Results for 'gradation'

191 found
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  1. Transitional Gradation in the Mind: Rethinking Psychological Kindhood.Cameron Buckner - 2016 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 67 (4):1091-1115.
    I here critique the application of the traditional, similarity-based account of natural kinds to debates in psychology. A challenge to such accounts of kindhood—familiar from the study of biological species—is a metaphysical phenomenon that I call ‘transitional gradation’: the systematic progression of slightly modified transitional forms between related candidate kinds. Where such gradation proliferates, it renders the selection of similarity criteria for kinds arbitrary. Reflection on general features of learning—especially on the gradual revision of concepts throughout the acquisition (...)
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  2. Transitional gradation and the distinction between episodic and semantic memory.Hunter Gentry & Cameron Buckner - 2024 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 379 (1913).
    In this article, we explore various arguments against the traditional distinction between episodic and semantic memory based on the metaphysical phenomenon of transitional gradation. Transitional gradation occurs when two candidate kinds A and B grade into one another along a continuum according to their characteristic properties. We review two kinds of arguments—from the gradual semanticization of episodic memories as they are consolidated, and from the composition of episodic memories during storage and recall from semantic memories—that predict the proliferation (...)
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  3.  63
    Gradations of awareness in a modified sequence learning task.Elisabeth Norman, Mark C. Price, Simon C. Duff & Rune A. Mentzoni - 2007 - Consciousness and Cognition 16 (4):809-837.
    We argue performance in the serial reaction time task is associated with gradations of awareness that provide examples of fringe consciousness [Mangan, B. . Taking phenomenology seriously: the “fringe” and its implications for cognitive research. Consciousness and Cognition, 2, 89–108, Mangan, B. . The conscious “fringe”: Bringing William James up to date. In B. J. Baars, W. P. Banks & J. B. Newman , Essential sources in the scientific study of consciousness . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.], and address limitations (...)
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  4. The gradation puzzle of intellectual assurance.Xiaoxing Zhang - 2021 - Analysis 81 (3):488-496.
    The Cartesian thesis that some justifications are infallible faces a gradation puzzle. On the one hand, infallible justification tolerates absolutely no possibility for error. On the other hand, infallible justifications can vary in evidential force: e.g. two persons can both be infallible regarding their pains while the one with stronger pain is nevertheless more justified. However, if a type of justification is gradable in strength, why can it always be absolute? This paper explores the potential of this gradation (...)
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  5. Gradational accuracy and nonclassical semantics.J. Robert G. Williams - 2012 - Review of Symbolic Logic 5 (4):513-537.
    Joyce (1998) gives an argument for probabilism: the doctrine that rational credences should conform to the axioms of probability. In doing so, he provides a distinctive take on how the normative force of probabilism relates to the injunction to believe what is true. But Joyce presupposes that the truth values of the propositions over which credences are defined are classical. I generalize the core of Joyce’s argument to remove this presupposition. On the same assumptions as Joyce uses, the credences of (...)
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  6.  11
    Gradation als ästhetische Denkform des 18. Jahrhunderts: Figuren der Steigerung, Minderung und des Crescendo.Janine Firges - 2019 - Boston: De Gruyter.
    The study examines gradation as a central mode of 18th century thought. Originally a structural notion in the natural sciences, gradation underwent a change in the 17th century to become a major descriptive trope for gradually intensifying patterns of change. As a trope that extends across disciplinary boundaries, gradation became an important aesthetic concept of the period in areas as diverse as rhetoric, aesthetics, dramatic art, and music."--Provided by publisher.
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  7.  11
    The gradational nature of biological functions: lessons from genome biology.Predrag Šustar & Zdenka Brzović - 2024 - Biology and Philosophy 40 (1):1-18.
    In this paper, we consider whether a straightforward answer can be provided to the following question regarding function ascriptions in genome biology: when does the activity of a genomic segment become functional or, perhaps, fully functional? We respond by examining de novo explanatory models for the emergence of genes, i.e., functional genomic entities. Our case study is especially pertinent to discussions about genome functionality, because what is meant by function, then, is crucial in assessing what constitutes a de novo gene (...)
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  8.  45
    The Moral Gradation of Media of Deception.Shlomo Cohen - 2018 - Theoria 84 (1):60-82.
    A central debate in the ethics of deception concerns the moral comparison among the three media through which deception is executed: lying, falsely implicating, or nonlinguistic deception. The two prominent views are that lying is morally worse or that the choice of medium is morally insignificant. This article refutes both and argues for a new position. The article first presents a theory on the moral significance of the medium of deception as such: it argues that the medium of communication affects (...)
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  9.  42
    Gradations of Guessing: Preliminary Sketches and Suggestions.Mark Tschaepe - 2013 - Contemporary Pragmatism 10 (2):135-154.
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  10. (2 other versions)Gradations of Volition: An Essay in Honor of Father Joseph Owens CSsR.Robert Allen - manuscript
    I demonstrate here that St. Anselm”s understanding of free will fits neatly into an Aristotelian conceptual framework. Aristotle”s four causes are first aligned with Anselm”s four senses of “will”. The volitional hierarchy Anselm”s definition of free will entails is then detailed, culminating in its reconciliation with Eudaimonism. The summum bonum turns out to be the apex of that series of actualizations or perfections. I conclude by explicating Anselm’s teleological understanding of sin by reference to his analog of Aristotle’s essence-accident distinction.
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  11.  23
    Confidence and gradation in causal judgment.Kevin O'Neill, Paul Henne, Paul Bello, John Pearson & Felipe De Brigard - 2022 - Cognition 223 (C):105036.
    When comparing the roles of the lightning strike and the dry climate in causing the forest fire, one might think that the lightning strike is more of a cause than the dry climate, or one might think that the lightning strike completely caused the fire while the dry conditions did not cause it at all. Psychologists and philosophers have long debated whether such causal judgments are graded; that is, whether people treat some causes as stronger than others. To address this (...)
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  12. Dialogic Gradation in the Logic of Interpretation: Deduction, Induction, Abduction.Augusto Ponzio - 2005 - Semiotica 2005 (153 - 1/4):155-173.
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  13.  30
    Gradation and Evolution.Ananda Coomaraswamy - 1944 - Isis 35 (1):15-16.
  14.  24
    Gradation and Evolution--II.Ananda Coomaraswamy - 1947 - Isis 38 (1/2):87-94.
  15. Gradation / Degradation. Hierarchy - 2007 - In Jean Baudrillard, Exiles from dialogue. Malden, Mass.: Polity.
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  16.  45
    Gradation of language in biological systematics.W. M. Kruseman - 1949 - Synthese 8 (1):175 - 181.
  17. Adjectival modification and gradation.Daniel Lassiter - 1996 - In Shalom Lappin, The handbook of contemporary semantic theory. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell Reference.
     
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  18.  29
    Varro on adjective gradation: De lingva latina 6.59 and aelius stilo's avoidance of novissimvs.Wolfgang D. C. de Melo - 2019 - Classical Quarterly 69 (2):905-910.
    Varro's De lingua Latina is a treasure trove of information. Of the originally twenty-five books, six have come down to us more or less complete. Among these, Books 5–7 give us many hundreds of etymologies, and Books 8–10 discuss the question whether Latin morphology is regular or not. What Varro rarely comments on is sociolinguistic variation. The sociolinguistic comments in Varro's work can almost be counted on one hand. For instance, in 5.162 Varro remarks that cenaculum, from cena ‘dinner’, means (...)
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  19.  6
    Literariness: models, gradations, experiments.Edward Balcerzan - 2016 - New York: Peter Lang. Edited by Soren A. Gauger.
    The deepest crises cannot destroy the universal model of literariness. It maintains its appeal for participants in literary communication as a -contradictory- model. This thought recurs in many epochs. Literariness involves suspending the formal or logical norms of contradiction ("lex contraditionis"). In everyday speech, it is not permissible for -A- to simultaneously be -not-A-; in literary structures this is the norm. This is both in the ideas, and in the tensions between the artificiality and naturalness of speech, the structure and (...)
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  20.  12
    Does industrial up-gradation, environment regulations, and resource allocation impact on foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from China.Jiacai Xiong & Linghong Chen - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Because of China’s tremendous increase in foreign direct investment over the past two decades, this method of internationalization has become increasingly significant for companies worldwide. Heavy industry’s dominant role in China’s industrial structure must be modernized to ensure the country’s long-term growth and prosperity. There are 30 provinces in China covered by this dataset, which dates back from 2005 to 2018. Augmented mean group and common correlated effects mean groups estimations demonstrate that China’s industrial upgrading and resource allocation considerably impact (...)
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  21.  13
    Aristotle's gradations of being in Metaphysics E-Z.Joseph Owens - 2007 - South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine's Press. Edited by Lloyd P. Gerson.
    (Book Epsilon): Macroscopic overview -- E 1 (English translation) -- The role of book epsilon in the Metaphysics -- Pure actuality and primacy in being -- Aristotelian sciences and their starting points (E 1.1025b3-1026a23) -- The universality of being qua being -- (Book Zeta): Microscopic investigation -- Z I (English translation) -- The meanings of ousia -- Essential being (to ti en einai) -- "Essential being" and singular thing -- "Essential being" and form -- Form and universal -- Form and (...)
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  22.  15
    Application Research of Intelligent Classification Technology in Enterprise Data Classification and Gradation System.Lina Yu, Chunwei Wang, Huixian Chang, Sheng Shen, Fang Hou & Yingwei Li - 2020 - Complexity 2020:1-9.
    Classification and gradation system adopts different security protection schemes for different types of data by implementing classification and gradation management of data, which is an important pretechnical means for data security protection and prevention of data leakage. This paper introduces artificial intelligence classification, machine learning, and other means to learn and train enterprise documents according to the characteristics of enterprise sensitive data. The generated training model can intelligently identify and classify file streams, improving work efficiency and accuracy of (...)
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  23.  21
    The moral gradation of punishment.Michael Clark - 1971 - Philosophical Quarterly 21 (83):132-140.
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  24.  34
    Who is the biological patient? A new gradational and dynamic model for one health medicine.Yael Friedman - 2022 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 44 (4):1-27.
    One Health medicine aims to improve health by focusing on the relations between the health of humans, animals, and the environment. However, One Health does not provide a clear idea of these relations, which are still represented as conceptually separated and not as one health, as the name implies. Inspired by holobiont research, I suggest a new model and conceptual framework for One Health that expands the notion of the biological patient by providing a gradational and dynamic understanding of environments, (...)
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  25.  3
    De la dégradation au dépassement de la raison.Bichara Tabbah - 1971 - Beyrouth,: Dar el-Machreq.
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  26. Theoretical Terms in Physics. An Introduction of Gradations in Theoricity by Taking into Account the Three Levels in Physical Knowledge.P. van Loocke - 1988 - Communication and Cognition. Monographies 21 (3-4):411-439.
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  27.  11
    Accent in Hittite: A Study in Plene Spelling, Consonant Gradation, Clitics, and Metrics. By Alwin Kloekhorst.H. Craig Melchert - 2022 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 138 (3).
    Accent in Hittite: A Study in Plene Spelling, Consonant Gradation, Clitics, and Metrics. By Alwin Kloekhorst. Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten, vol. 56. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014. Pp. xxv + 716. €98.
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  28.  59
    Aristotle’s Gradations of Being in Metaphysics E–Z. [REVIEW]Edward C. Halper - 2009 - American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 83 (4):625-630.
  29.  6
    Nature Humaine: industrialisation des affects et dégradation du réel.Alain van Kerckhoven - 2020 - [France]: Uqbar.
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  30.  5
    Beyond Individualism and Holism: Integrated Information Theory as Formal Framework for the Gradation of Social Structure.Benjamin Christensen - forthcoming - Erkenntnis:1-36.
    In lieu of the sum-zero scenarios of either wholly individualist or holist depictions of social entities, some social ontologists and philosophers of social science have recently called for gradualist approaches able to account for variances in ontological reducibility between specific instances of social phenomena. The precise formal tools needed for this type of approach are, however, currently lacking. In this paper, I propose a new approach to social ontology that utilizes Integrated Information Theory (IIT) in order to provide a suitable (...)
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  31.  18
    A Framework for Authentic Ethical Decision Making in the Face of Grand Challenges: A Lonerganian Gradation.Patricia Larres & Martin Kelly - 2021 - Journal of Business Ethics 182 (2):521-533.
    This paper contributes to the contemporary business ethics narrative by proposing an approach to corporate ethical decision making (EDM) which serves as an alternative to the imposition of codes and standards to address the ethical consequences of grand challenges, like COVID-19, which are impacting today’s society. Our alternative approach to EDM embraces the concept of reflexive thinking and ethical consciousness among the individual agents who collectively are the corporation and who make ethical decisions, often in isolation, removed from the collocated (...)
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  32.  11
    Marātib al-maʻrifah wa-haram al-wujūd ʻinda Mullā al-Ṣadrā: dirāsah muqārinah = Knowledge gradation and the pyramid of existence in Sadra's philosophy: a comparative study.Kamāl Ismāʻīl Lazzīq - 2014 - Bayrūt: Markaz al-Ḥaḍārah li-Tanmiyat al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
    Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm; -1641; Islamic philosophy.
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  33.  2
    Is “Neurodiversity” the Proper Nomenclature for Mental Health Gradation?Dean Evan Hart - 2025 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 16 (1):46-48.
    Julia Knopes’s study (2025) provides a constructive contribution to neuroethics, demonstrating that individuals in peer support networks understand their mental health conditions in terms that draw...
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  34.  32
    Aquinas’s Fourth Way of Demonstrating God’s Existence: From Virtual Quantum Gradations of Perfection (Inequality in Beauty) of Forms Existing within a Real Genus.Peter A. Redpath - 2019 - Studia Gilsoniana 8 (3):681-716.
    The chief aim of this article is to show that St. Thomas Aquinas’s Fourth Way of demonstrating God’s existence can only be made precisely intelligible by comprehending it as a real, generic whole in light of its specific organizational principles. Considered as a real, generic whole, this argument is one from effect to cause (from a real order of more or less perfectly existing generic, specific, and individual beings [habens esse] more or less perfectly possessing generic, specific, and individual ways (...)
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  35. Coherence theory of knowledge: A gradational account. [REVIEW]Elke Brendel - 1999 - Erkenntnis 50 (2-3):293-307.
    A satisfactory theory of knowledge in which the shortcomings of a pure externalist account are avoided and in which the Gettier problem is solved should consist in a combination of externalist and internalist components. The internalist component should guarantee that the epistemic subject has cognitive access to the justifying grounds of her belief. And the externalist component should guarantee that the justification of her belief does not depend on any false statement. Keith Lehrer's coherence theory of knowledge as undefeated justification (...)
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  36.  6
    Literackość: modele, gradacje, eksperymenty = Literariness: models, gradations, experiments.Edward Balcerzan - 2013 - Toruń: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.
    Każde nowe zjawisko literackie zagraża tożsamości literatury, ale i jej tożsamość potwierdza. Nowość inicjuje zmianę hierarchii tematów, powoduje deregulację norm wysłowienia, wzmaga zamieszanie pośród gatunków, wymusza rewizję granic oddzielających literaturę od nieliteratury i paraliteratury oraz komunikację werbalną od niewerbalnej. Najgłębsze wstrząsy i najgwałtowniejsze zwroty nie niszczą jednak uniwersalnego modelu literackości, dlatego pozostaje on nieodmiennie atrakcyjny dla pisarzy, tłumaczy, czytelników, krytyków, historyków i teoretyków sztuki słowa. Spośród wielu teorii „tego, co literackie”, wyróżnia się teoria sprzecznościowa. Powtarza się ona w kolejnych epokach (...)
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  37. Gradable know-how.Xiaoxing Zhang - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    The gradation of know-how is a prominent challenge to intellectualism. Know-how is prima facie gradable, whereas know-that is not, so the former is unlikely to be a species of the latter. Recently, Pavese refuted this challenge by explaining the gradation of know-how as concerning either the quantity or the quality of practical answers one knows to a question. Know-how per se remains absolute. This paper argues, however, that in addition to the quantity and quality of practical answers, know-how (...)
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  38. Sensations, swatches, and speckled hens.Jeremy Fantl & Robert J. Howell - 2003 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 84 (4):371-383.
    We argue that there is a interesting connection between the old problem of the Speckled Hen and an argument that can be traced from Russell to Armstrong to Putnam that we call the “gradation argument.” Both arguments have been used to show that there is no “Highest Common Factor” between appearances we judge the same – no such thing as “real” sensations. But, we argue, both only impugn the assumption of epistemic certainty regarding introspective reports.
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  39.  14
    The Ontological Capture of Reason and Revelation.Musa Alkadzim - 2023 - Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 9 (2):215-232.
    Reason and revelation are a topic that is debated by many parties to determine the position and superiority between reason and revelation. There are differences of opinion among thinkers regarding the position of reason and revelation. This debate has also attracted the attention of many Islamic thinkers, including Islamic philosophers. This paper explores the ontological capture of reason and revelation debate by two of the most prominent Sufi philosophers, Ibn ‘Arabī and Mullā Ṣadrā. This research employs a literature review as (...)
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  40. Degrees of Being.Kris McDaniel - 2013 - Philosophers' Imprint 13.
    Let us agree that everything that there is exists, and that to be, to be real, and to exist are one and the same. Does everything that there is exist to the same degree? Or do some things exist more than others? Are there gradations of being? I argue that some entities exist more than others. Moreover, many of the notions in play in contemporary metaphysical discourse, such as fundamentality, perfect naturalness, and grounding ought to be cashed out in terms (...)
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  41. (1 other version)A nonpragmatic vindication of probabilism.James M. Joyce - 1998 - Philosophy of Science 65 (4):575-603.
    The pragmatic character of the Dutch book argument makes it unsuitable as an "epistemic" justification for the fundamental probabilist dogma that rational partial beliefs must conform to the axioms of probability. To secure an appropriately epistemic justification for this conclusion, one must explain what it means for a system of partial beliefs to accurately represent the state of the world, and then show that partial beliefs that violate the laws of probability are invariably less accurate than they could be otherwise. (...)
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  42. (1 other version)Transparent pictures: On the nature of photographic realism.Kendall L. Walton - 1984 - Noûs 18 (1):67-72.
    That photography is a supremely realistic medium may be the commonsense view, but—as Edward Steichen reminds us—it is by no means universal. Dissenters note how unlike reality a photograph is and how unlikely we are to confuse the one with the other. They point to “distortions” engendered by the photographic process and to the control which the photographer exercises over the finished product, the opportunities he enjoys for interpretation and falsification. Many emphasize the expressive nature of the medium, observing that (...)
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  43.  16
    Mind, code, and context: essays in pragmatics.Talmy Givón - 1989 - Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
    Scholars concerned with the phenomenon of mind have searched through history for a principled yet non-reductionist approach to the study of knowledge, communication, and behavior. Pragmatics has been a recurrent theme in Western epistemology, tracing itself back from pre-Socratic dialectics and Aristotle's bio- functionalism, all the way to Wittgenstein's content-dependent semantics. This book's treatment of pragmatics as an analytic method focuses on the central role of context in determining the perception, organization, and communication of experience. As a bioadaptive strategy, pragmatics (...)
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  44.  30
    Unconditional Equals.Anne Phillips - 2021 - Princeton University Press.
    Why equality cannot be conditional on a shared human “nature” but has to be for all For centuries, ringing declarations about all men being created equal appealed to a shared human nature as the reason to consider ourselves equals. But appeals to natural equality invited gradations of natural difference, and the ambiguity at the heart of “nature” enabled generations to write of people as equal by nature while barely noticing the exclusion of those marked as inferior by their gender, race, (...)
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  45. Epistemic Utility Theory and the Aim of Belief.Jennifer Rose Carr - 2017 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 95 (3):511-534.
    How should rational believers pursue the aim of truth? Epistemic utility theorists have argued that by combining the tools of decision theory with an epistemic form of value—gradational accuracy, proximity to the truth—we can justify various epistemological norms. I argue that deriving these results requires using decision rules that are different in important respects from those used in standard (practical) decision theory. If we use the more familiar decision rules, we can’t justify the epistemic coherence norms that epistemic utility theory (...)
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  46. Allameh Hilli and Thomas Aquinas on semantics of divine attributes.Hasan Abasi Hossein Abadi - 2015 - پژوهشنامه فلسفه دین 12 (2):91-108.
    One of the major issues in the names and attributes of God, is the semantic interpretation of how to interpret and apply the concepts and predicates that talk about God. A historical survey proves that Imami theologians’ theological views are derived from the Qur'an and hadith. The Quran ascribed some attributes to God that prompted scholars to discuss and analyze the applicability of these concepts to God; accordingly, different views emerged Including Allameh Hilli’s apophaticism which is similar to the apophatic–cataphatic (...)
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  47.  26
    ≪Figlio del Bene≫ e Re dell’universo.Maria Carmen De Vita - 2017 - Chôra 15:457-484.
    This article aims to analyze the philosophical and religious message of Julian’s Hymn to King Helios. The emperor, using Iamblichean structures, shows how the First Cause, the Neoplatonic One, can interact with the layers or gradation below it, including the physical world ; his starting point is an original ‘pluralizing’ interpretation of the Sun analogy contained in Resp. VI 509b.However, Julian’s hymn has a political meaning, too ; it can be considered as a sort of manifesto of Julian’s imperial (...)
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  48.  25
    Філософсько-методологічні основи визначення принципів інформаційно-пропагандистського забезпечення в збройних силах.Mykola Shevchenko - 2016 - Схід 5 (145):114-120.
    From the perspective of socio-economic point of view the author pointed out three groups of consistent patterns of informational and propagandistic support in the armed forces, namely: 1) dependency of its nature, place in the instruments and phenomenology of ideologic work on: peculiarities of security environment; peculiarities of military culture of the particular society; type of society, which is characterized according to the criteria of perception of war as a means of defendind national interests and national ability to act collectively, (...)
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  49.  46
    A Conceptual Exploration of Participation. Section III: Utilitarian Perspectives and Conclusion.Ruth Thomas, Katherine Whybrow & Cassandra Scharber - 2012 - Educational Philosophy and Theory 44 (8):801-817.
    This is the third section of an article (each published in subsequent regular issues of EPAT) that explores the concept of participation. Section I: Introduction and Early Perspectives grounds our exploration of participation and explores definitions and early perspectives of participation we have identified as ‘historically original’ and ‘philosophical’. Section II: Participation as Engagement in Experience—An Aesthetics Perspective is a continuation of our conceptual exploration of participation that digs into the world of aesthetics. Finally, Section III: The Utilitarian Perspective and (...)
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  50. (1 other version)Arguments for–or against–Probabilism?Alan Hájek - 2008 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 59 (4):793-819.
    Four important arguments for probabilism—the Dutch Book, representation theorem, calibration, and gradational accuracy arguments—have a strikingly similar structure. Each begins with a mathematical theorem, a conditional with an existentially quantified consequent, of the general form: if your credences are not probabilities, then there is a way in which your rationality is impugned.Each argument concludes that rationality requires your credences to be probabilities.I contend that each argument is invalid as formulated. In each case there is a mirror-image theorem and a corresponding (...)
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