of Knauer's claims. If one applies his assumptions strictly, it turns out that in his model of morality there is no place for such an activity of man which, at the same time, would be both rational and free, i.e., sensu stricto moral. In view of Knauer's system the criteria of moral evaluation, which criteria he proposed, do not hold sense. Thus morality and ethics lose their essential normative character. Consequently, the system under scrutiny leads to an antipersonalistic vision of both an individual and society, and in terms of eternity it seems to dismiss the possibility of recognizing the existence of Absolute. The theory rejects values for the sake of which it was construed. Translated by Jan Kłos. (shrink)

Intense scrutiny can raise chimaeras, and Virgil is the most scrutinized of Roman poets, but he may have engineered coincidences in line number (‘stichometric allusions’) between certain of his verses and their Greek models. A handful of potential examples have now accumulated. Scholars have detected Virgilian citations of Homer, Callimachus and Aratus in this manner, as well as intratextual allusions by both Virgil and Ovid, and references to Virgil's works by later Roman poets using the same technique. (For present purposes (...) I disregard the separate, though related, phenomenon of correspondingnumbers of linesin parallel passages: G. Knauer,Die Aeneis und Homer(Göttingen, 1964) suggests several examples of such correspondences between Homer and Virgil, especially in speeches. Another purely formal mode of allusion faintly present in Roman poetry is homophonic translation (the technique which Louis Zukofsky's 1969 translations of Catullus pursuein extenso); thus Virgil'sfagus, beech, corresponds with Theocritus'phagos, oak.) If genuine, the phenomenon lacks any consistent method or regular pattern (and the degree of plausibility varies); if genuine, it is very rare, even if accidents in textual transmission could have obscured some examples; if genuine, it probably originated in the Hellenistic period, although such a case has yet to be made. Virgil presently seems the earliest and most copious practitioner of stichometric allusion. A previously undetected example in theAeneidis proposed below. (shrink)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Aufsatz stellt einen neuen Ansatz zur Klrung des Leib-Seele-Problems vor. Zu diesem Zweck wird eine Brcke vom Leib-Seele-Problem zu Peter Knauers Entwurf einer relationalen Ontologie geschlagen, welche die Geschpflichkeit des Menschen und der Welt auf originelle Weise reformuliert. Teil I argumentiert, dass unsere Selbstbeschreibung die Dualitt der Ersten-Person-Perspektive und der Dritten-Person-Perspektive ernst nehmen sollte und zwar nicht nur in einem epistemologischen, sondern auch in einem ontologischen Sinn. Das jedoch fhrt, so wird gezeigt, zu einer ontologischen Beschreibung des Menschen als (...) unauflslicher Einheit von gegenstzlichen Bestimmungen bzw. Eigenschaften. Diese Einheit von Gegenstzen verlangt nach einer angemessenen Erklrung; einer Erklrung, welche die hartnckigen Probleme des Substanz- und Eigenschaftsdualismus ebenso vermeidet wie des reduktiven Monismus. Teil II stellt das Konzept der relationalen Ontologie in Grundzgen vor, whrend Teil III einer Erklrung des Leib-Seele-Problems auf der Grundlage dieses ontologischen Entwurfs gibt.SUMMARYThis paper presents a new approach in order to clarify the mind-body-problem. To reach this goal, the mind-body-problem is linked with Peter Knauer's outline of a relational ontology, which reformulates the creaturality of man and world in an inventive way. In the first part I argue that our self-description should take seriously the duality of first-person- and third-person-perspective not only in an epistemic but also in an ontological sense. This leads to an ontological description of man as an indissoluble unity of opposite attributes or properties. This unity of opposites requires an adequate explanation; one, which avoids the adamant problems of substance- and property-dualism as well as of reductive monism. Part II represents the main features of the concept of relational ontology, while part III gives an explanation of the mind-body-problem on the basis of this concept. (shrink)

Die Untersuchung diskutiert den ebenso originellen wie scharfsinnigen Entwurf der ""relationalen Ontologie"" Peter Knauers. Der erste Teil der Arbeit stellt den bislang noch verhältnismäßig wenig bekannten Ontologie-Entwurf vor und unterzieht ihn einer kritischen Prüfung. Der zweite Teil erprobt die Erklärungs- und Integrationskraft dieses Konzepts an vier ebenso alten wie aktuellen Problemfeldern der Philosophie. Es sind dies das Problem der Veränderung, die Realismus-Idealismus-Kontroverse, das Leib-Seele-Problem und die Mesóteslehre in der Tugendethik. Auf diese Weise wird der Entwurf der r...