Results for ' contingent reinforcement situation'

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  1.  24
    Analysis of learning rate and sampling probabilities in a contingent reinforcement situation.John G. Borkowski & Gilbert R. Johns - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (1):158.
  2.  22
    The relationship between probability difference, (!p1—!p2), and learning rate in a contingent partial reinforcement situation[REVIEW]Paul J. Woods - 1959 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 58 (1):27.
  3.  17
    A contingent reinforcer.J. R. Wittenborn, Edith Adler, Ada Lukacs, Jean Sharrock & John J. Simmons - 1963 - Psychological Review 70 (5):418-431.
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  4.  23
    Effects of positive and negative force-contingent reinforcement on the frustration effect in humans.Gail Ditkoff & Ronald Ley - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (5):818.
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  5. Changeover contingencies and sensitivity to reinforcement on multiple concurrent schedules.Lr Dreyfus, D. Deportocallan & Sa Pesillo - 1991 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29 (6):523-524.
     
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  6.  36
    The moral and ethical significance of tit for tat.Peter Danielson - 1986 - Dialogue 25 (3):449-.
    TIT FOR TAT (TFT) is the familiar strategy of returning like for like, good for good, bad for bad. Recently Robert Axelrod has shown this rule to be remarkably effective in promoting co-operation among egoists.1Nevertheless, it has been morally denigrated, most notably in the Sermon on the Mount but also by the modern patron of TFT, Anatol Rapoport:Of the contingent strategies, Tit-for-tat elicits consistently the most cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma. Obviously, it would be fatuous to interpret this result (...)
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  7.  49
    The Phenomenology of Superstition or a Phenomenological Superstition?Elena Ibáñez-Guerra - 2008 - Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 15 (3):251-254.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Phenomenology of Superstition or a Phenomenological Superstition?Elena Ibáñez-Guerra (bio)KeywordsBehaviorism, constructionism, intentionality, operant behaviorWhen the editors of Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology asked me to make some brief comments on two articles for the special issue edited by Pérez-Álvarez and Sass, I was delighted to accept, thinking that the task would be a straightforward one, and that I could easily meet the agreed deadline. But nothing could be further from (...)
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  8. Neue Entwicklungen im Wahrheitsbegriff.Pieter Am Seuren - 1989 - Studia Leibnitiana 21:155-173.
    The Aristotelian, non-relativistic notion of truth as correspondence with and dependency on actual states of affairs is in principle maintained, but refined and even modified in several different directions. The principal reason for maintaining it is empirical: it seems to reflect the way in which humans deal with the notion "truth" naively or pretheoretically, in ordinary life situations. It is shown that the Kantian crisis in epistemology does not affect this notion, since what is at issue is truth-conditions, not actual (...)
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  9.  12
    Radical Behaviorism and Cultural Analysis.Kester Carrara - 2018 - Springer Verlag.
    This book shows how the three-term contingency paradigm created by B.F. Skinner can be applied to describe and explain cultural practices phenomena produced by complex relations between behavior and environment. It updates the academic debate on the best paradigm to analyze complex social interactions, arguing that Skinner’s three-term contingency - the conceptual tool created to analyze human behavior by decomposing it in three parts: discriminative stimulus, operant response and reinforcement/punishment - is the best unit of analysis since what is (...)
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  10.  19
    Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought by Thomas C. Behr (review).Patrick Auer Jones - 2023 - Nova et Vetera 21 (3):1101-1106.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Social Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought by Thomas C. BehrPatrick Auer JonesSocial Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought by Thomas C. Behr (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2019), ix + 259 pp.The status of Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum as the origin point of what has come to be called Catholic Social (...)
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  11.  21
    Contingent partial reinforcement and the anticipation of correct alternatives.Howard Brand, James M. Sakoda & Paul J. Woods - 1957 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 53 (6):417.
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  12.  37
    Pavlovian contingencies and conditioned reinforcement.John A. Nevin - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (4):711.
  13.  35
    Partial reinforcement in a gambling situation.Donald J. Lewis - 1952 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 43 (6):447.
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  14.  17
    Vicarious reinforcement and limitation in a verbal learning situation.Robert E. Phillips - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 76 (4p1):669.
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  15.  38
    Contingencies of selection, reinforcement, and survival.David P. Barash - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):680-680.
  16.  26
    Effects of switching contingencies in a two-choice situation.Howard E. Rogers, Richard S. Keister & Donald T. Williams - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 97 (2):242.
  17.  35
    "Appropriateness" of the stimulus-reinforcement contingency in instrumental differential conditioning of the eyelid response to the arithmetic concepts of "right" and "wrong".Robert A. Fleming, Louise E. Cerekwicki & David A. Grant - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (2):295.
  18.  31
    The role of reinforcement contingencies in the maintenance of vicious circle behavior.Cynthia Scheuer & Anthony P. Constantino - 1980 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 15 (2):79-82.
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  19.  17
    Instrumental and contingent saccharin-licking in rats: Response deprivation and reinforcement.James Allison & William Timberlake - 1973 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2 (3):141-143.
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  20.  31
    Preference for response-contingent vs. free reinforcement.K. Geoffrey White & Peter Mitchell - 1977 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 10 (2):125-127.
  21.  22
    Gradients of error reinforcement in normal multiple-choice learning situations.Melvin H. Marx - 1957 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 54 (3):225.
  22.  21
    Generalization of reinforcement among similar responses made in altered stimulus situations.Melvin H. Marx & Benjamin B. Bernstein - 1955 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 50 (6):355.
  23.  17
    A comparison of rate and contingency of classical and instrumental reinforcement upon the acquisition and extinction of the human eyelid CR.Robert A. Fleming & David A. Grant - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (4):488.
  24.  39
    The role of secondary reinforcement in a partial reinforcement learning situation.M. R. Denny - 1946 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 36 (5):373.
  25.  77
    Contingent transcranialism and deep functional cognitive integration: The case of human emotional ontogenesis.Jennifer Greenwood - 2013 - Philosophical Psychology 26 (3):420-436.
    Contingent transcranialists claim that the physical mechanisms of mind are not exclusively intracranial and that genuine cognitive systems can extend into cognizers' physical and socio-cultural environments. They further claim that extended cognitive systems must include the deep functional integration of external environmental resources with internal neural resources. They have found it difficult, however, to explicate the precise nature of such deep functional integration and provide compelling examples of it. Contingent intracranialists deny that extracranial resources can be components of (...)
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  26.  33
    Pragmatically Framed Cross-Situational Noun Learning Using Computational Reinforcement Models.Shamima Najnin & Bonny Banerjee - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  27.  23
    Role of instructions in two-choice verbal conditioning with contingent partial reinforcement.John Koehler - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 (2):122.
  28.  24
    Response probability in a two-choice learning situation with varying probability of reinforcement.Robert H. Hickson - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 (2):138.
  29.  21
    Choice behavior in game playing situations as a function of amount and probability of reinforcement.Bernard Pyron - 1964 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 68 (4):420.
  30.  37
    Effects of sucrose concentrations upon schedule-induced polydipsia using free and response-contingent dry-food reinforcement schedules.Walter P. Christian, Robert W. Riester & Robert W. Schaeffer - 1973 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2 (2):65-68.
  31.  24
    Response strength in a modified Thorndikian multiple-choice situation as a function of varying proportions of reinforcement.Albert E. Goss & Edward J. Rabaioli - 1952 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 43 (2):106.
  32.  35
    Predicting instrumental performance from the independent rates of contingent responses in a choice situation.Aaron J. Brownstein - 1962 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 (1):29.
  33. Radical contingency in sharing behavior and its consequences.Todd Davies - 2005 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (6):821-821.
    The data of Henrich et al., when combined with other research, suggest that sharing behavior probably varies systematically across cultures, situations, and individuals. Economic policies founded on recognition of this “radical contingency” would, I argue, nurture economic pluralism rather than attempting to bring the world under one system.
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  34.  1
    La contingence issue de la nécessité et la nécessité issue de la contingence dans les pratiques improvisées en danse.Alessandra Randazzo - 2024 - Studi di Estetica 30.
    If artistic improvisation gives a predominant place to contingency, this contingency cannot be absolute, on pain of depriving improvisation of any technique. This article, by taking the case of dance improvisation, will explore the complex relationships between contingency and necessity, by analyzing how a relative contingency can arise from the external necessity of a given framework of action, and how an inner necessity can result from a contingency understood as a creative condition relative to the Kairos of a situation (...)
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  35. Nominalism, contingency, and natural structure.M. Joshua Mozersky - 2019 - Synthese 198:5281–5296.
    Ian Hacking’s wide-ranging and penetrating analysis of science contains two well-developed lines of thought. The first emphasizes the contingent history of our inquiries into nature, focusing on the various ways in which our concepts and styles of reasoning evolve through time, how their current application is constrained by the conditions under which they arose, and how they might have evolved differently. The second is the mistrust of the idea that the world contains mind-independent natural kinds, preferring nominalism to ‘inherent (...)
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  36.  29
    Effects of temporal variations between contingent and probabilistic noncontingent reinforcement.Victor A. Benassi, Jeffrey Weil & Robert N. Lanson - 1976 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7 (3):345-348.
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  37.  26
    Hypothesis theory and nonlearning despite ideal S-R-reinforcement contingencies.Marvin Levine - 1971 - Psychological Review 78 (2):130-140.
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  38.  11
    Human DRL performance, collateral behavior, and verbalization of the reinforcement contingency.Norman Stein & Stephen Flanagan - 1974 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 3 (1):27-28.
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  39. A (contingent) content–parthood analysis of indirect speech reports.Alex Davies - 2021 - Mind and Language 36 (4):533-553.
    This article presents a semantic analysis of indirect speech reports. The analysis aims to explain a combination of two phenomena. First, there are true utterances of sentences of the form α said that φ which are used to report an utterance u of a sentence wherein φ's content is not u's content. This implies that in uttering a single sentence, one can say several things. Second, when the complements of these reports (and indeed, these reports themselves) are placed in conjunctions, (...)
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  40.  18
    Secondary Reinforcement in Children as a Function of Training Procedures.Jerome L. Myers & Nancy A. Myers - 1966 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 72 (4):627.
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  41.  43
    Reinforcing or Challenging Stigma? The Risks and Benefits of ‘Dignity Talk’ in Sex Work Discourse.Stewart Cunningham - 2016 - International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 29 (1):45-65.
    The concept of ‘human dignity’ sits at the heart of international human rights law and a growing number of national constitutions and yet its meaning is heavily contested and contingent. I aim to supplement the theoretical literature on dignity by providing an empirical study of how the concept is used in the specific context of legal discourse on sex work. I will analyse jurisprudence in which commercial sex was declared as incompatible with human dignity, focussing on the South African (...)
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  42. A world of contingencies.Robert E. Ulanowicz - 2013 - Zygon 48 (1):77-92.
    Physicalism holds that the laws of physics are inviolable and ubiquitous and thereby account for all of reality. Laws leave no “wiggle room” or “gaps” for action by numinous agents. They cannot be invoked, however, without boundary stipulations that perforce are contingent and which “drive” the laws. Driving contingencies are not limited to instances of “blind chance,” but rather span a continuum of amalgamations with regularities, up to and including nearly determinate propensities. Most examples manifest directionality, and their very (...)
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  43.  33
    Reinforcement schedules in habit reversal—a confirmation.Joseph H. Grosslight, John F. Hall & Winfield Scott - 1954 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 48 (3):173.
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  44.  25
    Reconnecting Rorty: The Situation of Discourse in Richard Rorty's Contingency, Irony, and SolidarityContingency, Irony, and Solidarity. [REVIEW]John McCumber & Richard Rorty - 1990 - Diacritics 20 (2):2.
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  45.  33
    Contingency and Natural Order in Early Modern Science.Rodolfo Garau & Pietro Omodeo (eds.) - 2019 - Springer Verlag.
    This volume considers contingency as a historical category resulting from the combination of various intellectual elements – epistemological, philosophical, material, as well as theological and, broadly speaking, intellectual. With contributions ranging from fields as diverse as the histories of physics, astronomy, astrology, medicine, mechanics, physiology, and natural philosophy, it explores the transformation of the notion of contingency across the late-medieval, Renaissance, and the early modern period. Underpinned by a necessitated vision of nature, seventeenth century mechanism widely identified apparent natural irregularities (...)
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  46.  32
    Are sensory experiences contingently representational? A critical notice of David Papineau's The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience.Laura Gow - 2021 - Mind and Language 36 (4):627-635.
    David Papineau develops a new argument against representationalism, centering on the idea that sensory experiences are essentially representational on this view. He defends his own “qualitative view” according to which sensory experiences are only contingently representational. I discuss his main argument against essentialist representationalism and then provide two challenges for his positive account. First, Papineau's theory faces a dilemma when it comes to explaining the contents of our perceptual beliefs in situations where the conscious character of sensory experience comes apart (...)
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  47.  40
    Contingency and Fortune in Aquinas’s Ethics. [REVIEW]Leo J. Elders - 2001 - Review of Metaphysics 54 (4):905-905.
    In the introduction to this important study Bowlin draws attention to the fact that contemporary students of ethics often resort to Aristotle, but overlook Aquinas, one of the more able interpreters of the Aristotelian moral tradition. He intends to correct this situation by concentrating on a particular point of Thomas’s moral theory: the contingencies of various kinds which we must confront. Bowlin argues that Thomas’s treatment of the moral virtues is largely functional: they help to cope with contingencies, although (...)
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  48.  91
    Mathematical principles of reinforcement.Peter R. Killeen - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):105-135.
    Effective conditioning requires a correlation between the experimenter's definition of a response and an organism's, but an animal's perception of its behavior differs from ours. These experiments explore various definitions of the response, using the slopes of learning curves to infer which comes closest to the organism's definition. The resulting exponentially weighted moving average provides a model of memory that is used to ground a quantitative theory of reinforcement. The theory assumes that: incentives excite behavior and focus the excitement (...)
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  49. Feyerabend on pluralism, contingency, and humility.Ian James Kidd - forthcoming - Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy 20 (2):1-22.
    Throughout the writings of Paul Feyerabend, there are constant references to the historical contingency of the scientific enterprise, often accompanied by philosophical claims about the significance of that contingency. This paper presents those contingentist claims, situates them in the context of more recent work on the contingency of science, and offers an interpretation of their significance. I suggest that Feyerabend’s sense of contingency was connected to his defences of pluralism, and also to the ‘conquest of abundance’ narrative developed in the (...)
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  50.  33
    Contingency without Rorty. Dewey and Addams on Art as Resistant Reconstruction.Nicola Ramazzotto - 2024 - Contemporary Pragmatism 21 (1):100-119.
    The purpose of this paper is to address Rorty’s critique of Dewey’s notion of experience and to reaffirm a view in which the call to experience is indispensable for a genuinely contingent philosophy. In the first part, I analyze Rorty’s critique of Dewey and show its inconsistency. In the second part, I draw a comparison between their aesthetic views and argue that a true aesthetic experience must consist in the cultivation and creative transfiguration of situational resistances. In the third (...)
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