La philosophie de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari est une philosophie du mouvement, en mouvement. De leurs livres émergent de nouveaux territoires, des paysages désertiques ou lunaires, peuplés d'animaux étranges. On assiste ainsi à la naissance d'une géophilosophie, d'une pensée qui met en scène des territoires, des populations, des animaux (philosophie, géographie, éthologie, nomadologie) et qui opère par déterritorialisations et par rencontres.

Un enjeu éthico-politique de taille, retentissant autant chez Gilles Deleuze que chez Félix Guattari, consiste par conséquent à analyser les transformations de la subjectivité et de l'être-ensemble dans le cadre des mutations en cours..

Les auteurs présentent les pratiques des collectifs d’architectes, designers, artistes et citoyens qui occupent le devant de la scène depuis la fin des années 1990 dans les espaces urbains, en formulant l’hypothèse qu’ils s’inspirent (de façon plus ou moins consciente et explicite) des écrits et des expérimentations menées par les représentants de la mouvance architecturale dite « radicale » qui les a précédés dans les années 1970. Dans cette perspective, ils analysent en particulier l’héritage de la notion d’« utopie réalisable (...) » développée par l’architecte Yona Friedman. (shrink)

Poverty is a global problem that is not only about material deprivation, but also a lack of agency and power. A Kantian response, with its focus on supporting the conditions of agency and empowerment, seems well suited to providing individuals with normative guidance on what their obligations are. The problem is that the guidance one finds within Kantian ethics is focused on the individual duty to aid or the duty to rescue, both of which have limited application in the context (...) of a complex, wide-ranging and structural problem like poverty. Individuals, on their own, are unable to end poverty and they cannot adopt this as an end of theirs. But if they get together with enough others, things look a lot more promising. Even though a fully Kantian response to poverty requires exploring his legal philosophy and the role of the state, I focus here on the moral obligations of individuals, particularly the idea that by joining together we have increased capacity to respond and make a difference. If we start with certain assumptions about capacity and agency; namely that “ought implies can” and “only agents are duty-bearers”, it is not clear that collectives that are not (yet) agents—such as “humanity” or “the affluent” or “the poor”—are possible duty-bearers. The aim of this paper is to support a more expansive account of Kantian moral obligations in which unstructured collectives have moral duties and their individual members have duties both to help form effective collective agents, and also to fulfill their shares of the collective duty to end poverty. (shrink)

How much are we morally required to do to aid others? After articulating some of the main contributions to this debate, I defend the position that we are sometimes morally permitted to spend our time and resources satisfying our own interests and needs rather than using them to aid others who are in desperate need. I argue that the duty to aid the needy should not always take priority over every other end we have. Whatever else we value, we most (...) highly value the ability and opportunity to live our lives on our own terms; this grounds both our obligation to aid others and places limits on how far these obligations ought to extend. Persons ought to respect others and fulfill their moral obligations but they must also be given the moral space to set ends and pursue those ends just because they are theirs. (shrink)

This volume examines the remarkable conceptual affinity between Fichte and Sartre. Fichte thinks of freedom with respect to self-determination while Sartre sees humans as being thrust into freedom and responsibility that they must endure and bear. In terms of the current debate on the questionable nature of freedom, these two intense thinkers about freedom, subjectivity, and otherness are brought into dialogue.

Gilles Deleuze exprime un besoin de philosophie apte à révolutionner les manières convenues de pratiquer la philosophie. Il souhaite mettre un terme au cycle des interprétations pour mieux expérimenter les forces impersonnelles, associe l'histoire de la philosophie à l'" agent de pouvoir " dans la pensée, et formule ce curieux désir de sortir de ta philosophie par ta philosophie. Ses monographies d'auteurs ont pourtant acquis le statut de " classiques " de la philosophie. Deleuze prend également part, à sa manière, (...) aux grands débats de son temps en situant son travail dans le courant de la métaphysique occidentale. D'où la nécessité d'interroger l'héritage philosophique de Deleuze, dix années après la disparition de fauteur. Les contributions réunies ici ouvrent de nouvelles pistes en étudiant les rapports complexes de Deleuze à notre tradition et en récusant aussi toute tentative de réduction de la pensée deleuzienne à un simple moment historique. Contributions de Manola Antonioti, Alain Beaulieu, Constantin Boundas, Olivier Fahle, Stéfan Leclercq et Arnaud Viltani. (shrink)

In 1792, with the aim of defending Kant's doctrine of freedom, Reinhold redefined freedom of will as the ability to decide for or against the moral law. Thus freedom of will represents a foundation of moral philosophy, if not of philosophy as a whole. The present volume seeks to reinterpret and to discuss this chapter of the post-Kantian discourse on freedom from various perspectives.

Wichtige Aspekte der Spinoza-Rezeption sind lange Zeit im Hintergrund geblieben. Spinoza galt seit dem öffentlich gemachten Bekenntnis des Aufklärers Lessing zum Hen kai Pan als Vertreter einer Substanzenontologie für Atheisten. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi war es, der 1785 und 1789 eine breite Debatte um Pantheismus, Atheismus, letztbegründende Prinzipien der Metaphysik, ferner um Freiheit und Notwendigkeit auslöste. Spinozas Trieb- und Affektenlehre blieb in der Forschung weitgehend unbeachtet. Weniger lautstark als im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert, aber durchaus wirksam, ist Spinoza im 20. und 21. (...) Jahrhundert durch Denker wie Gilles Deleuze oder den Neurologen Antonio Damasio erneut in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit geraten. Diesmal ist es Spinozas vormals wenig beachtete Affektenlehre, die für Theorien vom ganzen, nicht bloß vom einseitig rationalen Menschen Interesse weckte. Galt das Interesse der Aufklärung der Rationalität des Denkens, die gegen Aberglauben und Irreführungen der Vernunft ins Recht zu setzen war, so wenden sich das 20. und das 21. Jahrhundert der Entdeckung der Intelligenz und Rationalität der Gefühle zu – zuerst in der Psychologie, bald auch in der Philosophie. Der Band nimmt das neue Interesse an Spinoza zum Anlass zu untersuchen, ob und inwieweit im Deutschen Idealismus, in der Romantik und im 19. Jahrhundert bis heute der andere Spinoza, der Spinoza einer bemerkenswerten Trieb- und Affektenlehre sowie des amor Dei intellectualis, wahrgenommen wurde. Die Beiträge zu Spinoza selbst, zu Jacobi, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Hardenberg/Novalis, Friedrich Schlegel, Schleiermacher, schließlich zu Nietzsche, Freud, Sartre, Lacan, Deleuze zeigen, dass dieser andere Spinoza durchaus in der einen oder anderen Weise gesehen wurde. Mit Beiträgen von Karl Ameriks, Andreas Arndt, Ulrich Barth, Wolfgang Bartuschat, Arno Böhler, Konrad Cramer, Bärbel Frischmann, Patrizia Giampieri-Deutsch, Ulrike Kadi, Thomas Kisser, Jane Kneller, Konrad P. Liessmann, Elizabeth Millán, Ursula Renz, Helma Riefenthaler, Violetta L. Waibel, Reiner Wiehl und Jure Zovko. (shrink)

Die Kongressakten des 12. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, der im Jahr des 650-Jahrjubiläums der Universität Wien zum Thema „Natur und Freiheit“ vom 21.–25. September 2015 an der Universität Wien stattgefunden hat, versammeln die Ergebnisse dieses Kongresses. Mit dem Thema „Natur und Freiheit“ wurde zwei tragenden Begriffen des Kritischen Werks Kants Rechnung getragen. Kants Philosophie wird bis heute weltweit diskutiert, was sich auch in den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern des Kongresses spiegelte. Gleichwohl wurden und werden immer wieder Zweifel an der Berechtigung einer Philosophie der (...) Freiheit laut, wie sie insbesondere für Kants Moralphilosophie grundlegend ist. Spannung und Balance von Natur und Freiheit galt es, erneut zu diskutieren. Überdies sollte am Ort des Kongresses, in Wien, der in der Vergangenheit brüchigen, von Vorbehalten bestimmten Auseinandersetzung mit Immanuel Kant in Österreich durch neue Untersuchungen Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Der Kongress hat die Bedeutung Kants für die heutige internationale Philosophie erneut unterstrichen. Es konnten aber auch die historischen Filiationen der Philosophie Kants für Wien und Österreich herausgearbeitet und einer neuen Sichtung unterzogen werden. (shrink)

AbstractThe sculptor Olafur Eliasson produces works together with his team that have two main goals: first, he intends to sensitize our daily perception of the world and our surroundings, and second, Eliasson’s works are not only works of art, but they also explore nature, the physical properties of light, of energy, of water, and other elements. With the famous project Little Suns, small plastic lamps with LED light bulbs and solar cells, he contributes to the amelioration of daily life for (...) those who do not have access to electricity even today. In other works he focuses on elementary phenomena such as the movement of elements in a vortex of water or air, on the properties of light, of mirrored light, or the fascinating world of kaleidoscopes. Some of these works are very popular and often include visitors such as the Weather Project in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern in London created in 2003. This work is said to have provoked spontaneous meetings, celebrations, and even episodes of civil protest. The work turned the museum into a kind of agora, the public square in Ancient Greek cities that was at the heart of daily life, of politics, of democratic practices. (shrink)

In Poverty, Solidarity, and Poor-Led Social Movements, Monique Deveaux criticizes and reframes the traditional, moral (and often individualistic) response to poverty in favor of a political and collective one that centers the role of the poor and poor-led groups in the anti-poverty agenda. I have two aims in this review, a supportive one and a more critical one. On the supportive side, I examine the advances Deveaux makes by 1) expanding the category of agents of justice; 2) putting the poor (...) at the center of an effective response to poverty; and 3) changing the emphasis from individual duties to a collective response. On the critical side, I revisit Deveaux’s critique of the traditional approach and argue that she unnecessarily shifts the moral burden away from the affluent whose complicity and capacity remain important grounds of obligation. In conclusion, I consider some remaining challenges that are (helpfully) exposed by Deveaux’s account. (shrink)

Friedrich Schiller’s aesthetics targets an education of the whole person, sense-wise and rationality-wise. Developing a culture of beauty, respecting the morality of the individual, but always striving towards a politically well-formed community. Freedom—of action, of aesthetics, of political freedom—is a key concept for Schiller, that profoundly shaped his thinking, poetry, and work. Schiller’s aesthetics emerged early with his playwriting and around 1791 from his intensive study of Kant’s aesthetics but also of other philosophies such as Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre. He created a (...) transcendental poetology based on an active determinability—concerned with absolute freedom and openness in the aesthetic state of the play of all forces, and not merely with the spontaneity of reason. (shrink)

The traditional conception of human rights, or the orthodox conception (OC), has, over the last few years, been vigorously challenged by the political conception (PC) of human rights. I have two main aims in this paper: the first is to articulate and evaluate the main points of disagreement between the OC and the PC in order to provide a clearer picture of what is at stake in the debate. The second is to argue that the OC has the resources to (...) respond to the PC's most challenging criticism; namely that it is not sufficiently political. (shrink)

In this article, I support the liberal claim that the state's fundamental responsibility is to ensure that persons are able to interact as equals, that is, on the basis of equal freedom. That persons must be treated as responsible agents leads to an obligation on the part of the state to ensure that its citizens have the necessary conditions (and resources) for responsible agency. I further suggest that this conception of equality and the requirement for responsible agency is the right (...) measure to use for setting limits on the state's obligation to redistribute its resources. I defend this claim by making a parallel argument in moral philosophy that distinguishes the duty to aid from the duty of beneficence and establishes a priority relationship between them. (shrink)

It is a commonly held view that we ought to help others when they are in peril or in need, at least when we can do so at little cost to ourselves. This means that we have a duty to aid the child drowning in the pool of water in front of us and that we also have a duty to aid hungry and needy people in distant places. I agree with this view, but I show that it does not (...) follow that the situation of the drowning child and the situation of the needy person bind us in the same way. ;Rescue and the Duty to Aid argues that there are two distinct types of duties to aid---a perfect duty to rescue and an imperfect duty to help the needy. Both are moral requirements, but they require different things. The duty to rescue demands a particular act of an agent. The duty to help the needy demands that the agent adopt a certain end---helping needy persons---and that she act to fulfill this end. In the former situation the agent is bound to do something specific, in the latter situation the agent has the latitude to choose how to best fulfill her end. My aim is not to show that one duty is necessarily stronger or more pressing than the other, but that they demand different things. ;Once I fill out the structure of our duties, we see that the duties have different fulfillment conditions. Perfect duties can be completely discharged by doing the required act. Imperfect duties are never completely discharged but we can do our share by contributing to the end. I show that there are limitations on the duty to aid but that these limitations apply differently to perfect and imperfect duties. With a greater understanding of how the limitations work, we are in a better position to understand what and how much these duties demand of us. (shrink)

У статті з'ясовано особливості застосування інновацій у банківській сфері України як реальної вимоги сучасного висококонкурентного банківського ринку України. Для цього визначено основні поняття інновацій та інноваційної діяльності. Побудовано модель структурного підходу до інноваційної діяльності банку. Подано класифікацію банківських інновацій та виявлено найактуальніші інновації, які сьогодні впроваджують банки, а саме: мобільний банкінг та інтернет-банкінг. Окреслено важливість застосування таких інформаційних інновацій, як додатки на смартфони.