Dans cette contribution, nous examinons, dans la perspective de la grammaire générative version Principles & Parameters, l’architecture des interrogatives, en traitant successivement des questions directes ouvertes et fermées, puis des questions imbriquées, après de brèves considérations théoriques permettant de saisir les niveaux de construction et les différents mouvements mis en jeu. Nous concluons par un très bref aperçu des mêmes structures analysées dans la perspective un peu plus récente du Split-CP, où les projections sont multipliées dans la périphérie gauche (...) des phrases. (shrink)

This paper presents the treatment of anaphora in generative grammar. After a broad review of of the different theories covered under the term, it provides an overview of the history of the treatment of anaphora in generative grammar. It then discusses Ariel’s theory of accessibility and shows how it can account for the choice of some of the anaphoric expressions provided in the text. In a final section, the paper presents the author’s recent work on the choice between verbal anaphors. (...) It is shown that accessibility can account for some aspects of the choice but is not sufficient. Further constraints on the choice are proposed in terms of the notion of Question Under Discussion, for which experimental evidence is adduced. (shrink)

La distribution des pronoms anaphoriques est un enjeu central dans un ensemble de travaux en grammaire générative transformationnelle classique, les contraintes sur les pronoms anaphoriques étant un des thèmes centraux de la théorie du gouvernement et du liage. Les pronoms non anaphoriques n’ont pas fait l’objet d’un traitement aussi systématique, mais leur analyse repose sur des concepts centraux à l’analyse transformationnelle. D’une part cette analyse implique une réflexion sur le mouvement et motive la distinction entre structure de surface et (...) structure profonde. L’étude des différents pronoms wh- appelle par ailleurs un questionnement sur le fonctionnement des constituants en wh-. D’autre part l’analyse des pronoms explétifs exige une réflexion sur l’autonomie de la syntaxe, ou les décalages éventuels entre syntaxe et sémantique. (shrink)

A grammar is primarily a device which accounts for the underlying processes of sentence formation. How does this idea arise? Chapter four of Syntactic Structures, dedicated to the relationship between generative grammar and distributionnal syntax, does not stress this point. It is not sufficient to set forth the failure of discovery procedures, because Chomsky, in order to solve the problem of justification, uses quite a similar method to his predecessors'. The concept of grammar appears only in reference to the problem (...) of projection. But it belongs to psychology. It aims to account for the use of language and to contribute to a model of performance. The linguist's strategy would then be dictated to him by psychology. (shrink)

Cet article discute l’analyse en termes de DP qui domine actuellement dans la grammaire générative chomskienne, à savoir, l’idée que la tête du groupe nominal est le déterminant, plutôt que le nom. Nous commençons par une discussion des notions de tête et de dépendance et passons en revue différents critères classiques permettant de décider quel élément est la tête dans une construction donnée. Sur base de ceux-ci, nous proposons une série d’arguments suggérant que la position classique est en réalité (...) la bonne et que c’est bien le nom qui est la tête du groupe nominal. Nous étudions ensuite une série d’arguments et d’analyses spécifiques qui ont été avancés en faveur de l’analyse en termes de DP et montrons pourquoi nous ne les considérons pas comme convaincants. En conclusion, nous notons que le choix entre les analyses NP et DP n’est peut-être pas une question empiriquement décidable si l’on s’autorise les représentations syntaxiques très abstraites qui sont actuellement en vogue dans le cadre de la linguistique générative chomskienne. (shrink)

C'est avec la grammaire générative que la discussion sur les rapports entre l'analyse linguistique et le rationalisme est devenue particulièrement abondante, en même temps qu'elle devenait une affaire idéologique concernant un large public. En présentant sa Cartesian Linguistics comme un chapitre dans l'histoire du rationalisme, Chomsky a prétendu avec éclat que: il y aurait une tradition rationaliste ayant des idées précises sur le langage, liée aux thèses cartésiennes et à la grammaire générale de Port-Royal; la grammaire générative (...) reprendrait cette tradition et lui apporterait une confirmation définitive. De manière générale, la validité historique des thèses de Chomsky a été contestée avec succès par les historiens: qu'il s'agisse de l'idée d'une linguistique cartésienne, de la prédominance du rationalisme aux dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles, de l'identité de démarche entre Port-Royal et la grammaire générative, voire même de la définition du rationalisme classique. (shrink)

Linguistique et philosophie logique du langage: deux traditions de pensee que bien des choses opposent. La premiere est plutot mentaliste, et orientee vers l'etude de la syntaxe; la seconde, plus preoccupee de semantique, cherche volontiers le sens dans les conditions de verite des phrases. Ce portrait n'est pas faux, mais il est incomplet: entre logique et linguistique, les relations n'ont pas ete, ne sont pas que d'opposition. Dans cet ouvrage, les auteurs proposent une sorte d'histoire conceptuelle des interactions fecondes entre (...) les deux disciplines au cours du XXe siecle. La premiere partie, consacree a la notion de categorie semantique et/ou syntaxique, raconte comment les theories a priori de la signification (Husserl, Frege, Russell) ont progressivement donne lieu au programme des grammaires categorielles, d'inspiration plus descriptive et empirique. La deuxieme partie traite d'un autre episode, datant des annees cinquante a soixante-dix, et lie a la naissance des grammaires generatives: celui au cours duquel l'opposition entre la these avancee par Chomsky de l'autonomie de la syntaxe, et l'idee de la priorite conceptuelle de la semantique, soutenue par des logiciens comme Montague, vient au premier plan. Enfin la troisieme partie traite des recherches tout a fait contemporaines concernant l'etude des expressions indefinies et des relations anaphoriques qu'elles soutiennent, theme ou se dessinent des convergences nouvelles entre l'analyse logique et l'analyse linguistique: la comprehension des rapports entre generalite et reference dans les langages naturels y gagnera certainement en finesse et en adequation empirique. (shrink)

Cet article s’intéresse au rapport que la grammaire entretient avec la langue, la métalangue et la linguistique, en prenant le cas de l’enseignement de l’anglais langue seconde. Il tente de comprendre d’où vient ce sentiment de non-maîtrise que le mot « grammaire », parfois redouté, suscite chez les apprenants (élèves ou étudiants, les étudiants stagiaires MEEF et même parfois les enseignants de l’anglais langue seconde). Dès lors, quelle grammaire enseigner et quels critères retenir pour enseigner efficacement la (...) grammaire de l’anglais? L’analyse met à jour l’existence d’un double paradoxe, propre à la grammaire en général, et spécifique à la grammaire anglaise, et émet l’hypothèse que ces paradoxes sont liés à la fois aux représentations de la grammaire et à l’usage de la métalangue. Elle avance que le véritable enjeu de la grammaire, et de son enseignement, est de définir les contours de la grammaticalité. Si celle-ci s’évalue à l’épreuve de la langue, a-t-on besoin de « règles » grammaticales? L’article montre que la grammaire linguistique de l’anglais s’inscrit dans la tension entre ces deux exigences. Il propose pour conclure quelques pistes concrètes pour promouvoir l’enseignement de la grammaire de l’anglais, langue seconde, de manière fructueuse et efficace. (shrink)

The proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) has led to an increased reliance on AI‐generated content for designing and deploying digital health interventions. While generative AI has the potential to facilitate and automate healthcare, there are concerns that AI‐generated content and AI‐generated health advice could trigger, perpetuate, or exacerbate prior traumatic experiences among vulnerable populations. In this discussion article, I examined how generative‐AI‐powered digital health interventions could trigger, perpetuate, or exacerbate emotional trauma among vulnerable populations who rely on digital (...) health interventions as complementary or alternative sources of seeking health services or information. I then proposed actionable strategies for mitigating AI‐generated trauma in the context of digital health interventions. The arguments raised in this article are expected to shift the focus of AI practitioners against prioritizing dominant narratives in AI algorithms into seriously considering the needs of vulnerable minority groups who are at the greatest risk for trauma but are often invisible in AI data sets, AI algorithms, and their resultant technologies. (shrink)

The behavior of an organism, according to Merleau-Ponty, lays out a milieu through which significant phenomena of varying degrees of optimality elicit adjustment. This leads to the dialectical co-emergence of milieu and aptitude that is both the product and the condition of life. What is present as a norm soliciting optimization is species-specific, but it also depends on the needs of the organism and its prior experience. Although a rich entry point into biological phenomenology, Merleau-Ponty’s work does not adequately describe (...) milieu–aptitude development in interactions between organisms, but it can be assisted through employing Husserl’s three levels of analysis identified by Steinbock, extending all three modes into the biological world. In particular, generative analyses can address inter-organismal behavioral structures slighted in Merleau-Ponty’s work. Generative phenomenology is concerned with the cultural, historical, and intersubjective constitution of human experience and is generally thought to be solely of value in examining the structure of human phenomenality. However, the possibility of human generativity presupposes structures produced widely in the biological world. Ecological, embryogenic, and evolutionary development already depend on protocultural and historical processes creating and created through intercorporeal interaction. After developing the concept of biological generativity through a consideration of plant ecology, mammalian embryology, and insect mimicry, I conclude with implications for humans, who can participate in biological generativity not merely phenomenally, but phenomenologically. (shrink)

When cognitive scientists are looking for the neural basis of consciousness or the computational processes underlying vision, what are they looking to find? I argue for a new account of this explanatory project in cognitive science (and the special sciences more generally) on which it is best understood on close analogy with causal explanation in the special sciences. Causal explanations cite causal difference-makers: they explain how certain events causally depend on other events. Generative explanations cite generative difference-makers: they explain how (...) certain events obtain in virtue of (and so are generated by) other events. I show how that this generative difference-making account (GDM) extends well regarded developments in philosophical work on causal explanation, helps to usefully clarify and expands the hypothesis space of a key project in cognitive science – that of understanding how underlying nonmental processes give rise to the mental, including consciousness. In section 2, I develop GDM by close analogy with causal explanation, and locate both of them as species of a more general project in the special sciences: that of discovering what makes a difference to what. In section 3, I motivate GDM by contrasting it with other rival accounts, including correlationist, identity, and grounding accounts, as well as Carl Craver’s constitutive relevance account. In section 4, I tie all of the strands of the preceding discussion together to show how GDM provides a new and compelling response to the so-called hard problem of consciousness. (shrink)

Le Corpus oral et sonore de l’espagnol rural(COSER) est un corpus d’enquêtes orales qui a pour but l’étude de la grammaire dialectale dans la péninsule ibérique. Dans cet article, les caractéristiques du COSER et la méthodologie suivie sont décrites et comparées à celles des atlas pour ce qui concerne la recherche sur la grammaire dialectale. Grâce au COSER, de nombreux aspects syntaxiques peu connus ou totalement ignorés des dialectes espagnols ont pu être étudiés, tels que plusieurs paradigmes pronominaux, (...) la substitution du subjonctif et l’accord neutre de matière. De plus, la répartition géographique de ces aspects a parfois été considérablement élargie, et les explications traditionnelles ont été remplacées par de nouvelles, en se basant sur une meilleure connaissance des données. L’étude de la grammaire dialectale s’avère être une importante source d’information favorisant une meilleure compréhension des nombreux croisements des principes linguistiques, comme l’« Agreement Hierarchy », par exemple, et ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles approches permettant de tester leur validité. (shrink)

Le Thème de cet article est assez vaste : il s'agit de reconsidérer un des lieux communs de l'épistémologie historique des sciences du langage concernant les rapports de la logique et de la grammaire générale. Nous le restreindrons en étudiant seulement l'état auquel parvient cette dernière discipline dans l'œuvre de Nicolas Beauzée, collaborates important de l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert ; sa Grammaire Générale constitue sans doute la perfection du genre inauguré par Port-Royal.

Grammaire juhuri, ou judéo-tat, langue iranienne des Juifs du Caucase de l’est. By Gilies Authier. Beiträge zur Iranistik, vol. 36 / Bibliothèque iranienne, vol. 76. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 2012. Pp. 336. €88.

Generative linguistics is widely claimed to produce theories at the level of computation in the sense outlined by David Marr. Marr even used generative grammar as an example of a computational level theory. At this level, a theory specifi es a function for mapping one kind of information into another. How this function is computed is then specified at the algorithmic level before an account of how this is algorithm is realised by some physical system is presented at the implementation (...) level. This paper will argue that generative linguistics does not fit anywhere within this framework. We will then look at several ways researchers have attempted to modify either the framework of generative theory to reconcile the two approaches. Finally, it presents and discusses an alternative position, anti-realism about generative grammar. While this position has attracted some recent support, it also runs into some of the problems that earlier modifications faced. (shrink)

Social scientists associate agent-based simulation (ABS) models with three ideas about explanation: they provide generative explanations, they are models of mechanisms, and they implement methodological individualism. In light of a philosophical account of explanation, we show that these ideas are not necessarily related and offer an account of the explanatory import of ABS models. We also argue that their bottom-up research strategy should be distinguished from methodological individualism.

The Bayesian brain hypothesis, predictive processing, and variational free energy minimisation are typically used to describe perceptual processes based on accurate generative models of the world. However, generative models need not be veridical representations of the environment. We suggest that they can be used to describe sensorimotor relationships relevant for behaviour rather than precise accounts of the world.

It has been proposed that intentional actions are supplied by a generative system of the sort described by Chomsky for language. In this paper I aim to provide a closer analysis of this claim for the sake of conceptual clarification. To this end, I will first clarify what is involved in the thesis of a structural analogy between language and action, and then I will consider what kind of evidence there seems to be in favour of the thesis of a (...) neurobiological identity. On this basis, I will subsequently focus on two definitional issues. The first is whether, as the claim of a generative system for intentional action suggests, humans may perform an infinite number of possible actions. The second is whether, as the claim of a generative system for intentional action suggests, what is at issue is conscious planning of action and therefore controlled processing. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to assess the impact of generative artificial intelligence (AGI) as a learning tool in clinical practice, as perceived by clinical students of human medicine. To this end, six learning activities were devised and executed, employing diverse pedagogical approaches and AGI tools, with the objective of addressing various facets of clinical practice. These included the creation of explanatory material, literature analysis, the selection of clinical cases for publication, the development of self-assessment questions, the production of (...) explanatory videos, and the creation of scientific posters. These activities were conducted during the clinical internships of the fifth year of the medical curriculum and were evaluated using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings indicated that the incorporation of GAI as a pedagogical instrument in the clinical training of medical students yielded a favorable influence on their motivation, self-assurance, satisfaction, competencies, and knowledge. The students identified GAI as a novel, applicable, useful, and transferable tool and expressed interest in continuing to use it in the future. However, the results also indicated that students encountered certain challenges and difficulties in utilizing GAI as a learning tool, including overconfidence, resistance, and a lack of understanding. In conclusion, this study provides empirical evidence on the use of GAI as a learning tool for undergraduate medical students' clinical practices, and contributes to the knowledge base regarding the possibilities and challenges of GAI application in higher education. (shrink)

Generative AI programs can produce high-quality written and visual content that may be used for good or ill. We argue that a credit–blame asymmetry arises for assigning responsibility for these outputs and discuss urgent ethical and policy implications focused on large-scale language models.

Social scientists associate agent-based simulation (ABS) models with three ideas about explanation: they provide generative explanations, they are models of mechanisms, and they implement methodological individualism. In light of a philosophical account of explanation, we show that these ideas are not necessarily related and offer an account of the explanatory import of ABS models. We also argue that their bottom-up research strategy should be distinguished from methodological individualism.

Cet article se penche sur les trois « analyses grammaticales » se trouvant au cœur de L’Étoile de la Rédemption de Franz Rosenzweig (1921). Dans ces fragments d’exégèse associés à l’étude des notions de Création, de Révélation et de Rédemption, Rosenzweig se livre à une singulière lecture de la Bible hébraïque, qui semble obéir avant tout à un dessein philosophique. Après avoir déterminé les principes directeurs de cette pratique exégétique, l’on montre en quoi les analyses grammaticales proposent une variation sur (...) les méthodes traditionnelles de l’interprétation, sans renoncer au souci de la lettre ni démentir la fidélité au sens premier du texte. La relation entre le propos philosophique et le texte sacré apparaît alors comme une forme de traduction, grâce à laquelle la « pensée nouvelle » que Rosenzweig appelle de ses vœux trouve sa propre langue. Une grammaire guidée par des principes philosophiques reçoit dès lors la tâche de nous préparer à accueillir le témoignage du texte sacré. (shrink)

Generative AI technologies have the potential to be socially and politically transformative. In this paper, we focus on exploring the potential impacts that Generative AI could have on the functioning of our democracies and the nature of citizenship. We do so by drawing on accounts of deliberative democracy and the deliberative virtues associated with it, as well as the reciprocal impacts that social media and Generative AI will have on each other and the broader information landscape. Drawing on this background (...) theory, we outline some of the key positive and negative impacts that Generative AI is likely to have on democratic citizenship. The political significance of these impacts suggests the need for further regulation. (shrink)

OpenAI’s Chat Generative Pre-training Transformer (ChatGPT), Google’s Bard and other generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technologies can greatly enhance the capability of healthcare profess...

Generative models have been proposed as a new type of non-representational scientific models recently. A generative model is characterized with the capacity of producing new models on the basis of the existing one. The current accounts do not explain sufficiently the mechanism of the generative capacity of a generative model. I attempt to accomplish this task in this paper. I outline two antecedent accounts of generative models. I point out that both types of generative models function to generate new homogenous (...) models in the sense that the latter is a straightforward derivative of the former, both of which share many similar features. Unfortunately, both accounts are implicit about the generative capacity of generative models. Using a case study, I articulate that a two-staged process of abstraction and idealization in modeling may contribute to the generative capacity of a scientific model. I also demonstrate that this two-staged process may go beyond the capacity of generating new homogenous models to generating new heterogeneous models. (shrink)

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools produce hallucinations exposing developers and users to a myriad of liabilities in courts. Given the absence of strict laws and regulations structuring how Generative AI content interact with potential allegations of defamation, libel, and slander, judges and attorneys are left with the semiotics of the fragmented articles and rules in each system attempting to settle such cases. The endless interpretations of written and non-verbal signs in the law across the world constitutes a new realm for (...) legal semiotics in the area of Generative AI and defamation. The present analysis examines existing civil liability articles in the Jordanian code to shed light on the litigation and defenses afforded in the defamation realm with respect to Generative AI content. The key finding is that like other countries, civil codes in Jordan are outdated concerning Generative AI content opening a plethora of liability scenarios in libel or slander cases. More importantly, the exercise of semiotic interpretation generates several defenses salvaging users and developers under strict sets of conditions. In sum, new amendments and updated legislative frameworks are needed to protect the healthy development of Generative AI while preserving citizens from damaging defamation, libel, and slander. (shrink)

Despite the many successes of generative AI, a number of fundamental questions have begun to arise around this technology. There is undoubtedly an interesting situation from a philosophical point of view. It can be carefully assumed that contemporary digital information processing technologies have arisen inside a circle of civilisation, one of the foundations of which is the classical account of truth. This account, even if seen as ideal and absolute, nevertheless seems to be a driving force in the field of (...) science. Is it possible that generative AI will result in the replacement of the pursuit of truth by a mere uncritical adherence to the results provided by AI systems, as well as the inhibition of lively creativity both scientific and artistic? (shrink)

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) promises to revolutionize data-driven fields (Milmo 2023). Building on decades of large language modeling (LLM) (Toner 2023), GenAI can collect, harmonize...

We introduce a set of biologically and computationally motivated design choices for modeling the learning of language, or of other types of sequential, hierarchically structured experience and behavior, and describe an implemented system that conforms to these choices and is capable of unsupervised learning from raw natural-language corpora. Given a stream of linguistic input, our model incrementally learns a grammar that captures its statistical patterns, which can then be used to parse or generate new data. The grammar constructed in this (...) manner takes the form of a directed weighted graph, whose nodes are recursively (hierarchically) defined patterns over the elements of the input stream. We evaluated the model in seventeen experiments, grouped into five studies, which examined, respectively, (a) the generative ability of grammar learned from a corpus of natural language, (b) the characteristics of the learned representation, (c) sequence segmentation and chunking, (d) artificial grammar learning, and (e) certain types of structure dependence. The model's performance largely vindicates our design choices, suggesting that progress in modeling language acquisition can be made on a broad front—ranging from issues of generativity to the replication of human experimental findings—by bringing biological and computational considerations, as well as lessons from prior efforts, to bear on the modeling approach. (shrink)

This paper will analyze how and to what extent terrorists and violent extremistshave interacted with generative artificial intelligence so far and identify potentialways in which they could misuse generative AI in the future. It is therefore necessaryto question assumptions that terrorist and violent extremist actors will quickly adoptgenerative AI solely based on an assessment of the capabilities it may offer. Althoughresearch has shown that technological capability and availability are key drivers of terroristinnovation, terrorist and violent extremist actors also assess any (...) new technologyon its compatibility (with both their modus operandi and ideology), relative complexity,cost, and the context in which they are operating. Understanding these factors, both inisolation and in relation to one another, will be a key aspect in monitoring the extent towhich terrorists and violent extremists adopt generative AI tools. In doing so, the paperwill seek to identify a likely trajectory for the abuse of this technology by terrorist actorsas well as conclude with some initial recommendations for policymakers. (shrink)

This Perspective traces the evolution of certain central notions in the theory of Generative Grammar (GG). The founding documents of the field suggested a relation between the grammar, construed as recursively enumerating an infinite set of sentences, and the idealized native speaker that was essentially equivalent to the relation between a formal language (a set of well-formed formulas) and an automaton that recognizes strings as belonging to the language or not. But this early view was later abandoned, when the focus (...) of the field shifted to the grammar's strong generative capacity as recursive generation of hierarchically structured objects as opposed to strings. The grammar is now no longer seen as specifying a set of well-formed expressions and in fact necessarily constructs expressions of any degree of intuitive “acceptability.” The field of GG, however, has not sufficiently acknowledged the significance of this shift in perspective, as evidenced by the fact that (informal and experimentally-controlled) observations about string acceptability continue to be treated as bona fide data and generalizations for the theory of GG. The focus on strong generative capacity, it is argued, requires a new discussion of what constitutes valid empirical evidence for GG beyond observations pertaining to weak generation. (shrink)

Previous research shows that manipulations (e.g. levels-of-processing) that facilitate true memory often increase susceptibility to false memory. An exception is the generation effect. Using the Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, Soraci et al. found that generating rather than reading list items led to an increase in true but not false memories. They argued that generation led to enhanced item-distinctiveness that drove down false memory production. In the current study, we investigated the effects of generative processing on valenced stimuli and after a delayed (...) retention interval to examine factors that may lead to a generation effect that increases false memories. At the immediate test, false recognition rates for both negative and neutral valanced critical lures were similar across read and generate conditions. However, after a one-week delay, we saw a valence differentiation, with a generation effect for false recognition but only for negative stimuli. The roles of item-specific and relational processing during encoding and their interaction with long-term retention are discussed. (shrink)

In software-based generative design, a user specifies goals expressed as objectives and constraints to a software application and the application returns a set of feasible and/or optimal design sol...

This paper explores the implications of the psychology of constructive memory for philosophical theories of the metaphysics of memory and for a central question in the epistemology of memory. I first develop a general interpretation of the psychology of constructive memory. I then argue, on the basis of this interpretation, for an updated version of Martin and Deutscher's influential causal theory of memory. I conclude by sketching the implications of this updated theory for the question of memory 's status as (...) a generative epistemic source. (shrink)

This book argues that this powerful technique permits the social sciences to meet an explanation, in which one 'grows' the phenomenon of interest in an artificial society of interacting agents: heterogeneous, boundedly rational actors.

This paper presents a version of neurophenomenology based on generative modelling techniques developed in computational neuroscience and biology. Our approach can be described as _computational phenomenology_ because it applies methods originally developed in computational modelling to provide a formal model of the descriptions of lived experience in the phenomenological tradition of philosophy (e.g., the work of Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, etc.). The first section presents a brief review of the overall project to naturalize phenomenology. The second section presents and evaluates (...) philosophical objections to that project and situates our version of computational phenomenology with respect to these projects. The third section reviews the generative modelling framework. The final section presents our approach in detail. We conclude by discussing how our approach differs from previous attempts to use generative modelling to help understand consciousness. In summary, we describe a version of computational phenomenology which uses generative modelling to construct a computational model of the inferential or interpretive processes that best explain this or that kind of lived experience. (shrink)

The advent of generative artificial intelligence and the widespread adoption of it in society engendered intensive debates about its ethical implications and risks. These risks often differ from those associated with traditional discriminative machine learning. To synthesize the recent discourse and map its normative concepts, we conducted a scoping review on the ethics of generative artificial intelligence, including especially large language models and text-to-image models. Our analysis provides a taxonomy of 378 normative issues in 19 topic areas and ranks them (...) according to their prevalence in the literature. The study offers a comprehensive overview for scholars, practitioners, or policymakers, condensing the ethical debates surrounding fairness, safety, harmful content, hallucinations, privacy, interaction risks, security, alignment, societal impacts, and others. We discuss the results, evaluate imbalances in the literature, and explore unsubstantiated risk scenarios. (shrink)

Au contraire de la phénoménologie qui en a fait l?un de ses thèmes privilé­giés, la grammaire philosophique de Wittgenstein se caractérise sans aucun doute par une certaine insensibilité à l?égard de la dimension passive de l?expérience vécue. Bien que la grammaire philosophique soit une pensée de l?usage qui insiste sur le fait que la signification est inséparable de l?activité des locuteurs qui peuvent utiliser les mots de différentes manières (il ne faut pas oublier que les mots sont aussi (...) des actions pour l?auteur des Recherches philosophiques ) 1 , on ne retrouve aucune réflexion aboutie chez Wittgenstein et ses successeurs à propos du soubassement « passif » de cet usage du langage. Sans doute, on pourrait interpréter les allusions vagues à l?histoire naturelle ( Naturgeschichte ) et la forme de vie ( Lebensform ) comme ayant pour but de donner un nom à cette passivité (après tout, la forme de vie est ce qui est « donné » pour Wittgenstein) 2 , mais ces notions fonctionnent toujours comme des concepts limites et opératoires qui ont pour seul objectif de tracer le périmètre de l?enquête philosophique et de discréditer ceux qui prétendent faire de la philosophie en mobilisant des analyses génétiques. Comme chacun sait, loin d?être lié à un oubli ou à une omission, ce silence relativement au thème de la genèse fait l?objet d?une justification théorique bien précise. Au § 171 des Recherches. (shrink)

This article seeks to disclose the sense(s) of translation by attending to it in the phenomenological key with Edmund Husserl’s The Origin of Geometry. I suggest that the text could be approached through the prism of generative phenomenology, and I investigate it from two different perspectives: xenological and Derridean. Both perspectives are employed toward the same objective: to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of Husserl’s text to the understanding of a complex social phenomenon such as translation. The emphasis on sociality, historicity, (...) and tradition, as these themes transpire in The Origin, brings about a new understanding of translation as a phenomenon of the liminal in-between, with its basic structure defined as the encounter with the alien. Derrida gives this emphasis much attention in his commentary on The Origin. In this commentary, he focuses on the constitution of a communal history, which is not possible without the iteration of the origin, the basic means of which is communication on the general level, while on the level of different socio-cultural worlds translation comes up as the most optimal mode for the encounter with the alien. The encounter takes place in the liminal in-between which points to repeatability as the original sense of translation inscribed in the acts of binding and approximation. (shrink)

The debate between Husserl and Marty focuses on the notion of general grammar. Nevertheless, there doesn’t seem to have been a clear outcome, and the terms of the debate remain quite unclear. Moreover, while both authors make striking use of historical references, their entanglement seems to call for some clarification. This paper aims to shed light on this debate, by considering it from an historical perspective. In doing so, two putative candidates will be introduced as (conceptual) precursors of the ‘allgemeine (...) Grammatik’: the Grammaire générale et raisonnée of Port-Royal (1660), and the medieval grammatica speculativa, which included a group of late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century philosophers of language known as the Modistae. I will first identify Husserl’s and Marty’s respective critiques, distinguishing, between Husserl’s critique of the conflation of the a priori and empirical, and Marty’s of the conflation of meaning and forms of expression. Second, I will place these critiques in an arrangement involving two types of cross-reference: on the one hand, Marty and Husserl can be seen as standing in opposition to their historical predecessors; on the other hand (and more significantly), Marty and Port-Royal can be seen as standing in opposition to Husserl and the speculative grammarians. (shrink)

Ce qui est dit est dit par ceux qui savent ce que parler veut dire. En choisissant de regrouper quelques considérations métalogiques sur les moments qui ont traversé l'histoire contemporaine de la philosophie contemporaine de l'esprit, en termes de nature et limites des représentations, valeur et portée de la théorie de la signification cognitive de Frege à Quine, cet ouvrage donne une idée de l'âge de la science logique, à la lisière de la sémantique et l'épistémologie. En restituant de manière (...) critique la diversité des projets de ces derniers, ces lectures philosophiques font écho à la complexité des rapports entre logique et ontologie du sens. Elles posent donc le problème de la démarcation de la signification et de la représentation dans le débat contemporain de Quine avec Frege. Une telle clarté critique face à l'imprécision des mots au coeur des modèles représentationalistes, en alerte, présente néanmoins d'importantes difficultés épistémologiques. Elle ne manque pas de soulever une série d'objections, dont la suite des enjeux et des débats autour de la question de la signification qui est désormais confrontée à la thèse controversée défendue par les philosophes de la perception en la situant entre phénoménologie, grammaire philosophique et sciences cognitives. (shrink)

Mitte der fünfziger Jahre entsteht mit den Arbeiten der amerikanischen Linguisten Zellig S. Harris und Noam Chomsky die Theorie der generativen (Transformations-)Grammatiken a) Chomskys Grammatikmodell in den "Aspects" ... b) Entwicklung der Theorie ... nach 1965 ...

Selon Heidegger, la phénoménologie ne serait pas une école de pensée ni un mouvement philosophique, mais la pure possibilité de "répondre en son temps à ce qui est à penser". Pourquoi s'occuperait-on dès lors de l'histoire des diverses doctrines qui en revendiquent le titre? Mais peut-on parler de "la" phénoménologie? Plutôt que de présupposer une telle identité, on s'attache ici à une reconstruction possible de l'homonymie des phénoménologies, en prêtant attention à l'incessant remaniement de la logique qu'elles opèrent en relation (...) avec la question du langage. Ce qui se trame alors sous le double nom de "phénoménologie" et de "grammaire", c'est l'histoire d'un motif qui, de Lambert à Husserl en passant par Kant, Hegel et Brentano, hante la philosophie moderne jusque dans ses "déconstructions". S'ouvre ainsi la possibilité d'une lecture de la Recherche que Husserl consacre à "l'idée de grammaire pure logique", attentive à la synonymie des diverses grammaires philosophiques qui traversent l'histoire. On suit alors un chemin indiqué par Platon et Aristote, qui conduit des Alexandrins à Frege, des grammaires spéculatives à Peirce, de Port-Royal à Russell. Non que la question grammaticale ait le même sens, se réfère à la même chose, prétende à la même vérité dans chacune de ces formes de pensée, mais parce que la question de la grammaire renvoie toujours à cette autre: à quelles conditions le sens, la référence et la vérité sont-ils possibles? (shrink)