This study proposes a reassessment of the social and political thought of Ziya Gökalp, the most influential ideologue of Turkish nationalism. Challenging the still ubiquitous trend which emphasizes the influence of Western ideas to explain the dominant intellectual currents of the late Ottoman Empire, this article locates Gökalp’s thought in the continuity of Ottoman-Islamic intellectual tradition. Indeed, Gökalp’s thought incorporates and appropriates many concepts, arguments and definitions present in that tradition as well as the tensions existing in the historical (...) narratives of Ottoman and Islamic history. As evidence of this continuity, the first part focuses on the dual concepts of medeniyet and hars in Gökalp’s thought and demonstrates his use of traditional vocabulary and the historical tension between Sufi Islam and orthodox-legal Islam in defining these two categories. Gökalp’s idealism and his celebration of Durkheimian sociology also rest on a particular interpretation of Sufi tradition. Accordingly, the second part deals with the political concepts Gökalp uses, particularly tecdîd, and demonstrates how Gökalp’s usage is comparable to other Ottoman authors from the eighteenth century onwards, and reflects the quest for the qualities that once made the Empire great. In the light of these findings, the article proposes a dynamic and inclusive concept of tradition and concludes with some methodological reflections on the practice of intellectual history in the late Ottoman context. Keywords: Ziya Gökalp, Sufism, Islamic revivalism, tradition, impact of the West, Ibn Khaldun, culture and civilization. (shrink)

The ramifications of modernity and the resultant challenges compelled Ottoman intellectuals and state officials to contemplate matters like as innovation, progress, and change. The pursuit of remedies to eradicate political, military, and economic deficiencies was similarly evident in the legal domain. Ziya Gökalp articulated his perspectives on the origins, societal efficacy, and adaptability of law within the framework of the Turkism movement, presenting several methodologies that redefined the interplay among religion, law, society, and state. The most characteristic method among (...) them is the internal sociological methodology of law, which he equated with his own identity. Other Turkist figures of the time supported this theory, which aimed to bring dynamism to Islamic law in line with modern demands and changing conditions, as well as to establish a national law-society-state relationship. Another approach put forward by Gökalp was based on the distinction between legal (qāḍāī) and ethical/spiritual (diyānī) aspects that were established in traditional Islamic law. In Gökalp's intellectual life that extends from the last years of the Ottoman Empire to the first years of the Republic, two different stages stand out. Gökalp, who tended to restructure jurisprudential concepts with an original interpretation in the late Ottoman period, became a persistent defender of the distinction between religion and state as well as religion and law in the Republican period. However, he did not deny the role of religion in the existence of the nation and emphasized the place of religious institutions, such as the office of Sheikhul-Islam, in the Republican period. Although he took the traditional jurisprudential perspectives into consideration, he could not escape from the criticism of his fellow intellectuals such as İzmirli İsmail Hakkı, who represented the traditional understanding. This article addresses Ziya Gökalp's views that he developed on fiqh and sociology in the Turkish modernisation process and sheds light on the possible reflections of these views on the Republican period. (shrink)

Çağdaşlaşma veya batılılaşma şeklinde de tavsif edilen modernleşme sürecinin sadece pratik sonuçlarıyla yetinmeyen, bunun ötesinde söz konusu sürecin kök nedenleriyle ilgilenen teorik bir çabanın çağdaş Türk düşüncesi açısından önemi ve değeri açık olsa gerektir. Her halükarda meselenin teorik veçhesine yoğunlaşacak bir düşünce çabasında Türk düşüncesinde felsefi düşüncenin ihraz ettiği mevki esaslı bir tartışma konusu olacaktır. Türk modernleşmesinin felsefe ile temasını ele almak, Çağdaş Türk Düşüncesinin kapsamlı bir tasvirine ve gelişim imkanına da önemli katkılar sunacaktır. Meşrutiyetten Cumhuriyete geçiş evresinde yaşamış olan (...) Ziya Gökalp, modern sosyolojiye ve felsefeye duyduğu ilgiyle Türk düşüncesine dair kuşatıcı ve özgün bir perspektif sunan ender düşünürler arasında yer almaktadır. Türk düşüncesinde felsefi düşünce alanına ilişkin özgün bir perspektif geliştiren Gökalp’in klasik pozitivist tutumdan farklı olarak felsefi düşünceyi kültürle ve insanın ideal dünyasıyla ilişkili bir düşünce etkinliği olarak tasarladığı görülmektedir. Gökalp’in felsefeyi kendisiyle refaha ve zenginliğe ulaşılan özel bir düşünme biçimi olarak tayin etmekten ziyade, felsefeyi maddi refahın sonrasında ortaya çıkan özel bir düşünce etkinliği olarak ele aldığı görülmektedir. Mevcut çalışma, Gökalp'in modernleşme tecrübesi içerisinde felsefeye nasıl bir konum biçtiğini tartışmaktadır. (shrink)

Once the Ottoman Empire collapsed, a new Turkish state was established after a struggle for national freedom. The founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,1 aimed to develop a western-like democratic state for the people of the remaining Empire, even though he could have become the next sultan. All stages necessary for the emergence of a new state had already been fulfilled before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and the establishment of the Turkish Republic was the final element (...) within the transformation process of the Ottoman state.2 Atatürk, as the successor of the Young Turks who gained political power through the constitutional movement in 1908, abolished the monarchy and established a .. (shrink)

Some prominent figures in both sociology and the field of sociology of religion, such as Auguste Comte, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim, discussed the changes brought about by cultural, political, and economic revolutions in Continental Europe, considering the institution of religion. The issues they explored and the concepts they developed have also had an impact on the Turkish sociologists engaged in academic research outside of Continental Europe. In fact, Turkish intellectuals who experienced the Ottoman Empire transformation into the (...) Republic of Turkey found a rich area of study in the sociological outcomes of the revolution, particularly in relation to the interplay of religion and society. The accumulation of the sociology of religion discipline and methodological studies from Continental Europe to Turkey can be examined by categorizing the symbolic ideas of sociologists into three distinct periods within this framework. The purpose of this study is to address the process of institutionalization of the discipline of sociology of religion in three key phases, elucidating the conceptual frameworks and contributions made by symbolic representatives. Indeed, the examination of the institutionalization process of the discipline of sociology of religion during the Republican era holds historical significance for the field. This study is based on the views of the sociology of religion theorists in three primary phases, focusing on the preparation during the Republican era, institutionalization, and the formation of local literature. It also delves into the contributions of figures like Prens Sabahattin, Ziya Gökalp, Mümtaz Turhan, Erol Güngör, Şerif Mardin, Mehmet Taplamacıoğlu, and Ünver Günay during this process and examine the emergence of new literature in the third phase. Despite the presence of numerous sociology of religion scholars, these specific names were chosen to represent different sociological schools. The data used in this study were obtained through the documentation technique. (shrink)

The ideological impact of Émile Durkheim on Turkish political and social thought has long been analyzed within the framework of Ziya Gökalp’s nationalist thought. This article seeks to show that there were also liberal followers of Durkheim as seen in the works of particularly Ahmet Ağaoğlu. Ağaoğlu’s social liberalism carried Durkheimian motifs as we see in his constant emphasis on division of labor and functional differentiation as integral elements of the modern liberal mentalité, and in the importance he imputed (...) to intermediary groups to protect the rights of the individual. (shrink)

This article reveals the pathologies of the Turkish republican project of laicism by focusing on the differences between the ideas of Ziya Gökalp and the leading architects of this project. Ziya Gökalp reasoned within the logic of the empire and envisioned a synthesis among Turkism, westernism and Islam. The logic of the republic à la Turca, on the other hand, was shaped by a radical break from Islam. The distaste that the architects of the republican laicist project had (...) developed towards Islam became apparent during the years between 1920 and 1925. Accordingly, the republican project of laicism nurtured a highly visible control of the state over religion rather than a separation between the affairs of the state and religion. This article also discusses the possibilities of reforming the republican project of laicism that is congenial with democratization processes in Turkey. (shrink)

This paper investigates the concept of behavioral integrity from three important foci in organizational settings: i.e., leader, organization, and follower. Drawing from theories of behavioral integrity, social learning, and social identity, we examine the effects of leader and organizational behavioral integrity on follower behavioral integrity and organizational citizenship behavior via follower identification with leader and with organization, respectively. To test our hypotheses, we used data from three studies. Studies 1 and 2 were online experiments in which behavioral integrity was manipulated (...) in written scenarios to explore the proposed causal relationships. Study 3 was a multisource field study that tested a mediation model using matched data collected from 280 employees and their co-workers from a Fire and Rescue Service in the United Kingdom. The findings provide partial support for our hypothesized model and highlight the importance of examining multiple foci of behavioral integrity as well as the role of follower identification as key mediating mechanisms of the relationship between leader and organizational behavioral integrity and follower behavioral outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

This article addresses the problem of the impact of a major change in the "instrumentation space" of a given scientific domain. The domain under scrutiny is turbulent combustion. It has the peculcarcty of being developed, essentially since the 1940s, by the progressive interpenetration of two autonomous fields, the chemistry of combustion and the mechanics of turbulence. The analyzed change in instrumentation is a major one in that the new laser-based optical diagnostic techniques which, since the 1970s, invaded turbulent combustcon, allowed (...) for the first time the quantitative characterization of turbulent reacting flows. The impact of this new instrumentation on the relations between experimental and theoretical lines of work is analyzed. These relations concern both the global organization of the workplace and the scientific "division of labor" between theoreticians and experimentalists. The impact of the sudden availability of new experimental information on the cognitive structure of this borderland domain is also explored. (shrink)

Our main goal in this article is to discuss the structural and persistent problems experienced by women academics, especially with respect to the gendered divisions of academic tasks and unequal divisions of care obligations in the domestic sphere. The analysis is based on reflexive thematic analysis of the open-ended questions of an online questionnaire on the academic work environment, work satisfaction, stress, academic duties and allocation of tasks, and thoughts on gender equality. Academics from different countries voice their lived experiences, (...) frustrations as well as worries about their future. We aim to highlight how these issues are embedded in the structures of academic capitalism and argue against the tendency to individualise these issues in a bid to inspire an informed collective resistance. (shrink)

This article focuses on the resurgence of women’s movements in Turkey and Norway against the backdrop of their historical trajectories and wider gender policies. Throughout the 2010s, both countries witnessed a similar set of conservative and neoliberal policies that intervened in women’s bodily rights. In both countries, women’s movements responded with mass mobilizations and influenced the political agenda. The proposed restrictions on abortion were interpreted as a restriction on women’s basic bodily rights in both countries. This article argues that a (...) feminist, multidimensional reconceptualization of the concept of citizenship and a definition of abortion as an element of women’s bodily citizenship rights are useful to promote a strong and encompassing argument for mobilization. The comparative analysis shows that the right to control one’s own body has been a unifying issue for women’s movements in Turkey and Norway which are gradually becoming more inclusive. (shrink)

After years of progress in terms of gender and sexual rights, since 2012 Europe is facing a so-called gender backlash – opposition directed to issues related to reproductive policies and abortion, violence against women, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) rights and gay marriages, gender mainstreaming and sex education at schools as well as antidiscrimination policies. In this article, firstly, by taking the anti-gender developments as point of reference, I examine the emergence of anti-gender movement in Europe via (...) the use of what I call troll science. Troll science is based on (distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse, creating an alternative narrative on the conceptions of gender equality. Similar to troll accounts posting provocative, superfluous and even off-topic messages on social media to start arguments and quarrels aiming to distract, troll science, I argue, creates an alternative narrative opposing the scientific facts and discourses (i.e. climate change, evolution, vaccination and gender theory). Later, I discuss the emerging conservative troll-scientific discourses and the gendered public normative order of Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP; Justice and Development Party) government, under the New Turkey. I previously argued that New Turkey and the society under the party’s rule perpetuated by a new set of standards create an alternative narrative on the conceptions of gender equality through troll-science narratives. I concluded by showing how such ideological discourses help create emotional echo chambers – enabling its fast distribution and acceptance by the ideologically conservative groups. Contribution: This paper contributes to the Special Collection Gender Justice, Health and Human Development with the theory of troll-science it introduces to discuss the alternative and anti-gender scientific discourse that is dominating academia. (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişlerindeki denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeylerinin yeterliliğine ilişkin din kültürü ve ahlak bilgisi öğretmenlerinin görüşlerini tespit etmektir. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Görüşme formları ile toplanan veriler betimsel analiz yöntemine göre analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, temalar ve alt temalar şeklinde organize edilerek sunulmuştur. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden benzeşik örneklem tekniği ile araştırmanın çalışma grubu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 2023-2024 eğitim-öğretim yılında Mersin merkez ilçelerindeki ortaokullarda çalışan 32 din kültürü ve (...) ahlak bilgisi (DKAB) öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu (%66’sı) okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeyinin yetersiz olduğunu düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeylerini yetersiz bulma nedenleri okul müdürlerinden kaynaklanan nedenler ve okul müdürleri haricindeki nedenler olarak ikiye ayrıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların okul müdürleri öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirirken DKAB öğretmenlerinin yaşadıkları sorunları teftiş öncesi yaşanan sorunlar, teftiş sırasında yaşanan sorunlar ve teftiş sonrasında yaşanan sorunlar olarak nitelendirdiği bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yüksek düzeyde yerine getirmesini engelleyen etkenleri okul müdürlerinden kaynaklanan etkenler, öğretmenlerden kaynaklanan etkenler ve mevzuattan kaynaklanan etkenler olarak nitelendirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yüksek düzeyde yerine getirmesine yönelik çözüm önerilerinin okul müdürlerine ilişkin çözüm önerileri, öğretmenlere ilişkin çözüm önerileri ve öğretmen teftişinin yapılış şekline ilişkin çözüm önerileri olmak üzere 3 grupta toplandığı görülmektedir. (shrink)

Alman İdealizminde ve bu akımdan hareket eden değerler etiği filozoflarında ahlakın insana göreli yorumu, büyük ölçüde Kant’ın, insanı niteleyen ana karakteristikler olan akıl, ben bilinci ve irade özgürlüğü temelinde ele aldığı etik görüşü üzerine kurulmuştur. Kant’ın ahlak felsefesinde özne, hem gerçekliğin öze ait yapısından hem de kendi kendine yasa koyan rasyonel irade olarak, ahlak yasasından sorumlu tutulmuştur. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Kant’la başlayan modern dönemin felsefi rasyonalizminin, insanın ahlaki oluşunu onun akıl yeteneğine ve öznelliğine dayandırdığı görülmektedir. Bu dönemde ahlak için rasyonel (...) temel arama girişimleri ön planda tutulurken ahlak adına değerlerin kaynağı (ahlaki değerler) olarak özne gösterilmiştir. Ancak hemen belirtelim ki Kant’ın idealist düşüncesine paralel olarak insan aklını temele alan ahlak anlayışı bir yeniliğe işaret etmekle birlikte kendinden sonra gelen Alman idealistlerince (Fichte, Hegel) ve değerler etiğinin kurucu filozoflarınca (Scheler, N. Hartmann) eleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ‘Ben’in, ahlakın temelini kurmada ne denli geçerli kılınabileceğini hem değerler etiği açısından hem de Alman İdealizmi çerçevesinde eleştirel açıdan bir değerlendirme yaparak etiğin insana göreli anlamını tartışmak olacaktır. (shrink)