Cet article porte sur des problèmes d’analyse en corpus de structures discursives, en partant de l’exemple de la procéduralité. Quand l’objet d’étude ne porte pas sur une forme particulière, il est difficile de recueillir les données à analyser sans idée préconçue, c’est-à-dire sans biaiser a priori les résultats. L’article propose une méthode permettant de résoudre en partie ces problèmes, en partant d’une annotation à plusieurs mains qui est progressivement unifiée afin d’obtenir un résultat objectif. Nous montrons que cette étape fait (...) pleinement partie de l’étude linguistique elle-même. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de faisabilité sur l’annotation des passages entre guillemets, phénomènes linguistiques polyphoniques qui résistent souvent à une lecture univoque et à un schéma d’annotation simplificateur. La faisabilité de l’annotation a été testée à travers une étude inter-annotateurs qui a montré, avec un accord pour 80% des annotations effectuées, que des valeurs stables (dénomination, citation, autonymie, commentaires modalisants) pouvaient être postulées. Les cas de désaccord, en partie inévitables face à la complexité du phénomène, (...) peuvent être en partie réduits par un repérage systématique des marques formelles (marques typo-dispositionnelles, éléments du lexique et formules syntaxiques) et un inventaire détaillé des contextes d’emploi pour chaque valeur. Certaines valeurs demeurant ambiguës, il convient toutefois de prévoir dans l’annotation des cas de cumul de valeurs (le passage entre guillemets cumule plusieurs valeurs compatibles) ou d’ambiguïtés (plusieurs interprétations différentes sont possibles) en cas de désaccord des annotateurs. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide an appreciation of Michel Foucault’s The Order of Things reception, from the latest book by Ivan Domingues entitled “Foucault, a arqueologia e As palavras e as coisas: cinquenta anos depois” (Ed. UFMG, 2023). One of the scopes of the book is to examine the range of The Order of Things and its archaeological strategy to account for the presentation of the birth of human sciences, as well as its fragility and instability in (...) the face of a possible change in the disposition of knowledge. Or Episteme’s disposition, according to Foucault terminology, whose signs of change can be observed on the occasion of the advent, in the twentieth century, of Lacanian psychoanalysis, ethnology and structural linguistics. By privileging its repercussions, expansions and rectifications fifty years later, it is not intended to “correct” Foucault from an epistemological point of view, but to point out the fertility and power of his thoughts for posterity. It is about going through “fertile errors and anodyne truths” (DOMINGUES, 2020, p. 386). The bet is that possible gaps, errors or confusions identifiable by Foucault himself and by his critics at the time never invalidate the fertility of a discussion concerning human sciences, which were never the same after Foucault. (shrink)

Yann Allard-Tremblay ,Aude Bandini | : Les théories épistémiques et délibératives de la démocratie soulignent l’importance du processus de la délibération quand l’objectif poursuivi est de parvenir à de bonnes décisions. Dans cet article, nous nous intéresserons aux différents mécanismes grâce auxquels une délibération publique à la fois ouverte, libre et inclusive, peut parvenir à de bonnes décisions, avant d’envisager ce que la délibération peut apporter en cas de désaccord. Nous nous concentrerons plus particulièrement ici sur la fonction constructive de (...) la démocratie, c’est-à-dire sur cette capacité qu’a la démocratie délibérative d’identifier et de formuler, de manière épistémiquement instructive, les problèmes de justice auxquels doit faire face le corps politique. Il faudra donc d’abord expliquer comment la démocratie permet de colliger l’information et de la mettre à disposition de chacun, afin d’expliquer ensuite comment la délibération peut permettre l’émergence d’accords entre les individus. Nous verrons alors que la délibération a des limites, et pourquoi elle se révèle incapable de surmonter certains désaccords. Nous tâcherons enfin d’expliquer le rôle qu’elle joue dans la formulation des désaccords politiques. Sur ce point, nous montrerons que la délibération permet d’éviter que ne surgissent des désaccords politiques insoutenables, qui mettraient en péril l’intégrité du corps politique. | : Deliberative epistemic theories of democracy highlight the importance of deliberation for the achievement of correct decisions. The aims of this paper are to discuss the mechanisms which allow an open, free and inclusive forum of deliberation to achieve correct decisions and to discuss the impact of deliberation on disagreement. I concentrate on the constructive function of democracy which designates the capacity of deliberative democracy to identify and frame the problems of justice faced by a polity in epistemically positive ways. I first explain how democracy can pool information. This is then used to explain how deliberation can enable agreement to emerge. This is followed by a discussion of the limits of deliberation and how it is unable to resolve some disagreements. The final element of my discussion is an explanation of the role of deliberation in framing political disagreements. I argue that deliberation helps in avoiding unsustainable political disagreements which could bring about political decay. (shrink)

Resumo O presente estudo aborda a articulação entre ciência natural e cosmologia em Tomás de Aquino. Para tanto, são investigadas as concepções da noção de cosmo, mediante a questão: o cosmo pode ser o assunto central da ciência natural em Tomás? No intuito de refletir sobre essa questão, são apresentadas três concepções de cosmo. A primeira é a concepção da metafísica, na qual o cosmo é uma hierarquia de entes. A segunda, por sua vez, é a concepção da cosmografia (...) segundo a qual o cosmo é a relação de esferas intercaladas. A terceira, por fim, é a concepção da cosmologia que entende o cosmo como o conjunto dos corpos simples em perene locomoção natural.The present study aims to articulate natural science and cosmology in Thomas Aquinas. Accordingly, I want to investigate the conceptions of cosmos by the following question: can the cosmos be the central topic of natural science in Aquinas? I present three conceptions of cosmos in order to reflect upon this question. The first is the metaphysical one in which the cosmos is a hierarchy of entities. The second is related to cosmography according to which the cosmos is a relation of intercalated spheres. The third, finally, is the cosmological conception that understands the cosmos as the set of simple bodies in perennial natural locomotion. (shrink)

Any analysis of the Hippocratic anthropology must begin by taking a stand on two quite different issues. On the one hand, it must ascertain a precise and definite meaning of the word ‘Hippocratic’ in such a context, considering the historical problems surrounding the 'real' Hippocrates and the doctrinal heterogeneity of the Hippocratic collection. On the other hand, it must justify the very possibility of an anthropology within the Hippocratic tradition, by accommodating it with the obvious animadversion that its most representative (...) works show towards any philosophical or speculative inquiry. The first problem can be solved by purely historical means, viz. by restricting the object of analysis to the texts that admittedly represent the views of the Hippocratic school. Not so with the second one, which constitutes the truesignificant problem from a philosophical point of view and with which the present article is therefore concerned. After discussing the texts where the question on the nature of man is posed, a general survey of the Hippocratic conception of the theoretical and scientific foundations of clinical practice is given, in order to understand the Statement according to which it is to medicine, and not to philosophy, that an answer to such a question truly belongs. From such a survey a thesis arises: that, according to the Hippocratic perspective, the appropriate answer to the question on the nature of man is not the one that seeks to determine what man is, even by means of the empirical methods of medicine, but the one that reshapes the question itself, thereby replacing the philosophical focus on the knowing of man, for the sake of knowledge, by the clinical focus on the caring of man, for the sake of man himself. (shrink)

Psychologues et philosophes partagent une même lecture de l'histoire de la psychologie selon laquelle le recours aux mathématiques pour constituer une psychométrie au XIX e siècle aurait été l'indice évident d'une séparation définitive entre psychologies scientifique et philosophique. Le présent article montre que le projet d'une psychométrie est nettement plus ancien et qu'il est au contraire né dans un espace des savoirs dans lequel métaphysique, mathématique, optique et physiologie n'étaient pas séparés. Both psychologists and philosophers share a very same (...) reading of the history of psychology according to which the recourse to mathematics in order to build psychometrics in the 19th century were to have been the obvious indication of an outmost separation between scientific and philosophical psychologies. This paper shows that the project of a psychometrics is far older, born as it was in an environment of knowledge in which metaphysics, mathematics, optics and physiology were not separated. (shrink)

La recherche conduite dans le cadre de la thèse de doctorat (CROUZIER 2003) a été focalisée sur l’analyse des liens professionnels tissés entre les dispositifs RASED et les équipes éducatives des écoles primaires. Nous avons co-construit les données nécessaires à leur compréhension et choisi des traitements combinant les avantages du quantitatif et du qualitatif. Nous avons en particulier retenu une approche statistique fondée sur l’analyse statistique textuelle (LEBART SALEM 1994) pour explorer le corpus construit à partir d’entretiens auprès d’un (...) échantillon de professionnels concernés par les aides spécialisées à l’école primaire. Le choix de l’approche statistique s’inscrit dans une conception du raisonnement statistique développée par J.C. Régnier (REGNIER 1998, 2002). L’opérationnalisation du traitement a été rendue possible par le recours à un outil informatique, le logiciel S.P.A.D. (Système Portable de l’Analyse des Données) du CISIA. Cet outil permet de décrypter les corpus obtenus par des méthodes d’analyse factorielle de correspondances multiples. Différentes procédures ont été appliquées aux corpus bruts puis codés. Cette approche “quantiqualitative”, apportant une plus-value interprétative, décrypte de façon singulière la complexité de la collaboration entre acteurs. Abstrac: This PhD dissertation (CROUZIER 2003) focuses on the analysis of the professional relationships between the French institutional comprehensive remedial scheme known as RASED and educational teams in primary schools. We have jointly identified the data relevant to a thorough understanding of such relationships, opting for a method of data processing combining the advantages of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. We have chiefly relied on a specific brand of textual statistics (LEBART SALEM 1994) in order to explore a corpus made up of interviews with the primary school staffs involved in the scheme. The statistical approach accords with the conception of statistical processing developed by JC Regnier (REGNIER 1998, 2002). The processing itself has been engineered thanks to CISIA’s software, known as SPAD (portable data processing system). It has enabled us to decrypt the different types of corpuses through Correspondence Analysis (CA). Both the raw and the coded corpuses have been submitted to different types of processing. The approach, combining quantitative and qualitative elements, opens up on to new powerful interpretative insights and sheds a new light on the intricate network of interaction between the people involved. (shrink)

Dans cet ouvrage rare et magistral, l’auteur, qui est un contemplatif cistercien, livre le fruit de quarante années de réflexion. Il s’appuie, du côté de l’Occident, sur les Pères et Docteurs de l’église les plus autorisés, tel saint Thomas, et, du côté de l’Orient, sur les maîtres révérés, comme Cankara et Ramakrishna. Le sous-titre de l’ouvrage dit bien le but de l’auteur : après avoir étudié le non-dualisme hindou – l’homme doit réaliser sa vraie nature par la compréhension intime qu’il (...) ne fait qu’un avec le Tout –, il pourra répondre à la question qui anime tout l’ouvrage : peut-on envisager légitimement un « non-dualisme « chrétien? Un livre qui compte dans les conversations qui se sont établies depuis plus de cinquante ans entre Orient et Occident. (shrink)

Le cadre du programme interdisciplinaire de recherche défini par Max Horkheimer dans les années 1930 doit beaucoup à Erich Fromm, qui a introduit la psychologie sociale dans la Théorie critique de la société. Or, une décennie plus tard, Fromm est la cible privilégiée des attaques et sa théorie apparaît désormais comme incompatible avec les positions défendues par Horkheimer et Adorno. Partant de ces tensions qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’École de Francfort, le présent article vise à éclaircir le déplacement qu’elles (...) traduisent sur le plan épistémologique. Si Horkheimer et Fromm partagent des prémisses communes, le premier, dans son travail avec Adorno, se rapproche de manière croissante de la doctrine freudienne alors que le second s’en éloigne. Nous voudrions montrer que l’accord entre Fromm et Horkheimer fut surtout négatif puisqu’il portait sur la critique de Freud : les divergences entre les deux penseurs apparaissent clairement, dès lors qu’on pose en profondeur la question de l’usage de la psychanalyse pour analyser l’un des problèmes centraux de la théorie de la société, l’antagonisme entre individu et société. (shrink)

L’objectif de cet article n’est pas d’étudier les relations complexes que les pensées de Sartre et Merleau-Ponty entretiennent avec la psychanalyse – tâche qui exige à elle seule tout un livre –, mais uniquement de montrer que leur traitement respectif de la subjectivité entretient des rapports frontaliers, parfois conflictuels, avec la problématisation psychanalytique de l’inconscient. C’est donc seulement dans la perspective du problème très général de la « conscience fausse » que seront abordés ces emprunts et échanges sinueux. De ce (...) point de vue, il est nécessaire de préciser le sens attribué à la notion de « conscience » par Sartre et par Merleau-Ponty et, conjointement, le statut qu’ils accordent respectivement à l’inconscient. Le dissensus qui sépare les deux auteurs trouve d’abord sa source dans la fonction et les limites qu’ils assignent à la réflexion.The goal of this article is not to discuss the complex relationship between the works of Sartre and Merleau-Ponty and psychoanalysis—such a subject would deserve an entire book—but rather to show that their respective treatments of subjectivity are closely related, sometimes conflicting, with the psychoanalytic problematization of the unconscious. It is therefore only in the perspective of the general problem of false consciousness that these references and sinuous exchanges will be presented. From this point of view, it is necessary to pinpoint the meaning attributed to the notion of ‘consciousness’ by Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, and conjointly, the status they accord respectively to the unconscious. The disparity between these two philosophers originates in the function and limits they assign to reflection.L’obiettivo di questo articolo non è quello di studiare le complesse relazioni che Sartre e Merleau-Ponty intrattengono con la psicoanalisi – cosa che esigerebbe un libro a sé – ma solo di mostrare che il loro modo di trattare il tema della soggettività intrattiene rapporti di frontiera, talvolta conflittuali, con la problematica psicoanalitica dell’inconscio. Affronteremo il movimento sinuoso di questi prestiti e di questi scambi nella sola prospettiva del problema molto generale della “falsa coscienza”. Da questo punto di vista, sarà necessario precisare il senso attribuito da Sartre e da Merleau-Ponty alla nozione di coscienza e, insieme, a quella di inconscio. Mostreremo quindi che il dissidio tra i due autori trova la sua origine anzitutto nella diversa funzione e nei diversi limiti che essi assegnano alla dimensione della riflessione. (shrink)

RESUMENLa filosofía del derecho de Fichte supone una importante anomalía dentro del Idealismo Alemán, en especial por su problemático posicionamiento en relación con la filosofía del derecho de Kant y su reelaboración del derecho natural. Fichte publica el Fundamento del Derecho Natural según los principios de la Doctrina de la Ciencia en 1796, es decir, un año después de la publicación de Hacia la paz perpetua y un año antes de la publicación de los «Principios metafísicos de la doctrina del (...) derecho» de la Metafísica de las Costumbres. La formulación y fundamentación que lleva a cabo Fichte en esta obra del derecho natural es enteramente original y a la vez internamente problemática debido a la tensión que en ella se da entre la validez normativa de los principios del derecho y la realización positiva de los mismos. Ejemplo paradigmático de esta tensión lo ofrece la noción de «derecho originario» (Urrecht) que Fichte elabora a lo largo de su trabajo de 1796. Nuestra investigación se va a centrar en analizar esta noción de «derecho originario» en la doctrina del derecho de Fichte para desplegar una interpretación iusnaturalista de la misma con vistas a relativizar o por lo menos matizar las lecturas preeminentemente positivistasde la filosofía del derecho de Fichte.PALABRAS CLAVESIDEALISMO ALEMÁN, DERECHO NATURAL, PRINCIPIOS DEL DERECHOY DERECHO ORIGINARIOABSTRACTFichte's philosophy of right constitutes an anomaly within German Idealism, particularly due to its problematic positioning in relation to Kant's philosophy of right and his reworking of natural right. Fichte published Foundations of Natural Right in Accordance with the Principles of the Doctrine of Science in 1796, that is, a year after the publication of Towards Perpetual Peace and a year before the publication of «Metaphysical Principles of the Doctrine of Right», in Metaphysics of Morals. Fichte's formulation and substantiation in this work on natural right is entirely original and, at the same time, internally problematic due to the tension created between the regulatory validity of the principles of right and their positive realisation. A paradigmatic example of this tension can be seen in the notion of «primordial right» (Urrecht) developed by Fichte throughout his 1796 work. Our research will centre on analysing the notion of «primordial right» in Fichte's Doctrine of Right to present a natural law-based interpretation of this right with a view to qualifying or at least placing into perspective the pre-eminently positivist readings of Fichte's philosophy of right.KEYWORDSGERMAN IDEALISM, NATURAL RIGHT, PRINCIPLES OF RIGHT,PRIMORDIAL RIGHT. (shrink)

Witnessing is an increasingly important theme in the work of Jean-Luc Marion. According to Marion, the witness can be considered an appropriate figure to define the first person, the “I,” without reducing it to subjectivism and without envisaging the intersubjective tie as binary, inasmuch as the testimony refers instead to a ternary relation. The present analysis investigates the difference Marion identifies between the religious witness and what seems to be, according to common sense, the regular witness. While in the latter (...) case, the subject is completely foreign to the event to which s/he testifies, in the case of the religious witness, the commitment is total. We will tackle this difference by showing that the fact of testifying always implies a connection with effectivity, which reveals itself through the profound commitment characterizing the witness’s life, up to the point of death. This becomes obvious when considering the role played by the witness’s confessing speech, which establishes an unsurpassable ternary relationship between the witness, the object of the testimony, and the one to whom it is addressed, by deploying an absolute form of the social bond. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o retorno a Hegel proposto por Axel Honneth, em O direito da liberdade. Ante as concepções de liberdade negativa e reflexiva - segundo ele, “conceitos de liberdade individual que não levam adequadamente em conta a sua dependência em relação à mediação objetiva” -, Honneth se preocupa em oferecer uma compreensão alternativa, mais larga, de liberdade, que ele nomeia, atribuindo-a diretamente a Hegel, de liberdade social. Tal liberdade, ao contrário da liberdade meramente jurídica ou moral, (...) permitiria que se leve em conta o papel exercido pelas instituições e práticas normativas para a sua realização, reconhecendo-as como sua própria condição. Entretanto, apesar da valorização que é feita assim por Honneth às instituições, o autor é criticado por apresentar uma concepção das mesmas que seria demasiado unilateral. O mesmo ocorre com sua definição de “liberdade social”, a qual remeteria, segundo os críticos, a uma liberdade meramente individual, aquém da significação que lhe seria dada por Hegel. A análise da tese hegeliana acerca de uma eticidade imanente à esfera do mercado e às suas práticas, adotada também por Honneth, nos possibilitará avaliar não só os aspectos que os aproximam ou os separam, mas também a pertinência das críticas dirigidas a Honneth. The aim of the paper is to investigate the return to Hegel proposed by Axel Honneth in his work Freedom’s right. Honneth rejects an approach that conceives of freedom only as negative or reflexive. Hence, he seeks to provide an alternative concept, which he assigns to Hegel using the term “social freedom”. This concept of freedom, in opposite to the merely legal or moral one, should enable the recognition of the role played by the institutions as a condition in the process of its realization. However, despite the importance he gives to the institutions, Honneth is criticized for presenting an apparently too partial comprehension of them. The same happens to his definition of “social freedom”, which, according to the critics, would consist in a merely individualistic conception of freedom, falling short of Hegel’s understanding of this concept. An analysis of Hegel’s thesis about an ethicity that would be immanent to the market sphere, also adopted by Honneth, will allow us to evaluate not just the connecting points or the divergences existing between them, but also the relevance of the criticism directed at Honneth. (shrink)

This work aims to highlight the continuous game and the paradoxical relationship established between memory and forgetfulness based on the contributions of Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson. We will follow the hypothesis that the origin of memory and consciousness in Nietzsche is very close to that made by Bergson in Matter and Memory. I will try to expose how memory in Bergson arises in the interval between action and reaction, at the moment when man hesitates, organizes and selects the new (...) movement. The same hesitation movement occurs in Nietzsche, when man abandons the "animalistic" realm of the instant and begins to calculate and plan his actions. In the meantime, when man acquires the capacity to remember and distances himself from the instinctive animals, forgetfulness becomes vitally important, according to Nietzsche, since an excess of memory can resent and sadden the body. In Bergson, on the other hand, the brain mechanism - an organ of attention to life - also occupies a prominent place, from the moment it temporarily removes the totality of memories, and allows only some of them to become conscious. To this end, we will observe that what is behind this infinite game between memory and forgetfulness is the maintenance of a healthy body that does not get lost in excesses - of remembering too much or forgetting everything. A body that knows how to remember, but also how to forget in order to live. (shrink)

Le rapport à l'alténté en général et à autrui en particulier condense un noyau de possibilités multiples qui, selon l'hypothèse esquissée, s'exprìme et s'interprète dans le mode de penser et de vivre le Désir d'avenir. Oscillant entre hétérophagie et hétérophilie, ce type fondamental d'érotisme temporel s'incarne dans des configurations phénoménologiques dont la typologie idéale fait covarier une décision métaphysique avec une attitude éthique . L'analyse des contrastes qui définissent les positions onto-éthiques de Sartre, Merleau-Ponty et Lévinas devient une méthode (...) heuristique pour mettre en évidence la topologie de l'incommensurable et de l'optatif. The relation to alterity in general and to others in particular encapsulates a logical space of multiple possibilities which, according to the author's hypothesis, may be expressed and interpreted in the manner of thinking and living the Desire of future. Oscillating between heterophagia and heterophilia, this fundamental type of temporal eroticism embodies vanous phenomenological configurations whose ideal typology reveals a deep correlation between a metaphysical decision with an ethical attitude . The analysis of mutual contrasts defining Sartre's, Merleau-Ponty s and Lévinas' onto-ethic stances is adopted as a methodological device in order to elucidate a broad topology of incommensurabilia and desiderata. (shrink)

Le bonheur : idée neuve ou trop vieux rêve? Douce utopie ou vrai projet? En tout cas, quand un philosophe se lève avec Jean- Jacques Rousseau en 1749, c'est en son nom : le bonheur constitue son horizon et son programme, sa vocation et son présent, à la fois sa quête personnelle et le seul don qu'il estime devoir à l'homme. Or il se trouve que, face au philosophe Rousseau, se met bientôt à parler aussi le romancier Jean-Jacques, et du (...) même coup face au penseur le croyant. Quant au bonheur, les deux instances sont d'accord sur sa définition et sur tous les aspects qui en sont parties intégrantes, conscience, estime de soi, liberté, dignité, sagesse ; de même, elles sont d'accord pour identifier ses pires ennemis, ces fétiches que sont l'avoir, le pouvoir et la gloire, tout ce qui suscite les croyances constitutives du " religieux mondain ". Mais une fois les idoles écartées, il reste Dieu, ou le " religieux divin ". Que devient alors le bonheur pris ainsi entre Jean-Jacques et Rousseau? Peut-il être compatible avec cette ultime croyance? C'est tout le rapport du bonheur et de la croyance, quelle qu'elle soit, qui est ici étudié à travers l'oeuvre du Citoyen de Genève. (shrink)

The most important aspect of the Ernst Bloch`s philosophy is based in the statement: “S is not yet P” - an ontological premise that underlies all ramifications of his thinking. In this sense, Bloch says: “the proletariat is not yet sublated, nature is not yet home, the real is not yet articulated reality”, all this is in process, and the task of philosophy is to considerer the real possibilities of what is not-yet-become and change the world in accordance with what (...) could be. Our intention is to contribute to the investigation of the fundamental premises of Blochian thought, especially his ontology of the not-yet, based on a theory of possibilities that intends to reinterpret the Aristotelian concept of matter. (shrink)

RESUMOO presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os meandros da composição e suas intertextualidades na polêmica do samba entre Noel Rosa e Wilson Batista, observando o dialogismo na interação verbal e musical entre os autores e os diversos textos da década de 1930. Ao apurar os ouvidos sobre a "polêmica do samba" observa-se que as composições revelam tensões inexoráveis entre um mundo festivo do "malandro" e os limites da realidade da época. Desse modo, com suporte em estudos (...) que tratam deste tema, busca-se trazer à tona um insight sobre este "duelo" musical que está, certamente, muito mais disseminado na sociedade que restrito a questões puramente estéticas.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the meanders of composition and their intertextuality in the samba controversy between Noel Rosa and Wilson Batista. We observe dialogism in the verbal and musical interaction between the samba writers and several texts of the 1930s. When ears are in tune with the "samba controversy," one observes that the compositions reveal inexorable tensions between the festive world of the "malandro" and the limits of the reality of the time. Accordingly, based on studies that address this theme, we aim to present an insight into this musical "duel," which is not restricted to purely aesthetics issues, but certainly disseminated in society. (shrink)

Anthropology differs from ethics according to a hierarchy: a) its topic: anthropology deals with the human act of being, the essence and the human nature, whereas ethics subjects are limited to some dimensions of the human essence , which join the real goods by means of the human action; b) their methods: anthropology's noetical levels are higher and wider than the noetical methods of ethics.

The aim of this article is to analyse the meaning and the implications of the comparative interpretation of Sartre’s and Ryle’s theses on imagination that Ricœur undertook in the still unpublished text of his Lectures on Imagination. These lectures were delivered at the University of Chicago in 1975. First, the article shows how Ricœur brings out a strong convergence , both in the method and in the presuppositions , of the Sartrean and Rylean conceptions of imagination : the choice of (...) a descriptive method leads the two philosophers to a common critique of the mental image . Secondly, the article analyses the properly critical side of the Ricœurian interpretation by showing how it eventually brings to light the common theoretical limitation of Sartre’s and Ryle’s theses on imagination. According to Ricœur, those theses lead to a conception of image as picture and fail to consider the image as fiction , and so they remain locked in a theory of reproductive imagination and of the primacy of perception. Résumé Cet article se propose d’analyser le sens et les enjeux de la lecture croisée des thèses de Sartre et Ryle sur l’imagination à laquelle se livre Ricœur dans le texte encore inédit des Lectures on imagination professées en 1975 à l’Université de Chicago. Dans un premier temps, il montre comment Ricœur met en relief une convergence forte , de méthode et de présupposés entre les conceptions sartrienne et rylienne de l’imagination : le choix d’une méthode descriptive conduisant les deux philosophes à une commune critique de l’image mentale . Puis, dans un second temps, il analyse le versant proprement critique de la lecture ricœurienne en montrant comment elle en vient à dénoncer une commune limitation théorique des thèses de Sartre et Ryle sur l’imagination. Selon Ricœur, ces thèses débouchent sur une conception de l’image comme tableau qui échoue à penser l’image comme fiction et elles restent de ce fait enfermées dans une théorie de l ’ imagination reproductrice et du primat de la perception. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende analisar as relações entre loucura e obra no jovem Foucault, isto é, no Foucault dos anos 1950 que realiza seu curso sobre antropologia (La Question Anthropologique) em Lille e na ENS entre 1952 (ou 1951) e 1955. Para estabelecer o problema, o texto começa com uma contextualização inicial sobre os inéditos de Foucault disponibilizados desde 2013 na BNF. Então o texto constrói o problema a partir de comentadores (especiamente Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod) e encontra na figura (...) de Karl Jaspers um interlocutor importante, em torno do qual Foucault gira para estabelecer suas próprias posições. Jaspers, psiquiatra e filósofo, contém teses sobre a loucura, a obra e a civilização diretamente ligadas aos interesses do jovem Foucault. Tanto a leitura de Jaspers sobre Nietzsche, quanto a das relações entre loucura e obra, serão importantes para o jovem Foucault, pois é por meio de Jaspers - dentre outros - que uma psicologia da loucura e da obra (seja qual for seu paradigma) desemboca na análise de figuras como Maurice Blanchot, na leitura singular que Foucault faz de Nietzsche e nos problemas que o levarão a uma história da loucura. *** *** -/- This article aims to analyze the relation between madness and work (oeuvre) in the “young Foucault”, focusing on the Foucault’s lessons of Anthropology taken in Lille and at the ENS between 1952 (or 1951) and 1955, under the title La Question Anthropologique. In order to place this problem, the text begins with an initial contextualization of Foucault’s unpublished works, only made available since 2013 at Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Then the article passes to the question of the madness and work according to some commentators (especially Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod) and finds in the figure of Karl Jaspers an important author, whose reference serves for Foucault to compose his own positions. Jaspers, psychiatrist, and philosopher, contains theses on madness, work and civilization directly linked to the interests of the young Foucault. Both Jaspers’ reading of Nietzsche and considerations about madness and work will be important for the young Foucault, as it is through Jaspers (among others) that the psychological and existential positions on madness and work leads Foucault to the analysis of figures like Maurice Blanchot, to his own reading of Nietzsche and the problem of a history of madness. (shrink)

La conscience démocratique est aujourd'hui en proie à une querelle sourde qui oppose les universalistes et les relativistes dans la défense des idéaux des droits de l'homme et de la démocratie. L'idéal démocratique est-il, oui ou non, un impératif catégorique universel valable pour toute société humaine quels qu'en soient l'héritage culturel et les particularismes socio-politiques, ou n'est-il qu'un idéal contingent promu par une civilisation occidentale triomphante? Telle est la question lancinante au cœur d'une controverse qui échoue in fine dans une (...) confrontation sans issue entre raison universaliste et raison historiciste sur le statut normatif de l'idéal démocratique. L'objectif premier de ce livre est d'apporter une solution théorique à cette impasse dans une interprétation formaliste-universaliste inspirée du formalisme kantien visant à préserver, contre les dérives dogmatiques, la valeur normative intrinsèque de l'idéal démocratique. Il en découle, au point de vue de l'éthique politique, un enseignement pratique qui est qu'on ne peut légitimement universaliser un modèle particulier de la démocratie, quel qu'il soit, ni relativiser sous aucun prétexte l'universel démocratique, qui demeure tout à la fois de portée universelle et d'application historique. Car, en effet, comment concilier l'aspiration à l'universel, gage de notre commune humanité, et le respect des particularismes nourri par la conviction que l'expérience humaine se tisse, toujours et tout entière, dans et par une histoire particulière? Partant donc de la nécessité d'accorder l'exigence d'universalité avec la vérité de l'historicité - le double héritage structurant l'univers intellectuel contemporain -, l'auteur s'efforce de raffermir sur des bases théoriques solides, autrement dit de transformer en certitude démontrée le sentiment aujourd'hui répandu qui veut que les idéaux normatifs à vocation universelle puissent être adaptés et réappropriés au sein de chaque contexte socio-historique et culturel. S'il est vrai que la démarche critique se déclare plus souvent ennemi du sens commun, il est des moments où elle doit voler à son secours. C'est le pari que fait ce livre. (shrink)

Between Thought, Religion, and Contemporaneity: the hyperboles of being and the equivocal communication of the sacred (Entre o Pensamento, a Religião e a Contemporaneidade: as hipérboles do ser e a comunicação equívoca do sagrado).The contemporary philosophical thought regards itself as postmetaphysical, post-religious, postmodern, and post-philosophical. It advocates for metaphysics without metaphysics, ethics without ethics, and religion without religion. This paper aims at exploring the possibilities of thinking through the place and role of God, religion, and mystique in the philosophical (...) discourse of contemporaneity, having William Desmond’s thought as a reference. According to Desmond’s thought, there’s an intimate, idiotic, porosity in the call to truth. Thought is communication openness for its own originating source. This means that thought is situated at the knowledge threshold, and it may open up to a reverence attitude in the face of the mystery of being. Through metaphysical metaphors, intermediate names going beyond the univocal determination of metaphysical constructs from the past, Desmond aims at thinking through something which is present amidst finitude, indicating a foremost transcendence going beyond our experience: an upper transcendence essentially asymmetrical to our own transcendence. Such metaphors or hyperboles safeguard the enigma involved in the issue of God and the religious being. This enigma or mystery isn’t something negative, but openness for a fuller and overdetermined agapic origin. Keywords: Metaxology. Religion. Postmodern. Agape. Mystique. Resumo O pensamento filosófico contemporâneo se compreende como pós-metafisico, pós-religioso, pós-moderno e pós-filosófico. Ele advoga uma metafisica sem metafisica, uma ética sem ética e uma religião sem religião. O objetivo deste artigo é explorar as possibilidades de refletir sobre o lugar e o papel de Deus, da religião e da mística no discurso filosófico da contemporaneidade, tendo como referência o pensamento de William Desmond. Para o pensamento desmondiano, existe uma porosidade íntima, idiótica, no chamado à verdade. O pensamento é uma abertura comunicativa para a sua própria fonte originadora. Isso significa que o pensamento se encontra no limiar do saber, podendo abrir-se para uma posição de reverência diante do mistério do ser. Através de metáforas metafisicas, nomes intermediários para além da determinação unívoca das construções metafisicas do passado, Desmond busca refletir sobre algo presente em meio à finitude, que indica uma transcendência primeira que vai além da nossa experiência: uma transcendência superior essencialmente assimétrica à nossa própria transcendência. Tais metáforas ou hipérboles asseguram o enigma envolvido na questão de Deus e do ser religioso. Tal enigma ou mistério não é algo negativo, mas uma abertura para uma origem agápica mais plena e supradeterminada. Palavras-chave: Metaxologia. Religião. Pós-moderno. Ágape. Mística. (shrink)

First, we investigate the pertinence of Deleuze-Guattari's criticisms to the philosophy of the flesh, in Merleau-Ponty, particularly this criticism of introducing the image of the transcendent in the immanence of the experience. Finally, we outline the possibility of the affection concept in Deleuze-Guattari be a way of addressing the ontological issue that Merleau-Ponty faced, overcoming the boundaries of the flesh concept, particularly the one of the supposed ambiguity still present in the pair "flesh of the world" and my flesh, according (...) to the criticism of Renaud Barbaras. (shrink)

Analysis of the phenomenon known as racketeering or "bandidismo" framed in a socio-historic context. According to the Real Decree of 1879, that included al1 individuals that committed some breach, including the independent ones. This involved delinquent. thieves, "es-presidiarios", independentists, revolutionary, and the traditional bandits. Here it is analyzed the construction ofthe myth, the summit since 1889, and the reasons why population supported them. It is concluded that the "bandolero insurrecto" legend and the reality met when some bandits embraced the independent (...) ideal. (shrink)

Carlos Astrada’s early thought is characterized by a fundamental concern: the possibility, for human beings, of establishing new “ideals” and “values” capable of supplanting the old, capitalist ones. The aim of this article is to identify the different scopes of Astrada’s concept of ideal. In the first section, some bases to consider the philosophy of life underlying the Astradian theoretical proposals are established. The article will thereafter be divided into three other sections, which follow the chronology of Astrada’s works. In (...) the first part, the “ideal” is conceptually treated as an operative element in history, for which it is considered to what extent Jean-Marie Guyau would have influenced Astrada’s thought, something neglected by the existing literature. The second part deals with the relationship between the concepts of “ideal” and “life”. It will be shown how Astrada aimed to challenge the “idealist” and “empiricist” positions, which he considers equally unilateral to elaborate an ethics according to “the new times”. Astrada would have looked for an “intermediate position” between both perspectives, i.e., what he called “vital synthesis”. This could have been possible thanks to a philosophical dialogue with Georg Simmel, Manuel García Morente, José Ortega y Gasset, and Oswald Spengler. In the third part, the ideal is analyzed as an element capable of giving a guiding sense to the growing accumulation of human activities, marked by specialization, in an operation that can be interpreted under the romantic key of “recovering” the Totality. For this, the philosophical dialogue that Astrada had with both Georg Simmel and Rudolf Eucken is analyzed. (shrink)

RESUMO: A relação entre arte e filosofia é examinada com base na noção de Stimmung, que surge no século XVIII, na teoria musical, como relação de proporção entre tons ou instrumentos, sendo, em seguida, transposta para a estética, no final do século, com Kant e Fichte. Em Kant, a Stimmung refere-se à disposição das faculdades de conhecimento para um conhecimento em geral, isto é, como o pressuposto da apresentação estética, por meio da qual se preserva a noção de (...) proporção entre as faculdades. Em Sobre o espírito e a letra na filosofia, Fichte assinala que a disposição estética é o modo de atuar do impulso estético, ligado livremente e diretamente à faculdade da imaginação e à atividade de criação. Essa tradição estética é revista pelo historiador Aloïs Riegl, em 1899, no ensaio intitulado Die Stimmung als Inhalt der moderne Kunst, no qual o conceito de Stimmung é pela primeira vez apresentado em chave histórica, enquanto conteúdo da arte moderna, no sentido de atmosfera, isto é, da vivência de uma relação por meio da qual a consciência, em conformidade com a lei imanente, adquire alguma certeza. Revisão semelhante foi realizada pelo jovem filósofo György Lukács, em A alma e as formas, de 1910, na qual o autor pensa as diferenças de sentido entre as noções de Stimmung e de atmosfera. ABSTRACT: The relationship between art and philosophy is examined based on the notion of Stimmung, which appears in eighteenth-century music theory as a proportional relationship between tones or instruments; it was then incorporated into aesthetics at the end of the century in the works of Kant and Fichte. In Kant's works, Stimmung refers to the capacity of the faculties of knowledge for knowledge in general, that is, as a presupposition of aesthetic presentation through which the notion of proportion between the faculties is preserved. In his On the Spirit and the Letter in Philosophy, Fichte points out that the aesthetic disposition is the mode by which the aesthetic impulse acts out, connected freely and directly to the faculty of imagination and to the activity of creation. This aesthetic tradition is revisited by the historian Alois Riegl in 1899 in the essay Die Stimmung als Inhalt der moderne Kunst, where the concept of Stimmung is first presented from historical perspective as content of modern art in the sense of atmosphere, i.e., the experience of a relationship by which awareness, in accordance with immanent law, acquires certainty. A similar review was done by the young philosopher György Lukács in 1910 in Soul and Form, where the author conceptualizes the differences in meaning between the notions of Stimmung and Atmosphäre. (shrink)

Selon Wittgenstein « la théorie des ensembles part du concept de fonction défini par Dirichlet ». Cette remarque généalogique n'est pas seulement décisive dans la philosophie des mathématiques de Wittgenstein. Le concept de « fonction arbitraire » dû à Dirichlet, en effet, qui étend d'abord la notion de fonction au-delà des mathématiques, en rend de surcroît la règle variable et finit même par se placer au-dessus des lois. Le rôle que Wittgenstein accorde à Dirichlet définit donc un précédent éclairant pour (...) les thèses paradoxales qu'il soutient au sujet des règles, même si le cas des fonctions mathématiques y forme une exception. Ainsi, c'est toute la question de la règle qui est à repenser à partir des possibilités ouvertes par Dirichlet. Dans le commentaire de Kripke, en particulier, l'interprétation sceptique peut être évitée en isolant un noyau dur qui explicite et corrobore la lecture proposée ici. According to Wittgenstein, « set theory starts from Dirichlet's concept of a function ». This genealogical remark is not only decisive in Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics. The concept of « arbitrary function », originating from Dirichlet, who was the first to extend the notion of function beyond mathematics, additionally renders its rule variable and ultimately allows it to be placed above the laws. The role that Wittgenstein assigns to Dirichlet thereby defines an enlightening precedent for the paradoxical theses that he defends regarding rules, even if the case of mathematical functions emerges as an exception. Thus, it is the whole question of the rule that is to be reconsidered following the new possibilities set forth by Dirichlet. In Kripke's commentary, in particular, the skeptical interpretation can be avoided by isolating a core theory which specifies and corroborates the interpretation proposed here. (shrink)

Is the dilemma between social commitment and commitment to knowledge inevitable for intellectuals? This paper, based on the thought of Leopoldo Zea, and through a hermeneutical, analytical-conceptual, critical-evaluative, and theoretical-constructive method, argues that these commitments are not only compatible, but also implicate each other. To argue this point, it elaborates a conceptualization of the figure of intellectuals and his social commitment, according to which it is proper to them to articulate his theoretical activity to ethical and political transtheoretical activity, while (...) preserving the autonomy of theoretical activity and seeking universal knowledge. The article has a double importance: on the one hand, it makes a reformulation of the valid ideas of Zea in this regard; on the other hand, it offers a scheme with a claim of general validity regarding a now as ever urgent social problem: intellectuals’ social commitment and his commitment to knowledge. (shrink)

In this work I seek to explain the relationship between the substantially different characterizations of the public sphere made by Kant. In his writings on the Enlightenment, the productive component of this space is emphasized and the conditions that allow social and political progress to be fostered are identified. On the other hand, in the texts on the idea of a universal history, its antagonistic dynamics are rather emphasized. At first glance, the teleological history according to a plan of nature (...) seems to relegate the public sphere and the public use of reason to a secondary role. However, given the epistemic status of the philosophy of history, I will seek to highlight that, on the contrary, this regulative idea only has philosophical significance due to the effects of its public dissemination. Thus, what motivated the elaboration of a philosophy of history was rather the political potential of public thought, and, thus, the teleology of history is secondary to the conception of the public sphere. (shrink)

L’article, en prenant en compte la littérature médicale des Présocratiques à Galien, présente la façon dont les textes biologiques et médicaux grecs ont construit les corps masculin et féminin. Selon ces biologistes et médecins grecs, cette construction s’opère dès l’embryogenèse et au cours du développement du fœtus. Dans une pensée médicale où prédomine la physiologie, les corps masculin et féminin sont nettement opposés selon des critères connotés : en particulier, le corps de la femme est plus humide et moins chaud (...) que celui de l’homme ; il est, en outre, marqué par une particularité anatomique, l’existence de l’utérus pensé comme un être vivant. La différence entre corps masculin et féminin, qu’elle soit donnée pour radicale (différence de nature) ou relative (plus ou moins grand degré de perfection), est toujours présentée à partir d’un corps de référence, celui de l’homme, par rapport auquel celui de la femme est pensé en termes d’incomplétude ou d’inversion. Elle est par ailleurs porteuse de hiérarchie. (shrink)

This article argues that the discovery of unconscious elements grounding consciousness and its formation processes has favored since Kant a critical vision of the sense of history and a new comprehension of the role of mythology for human consciousnes. The study of this critical movement of reason begins 1) with some discoveries in German Classical Philosophy about the pressupositions of consciousness, which led the subsequent thought 2) to understand history as a “fall”. Schelling’s analysis of the landmarks of the past (...) – ruins, megaliths, archaic texts – shows thus historical consciousness grounded on an immemorial past from which it frees itself by a revelation. 3) The discussion of mythology as an essential phemomenon for historical consciousness leads, according to Schelling, to a litteral or “tautegorical” interpretation of myths, and 4) to an essentially mythological conception of language and meaning in general. 5) Schelling conceptions are then compared with some philosophical thought about history in the 20th century, viz. Husserl’s thesis about the relation between history and consciousness and 6) Adorno and Horkheimer’s thought about the relation between myth and Aufklärung. As a conclusion, 7) Schelling’s idea of a philosophy of identity is compared with Adorno’s conception of the non-identical, specially regarding the comprehension of historical time and its birth, and the European consciousness of colonization and violence. (shrink)

Nous défendons l’application d’une préférence pure pour le présent positive au niveau social spécifique, consistant à accorder une priorité relative à la réalisation de la justice sociale au sein des générations. Cela permet selon nous de mieux concilier des exigences de justice sociale entre les générations et au sein de celles-ci. Une telle priorité est possible et souhaitable pour les vivants comme pour les individus futurs dès lors qu’elle est appliquée au sein d’un système de coopération intergénérationelle dont nous (...) précisons les modalités. (shrink)

In this article, we aim to demonstrate the centrality of the problem of the image in the ontology and philosophical anthropology of Hans Jonas, setting aside the ethical aspects. We will analyze how, based on elements derived from his philosophical biology (characterized as a description of the phenomenon of life), it is possible to understand the centrality of the notion of image in its different implications for the constitution of the difference between human animals and other forms of life. To (...) this end, we aim to demonstrate the central characteristics of what we can call a Phenomenological Anthropology of the Image, constituted from three aspects: [1] the participation of the human animal in the history of freedom, described as the guiding thread for understanding the phenomenon of life in which the relationship between vision and distance is situated; [2] the conception of the image as part of the process of self-constitution of the human being; [3] the image as an element of differentiation of the human animal in relation to other living beings, according to the process of trans-animal continuity of man. Finally, we hope to demonstrate how the image plays a fundamental role both in the context of Jonasian ontobiology (insofar as it bears witness to the freedom inherent to animal forms of life) and in the constitution of his philosophical anthropology (through the concept of trans-animality). (shrink)

Est publié, dans cet article, un nouveau décret d’Akraiphia en l’honneur des métèques de la cité qui ont participé à une guerre contre un Démétrios. Ce Démétrios doit être identifié avec le roi Démétrios Poliorcète et la guerre doit être datée de la période des révoltes des Béotiens contre Démétrios Poliorcète au début du iiie s. av. J.‑C. La cité accorde aux métèques le privilège d’isotélie.

Cet article complète BCH 119 (1995), p. 125-136, par la publication d'un texte découvert en 1994 (cf. loc. cit., p. 136). Ce dernier se place sous la « lettre d'Adeimantos », sur le même pilier de calcaire consacré par le roi Persée. Il s'agit d'un traité de paix pour cinq ans entre Démétrios Poliorcète et les Étoliens, très mutilé mais largement restituable, comportant diverses clauses dont l'analyse permet de situer l'accord en 289 av. J.-C. Ce nouveau document est (...) donc l'un des très rares traités inscrits de l'époque des Diadoques. En outre, il confirme les hypothèses présentées en 1995 au sujet de la propagande de Persée à Delphes, à la veille de la troisième guerre de Macédoine. (shrink)

The work aims at discussing the double character of works of art in Adorno’s writings. It will be examined the arguments defended by Adorno about the social character of art, especially in the case of music, in which can be seen how the development of the material expresses the contradictions of society. By means of a dialectical critique Adorno discuss the way in which works of art respond to the social problems and become possibilities of resistance to reification. It will (...) be also analyzed the negative influence of culture industry on works of art. Therefore, the paper reflects about the concept of autonomous art as the hermetic character of works of art that enable them a development according their internal rules, without being submitted to a social function. In this sense, it is necessary that the reception of works of art be determined not by the aesthetic pleasure, but by the possibility of disclosing their truth content. The dialectic relation between art and society makes works of art critical and resistant to reification. (shrink)

Después de que Friedrich Nietzsche expusiera el fenómeno del resentimiento mediante un supuesto desenmascaramiento de un complejo emotivo oculto, autores posteriores, como Max Scheler y René Girard, matizaron el análisis nietzscheano aplicándolo a diversos ámbitos antropológicos y sociales. Muchas de las principales aportaciones de estos análisis contemporáneos encuentran sus precedentes en autores anteriores, modernos y medievales. Seis siglos y medio antes de Scheler, Tomás de Aquino ofrece en dos cuestiones de su Summa Theologiae dedicadas a la acedia y la envidia (...) una serie de precisiones conceptuales y observaciones psicológicas que coinciden en gran parte de su fondo y, en ocasiones, en la forma, con ciertas caracterizaciones del resentimiento. Demostramos, apoyándonos en numerosas referencias textuales, los paralelismos entre la fenomenología scheleriana del resentimiento y la exposición tomasiana de los vicios capitales. (shrink)

RESUME L'œuvre de Michel Foucault est caractérisée par un déplacement continu, particulièrement entre les deux axes qui constituent d'un côté le pouvoir-savoir, et de l'autre la subjectivation. Foucault introduit une nouvelle pensée dans sa philosophie, selon laquelle le sujet même joue un rôle actif dans sa propre constitution en tant que tel. Le concept de transgression, qui provient de Georges Bataille, constitue une clé de compréhension de ce troisième Foucault et permet de saisir et de donner forme à ce (...) qu'on appelle, suivant Emmanuel Kant, une attitude moderne. ABSTRACT Michel Foucault's work is marked by a continual displacement. In particular between two axes: power-knowledge on one side, subjectivation on the other. Foucault introduces a new line of thought in his philosophy, in which the subject takes up an active role in his own constitution as such. The concept of transgression, taken from Georges Bataille, is key to understanding this third Foucault and allows for a better understanding and shaping of what may be called, following Immanuel Kant, a modern attitude. (shrink)

The thesis according to which the meaning of a mathematical sentence is given by its proof was held by both Wittgenstein and the intuitionists, following Heyting and Dummett. In this paper, we clarify the meaning of this thesis for Wittgenstein, showing how his position differs from that of the intuitionists. We show how the thesis originates in his thoughts, from the middle period, about proofs by induction, and we sketch his answers to a number of objections, including the idea that, (...) given the particular meaning he gives to this thesis, he cannot account for mathematical conjectures. We conclude by showing how his views find a favourable echo today in the paradigm of “proposition-as-type” and extensions of the Curry-Howard isomorphism from which this paradigm originates. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo analiza las posibilidades actuales de la propuesta de T. W. Adorno en torno a su visión de las relaciones entre el arte y la verdad; para esto se exploran algunos pasajes de Teoría estética, donde plantea dos ideas centrales en su reflexión: por un lado, los contenidos de verdad que se revelan en las obras de arte y, por otro, los alcances de una subjetividad individual que aún puede pensar en las posibilidades de una vida emancipada. (...) Para Adorno, las obras de arte son la expresión de una verdad concebida subjetivamente, pero que excede cualquier intención puramente individual y, como fuerza de resistencia, puede mostrar aquello que escapa a la representación objetiva. De acuerdo con esto, la hipótesis inicial es que, independientemente de la posición o intencionalidad del autor, el arte contribuye al esclarecimiento de diversos fenómenos éticos y políticos debido a la codificación histórica de la forma y, sobre todo, por la autonomía de la obra de arte.This article analyzes the current possibilities of T. W. Adorno’s proposal regarding his vision of the relationships between art and the truth; for this, some passages of Aesthetic Theory are explored, in which he raises two central ideas in his reflection: on the one hand, the truth contents that are revealed in the artworks and, on the other, the scopes of an individual subjectivity that can still think about the possibilities of an emancipated life. For Adorno, works of art are the expression of a truth that is subjectively conceived, but that exceed any purely individual intention and, as a force of resistance, can show what escapes objective representation. According to this, the initial hypothesis is that, regardless of the position or intentionality of the author, art contributes to the clarification of various ethical and political phenomena due to the historical codification of form and, above all, by the autonomy of the work of art. (shrink)

Quiconque a visité la Chambre de la Signature, au Vatican, et s’est attardé devant « L’École d’Athènes » de Raphaël garde en mémoire l’image significative qu’offrent, au centre de la composition, les personnages d’Aristote et de Platon. C’est l’image, en raccourci, d’un dialogue poursuivi vingt années durant par le maître de l’Académie et son disciple de Stagire, l’un des plus féconds sans doute qu’ait jamais comptés l’histoire de la pensée philosophique. La première rencontre entre les deux hommes eut lieu (...) probablement au cours de l’année 366/5 avant notre ère. Ils vécurent ensemble, à Athènes, dans un commerce quasi constant, pour ainsi dire jusqu’à la mort de Platon, au mois de mai 347. Cependant, le maître avait laissé pour toujours son empreinte sur l’esprit du disciple. Au point que le lecteur attentif d’Aristote peut avoir l’impression de souvent trouver dans ses œuvres, comme disait Th. Gomperz, le « Platonicien » et l’« Asclépiade » confrontés l’un à l’autre sur toutes les grandes questions de la philosophie. Le difficile accord, parfois constaté dans le Corpus Aristotelicum, entre les thèses recommandées respectivement par l’héritier de l’Académie et le champion d’une philosophie nouvelle pose incontestablement le problème le plus redoutable que doit affronter l’exégèse. (shrink)

This paper deals with Aristotle’s concept of chance, such as it is presented in Physics II 4-6. The central section of the article concentrates on an analysis of Aristotle’s definition of chance and its essential peculiarities: the fact of being an incidental (efficient) cause and the fact of existing in the domain of what is for the sake of an end. According to Rossi, both characteristics would correspond to a causal aspect (in an incidental sense) and to a non causal (...) aspect (or just apparently causal) of chance. Finally, the author also tries to show the structural connection between the aforementioned aspects, taking as a key point the thesis of coincidence among the formal, final, and efficient causes. (shrink)

One of the most significant contributions of the application of the analytical method in Wittgenstein’s later work consists in the differentiation of the grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic structure of statements in the first and in the third person which express the feelings and experiences of human beings. His analysis aims to show the difference in meaning and understanding between statements of the form “I am depressed” and “Arthur is depressed”. This paper is oriented to show the theoretical implications of Wittgenstein’s (...) study, which validates and legitimizes the specificities of psychiatry and psychology as sciences of different types from that of natural sciences, which are configured according to different language games and require interpretive observation and understanding of the significant expressions of the affective life of human beings, such as language, actions, and symbolic figures. With this analysis, Wittgenstein opens a communication channel between analytical philosophy and hermeneutics for the studies of human beings. (shrink)

This work aims to reveal as an ungrounded prejudice the widespread notion according to which Max Horkheimer has a purely negative and pessimistic view regarding technical progress. We will show that Horkheimer conceives the birth of modern technique as inseparable from the bourgeois emancipation process. Horkheimer understands that the technique loses its emancipatory potential, becoming an instrument for the perpetuation of an oppressive system once the bourgeoisie stablishes itself as a ruling class. However, that same instrument allows Horkheimer to glimpse (...) a true possibility of social transformation. (shrink)