Results for ' difficulty'

982 found
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  1.  31
    Undesirable Difficulty Effects in the Learning of High-Element Interactivity Materials.Ouhao Chen, Juan C. Castro-Alonso, Fred Paas & John Sweller - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:375102.
    According to the concept of desirable difficulties, introducing difficulties in learning may sacrifice short-term performance in order to benefit long-term retention of learning. We describe three types of desirable difficulty effects: testing, generation, and varied conditions of practice. The empirical literature indicates that desirable difficulty effects are not always obtained and we suggest that cognitive load theory may be used to explain many of these contradictory results. Many failures to obtain desirable difficulty effects may occur under conditions (...)
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  2. Difficulty & quality of will: implications for moral ignorance.Anna Hartford - forthcoming - Tandf: Philosophical Explorations:1-18.
    Difficulty is often treated as blame-mitigating, and even exculpating. But on some occasions difficulty seems to have little or no bearing on our assessments of moral responsibility, and can even exacerbate it. In this paper, I argue that the relevance (and irrelevance) of difficulty with regard to assessments of moral responsibility is best understood via Quality of Will accounts. I look at various ways of characterising difficulty – including via sacrifice, effort, skill and ‘trying’ – and (...)
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  3.  46
    Four Difficulties with Dretske's Theory of Knowledge.Carl Ginet - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (1):69-70.
    Four difficulties with Dretske's theory of knowledge .
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  4.  31
    Difficulties in English Language Learning for Students with Dyslexia.Alma Lama - 2019 - Seeu Review 14 (1):196-206.
    Teachers always try to give their best to educate all students that have been entrusted to them! Knowing that everybody has the right to learn and be well educated, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology after the war took considerable actions in an effort to promote inclusive education in the Kosovo education system. However, teachers are facing different challenges while trying to teach students with mild or moderate specific learning difficulties together with those who don’t have learning difficulties. Understanding (...)
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  5.  55
    Difficulties Encountered in the Application of the Phenomenological Method in the Social Sciences.Amedeo Giorgi - 2008 - Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 8 (1):1-9.
    While it is heartening to see that more researchers in the field of the social sciences are using some version of the phenomenological method, it is also disappointing to see that very often some of the steps employed do not follow phenomenological logic. In this paper, several dissertations are reviewed in order to point out some of the difficulties that are encountered in attempting to use some version of the phenomenological method. Difficulties encountered centred on the phenomenological reduction, the use (...)
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  6.  34
    (1 other version)Ethical difficulties in nursing, educational needs and attitudes about using ethics resources.C. Leuter, C. Petrucci, A. Mattei, G. Tabassi & L. Lancia - 2012 - Nursing Ethics (3):0969733012455565.
    Ethical difficulties arise in health-care practices. However, despite extensive research findings that demonstrate that most nurses are involved in recurrent ethical problems, institutions are not always able to effectively support nursing care professionals. The limited availability of ethics consultation services and traditional nursing training fails to meet the frequent and strong requests by health workers to support their ethical dilemmas. A questionnaire was administered to 374 nurses attending a specialist training and a lifetime learning programme in Italy. The respondents reported (...)
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  7. Difficulty and Degrees of Moral Praiseworthiness and Blameworthiness.Dana Kay Nelkin - 2016 - Noûs 50 (2):356-378.
    In everyday life, we assume that there are degrees of blameworthiness and praiseworthiness. Yet the debate about the nature of moral responsibility often focuses on the “yes or no” question of whether indeterminism is required for moral responsibility, while questions about what accounts for more or less blameworthiness or praiseworthiness are underexplored. In this paper, I defend the idea that degrees of blameworthiness and praiseworthiness can depend in part on degrees of difficulty and degrees of sacrifice required for performing (...)
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  8.  68
    The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy.Cora Diamond - 2003 - Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 1 (2).
    I am concerned in this paper with a range of phenomena, which, in the first four sections of the paper, I shall suggest by some examples. In the last three sections, I try to connect the topic thus indicated with the thought of Stanley Cavell. First example: a poem of Ted Hughes’s, from the mid-50s, called “Six Young Men.” […] What Hughes gives us is a case of what I want to call the difficulty of reality. That is a (...)
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  9.  54
    Difficulties in Defining the Concept of God: Kierkegaard in Dialogue with Levinas, Buber, and Rosenzweig.Claudia Welz - 2016 - International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 80 (1):61-83.
    This article investigates difficulties in defining the concept of God by focusing on the question of what it means to understand God as a ‘person.’ This question is explored with respect to the work of Søren Kierkegaard, in dialogue with Franz Rosenzweig, Martin Buber, and Emmanuel Levinas. Thereby, the following three questions regarding divine ‘personhood’ come into view: First, how can God be a partner of dialogue if he at the same time remains unknown and unthinkable, a limit-concept of understanding? (...)
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  10.  34
    The difficulty of thinking Listening to the voices of students in early childhood education.Camilla Kronqvist, Birgit Schaffar & Marina Lundkvist - 2020 - Journal of Philosophy in Schools 7 (1):68.
    This paper addresses the question of how to conceptualise the kind of difficulties students in early childhood education encountered in articulating their thoughts and in listening to others in the initial stages of a CoI. With examples from their course diaries, we illustrate what sense it makes to consider the thinking the CoI promotes as centrally embodied, extended, embedded and enacted. We consider their difficulties, not as external obstacles to expressing their thought, but as difficulties that are internal to thinking (...)
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  11.  23
    New Difficulties for the Past Hypothesis.Sean Gryb - 2021 - Philosophy of Science 88 (3):511-532.
    I argue that explanations for time asymmetry in terms of a ‘Past Hypothesis’ face serious new difficulties. First I strengthen grounds for existing criticism by outlining three categories of criticism that put into question essential requirements of the proposal. Then I provide a new argument showing that any time-independent measure on the space of models of the universe must break a gauge symmetry. The Past Hypothesis then faces a new dilemma: reject a gauge symmetry and introduce a distinction without difference (...)
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  12.  35
    Two Difficulties in Pindar, Pyth. V.H. J. Rose - 1939 - Classical Quarterly 33 (02):69-.
    The following lines are a famous crux: τ μν τι βασιλες σσ μεγαλν πολων ει συγγενς φθαλμς αδοιτατον γρας τε τοτο μειγνμενον φρεν. The reading is that of all MSS., save for the necessary correction αδοιτατον for αδοιςτατον, which will not scan. I have purposely left it without punctuation. The core of the difficulty of course is the word φθαλμς Farnell, it seems to me, has made it abundantly clear that this cannot be literal, for, apart from the oddity (...)
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  13.  18
    Task difficulty and the frustration effect.Ronald R. Schmeck & James L. Bruning - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (3p1):516.
  14.  15
    Relative difficulty of restricted-conjunctive and conjunctive concepts.P. L. Gardner - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (2):211.
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  15.  26
    Difficulties attending the new vocationalism in the USA.Theodore Lewis - 1991 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 25 (1):95–108.
    Theodore Lewis; Difficulties Attending the New Vocationalism in the USA, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 25, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 95–108, http.
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  16.  27
    Conceptual difficulties in modern economic theory.Henry Winthrop - 1945 - Philosophy of Science 12 (1):30-39.
    The use of the marginal concept in academic economic theory is found to underlie a good deal of current orthodox economic analysis. The marginal concept is used by thinkers with a collectivist bent as well as thinkers of an orthodox stamp. Marginal analysis is reasonably serviceable on some occasions but fraught with difficulties on others. When the marginal concept refers to a measurable factor, such as the marginal product of an additional unit of capital, it is unquestionably useful for analysis. (...)
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  17.  67
    Cost and Psychological Difficulty: Two Aspects of Demandingness.Brian McElwee - 2023 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 101 (4):920-935.
    The demandingness of a moral prescription is generally understood exclusively in terms of the welfare costs involved in complying with that prescription. I argue that psychological difficulty is a second aspect of demandingness, whose relevance cannot be reduced to that of welfare costs. Appeal to psychological difficulty explains intuitive verdicts about the permissibility of favouring oneself over others, favouring loved ones over strangers, and favouring one’s short-term good over one’s long-term good. There are also significant implications for the (...)
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  18.  15
    Math difficulties in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder do not originate from the visual number sense.Giovanni Anobile, Mariaelisa Bartoli, Gabriele Masi, Annalisa Tacchi & Francesca Tinelli - 2022 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16:949391.
    There is ample evidence from literature and clinical practice indicating mathematical difficulties in individuals with ADHD, even when there is no concomitant diagnosis of developmental dyscalculia. What factors underlie these difficulties is still an open question. Research on dyscalculia and neurotypical development suggests visual perception of numerosity (the number sense) as a building block for math learning. Participants with lower numerosity estimation thresholds (higher precision) are often those with higher math capabilities. Strangely, the role of numerosity perception in math skills (...)
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  19.  86
    The difficulty of reality and a revolt against mourning.Jonathan Lear - 2018 - European Journal of Philosophy 26 (4):1197-1208.
    This paper considers Cora Diamond's conception of the difficulty of reality. It asks how one might think of this experience of difficulty in relation to Aristotle's conception of happiness (and unhappiness). It then takes up the phenomena of mourning and our conceptions of how to live more or less well with death and loss. It investigates whether a “revolt against mourning” might be understood in terms of the difficulty of reality.
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  20.  32
    Intractable Difficulties in Caring for People With Sickle Cell Disease.Helen Jane Crowther & Ian Kerridge - 2013 - American Journal of Bioethics 13 (4):22 - 24.
    (2013). Intractable Difficulties in Caring for People With Sickle Cell Disease. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 22-24. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2013.767959.
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  21.  75
    Moral Difficulties in Plantinga’s Model of Warranted Christian Belief.Michael W. Austin - 2005 - Philosophy and Theology 17 (1-2):121-132.
    Alvin Plantinga, in Warranted Christian Belief, offers a model for the rationality of a particular version of Christian theistic belief. After briefly summarizing Plantinga’s model, I argue that there are significant moral difficulties present within it. The Christian believer who gives assent to Plantinga’s model is vulnerable tocharges of irrationality and/or immorality when one considers the role and effects of original sin in the model. Similar difficulties arise when one considers a problem posed by religious pluralism for the model. I (...)
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  22.  20
    Ethical difficulties in healthcare: A comparison between physicians and nurses.Cinzia Leuter, Carmen La Cerra, Santina Calisse, Danila Dosa, Cristina Petrucci & Loreto Lancia - 2018 - Nursing Ethics 25 (8):1064-1074.
    Background: Advances in biomedical sciences, technologies and care practices have resulted in an increase in ethical problems and a resulting growth of difficulties encountered by health workers in their professional activity. Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyse knowledge in the ethical field and experience with and the propensity for using ethics consultations by nurses and physicians. Methods: Between March and June 2014, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a sample of 351 nurses and 128 physicians (...)
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  23.  26
    Relative Difficulty of Understanding Foreign Accents as a Marker of Proficiency.Shiri Lev‐Ari, Marieke Heugten & Sharon Peperkamp - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (4):1106-1118.
    Foreign-accented speech is generally harder to understand than native-accented speech. This difficulty is reduced for non-native listeners who share their first language with the non-native speaker. It is currently unclear, however, how non-native listeners deal with foreign-accented speech produced by speakers of a different language. We show that the process of language acquisition is associated with an increase in the relative difficulty of processing foreign-accented speech. Therefore, experiencing greater relative difficulty with foreign-accented speech compared with native speech (...)
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  24.  28
    Overcoming difficulties in Bayesian reasoning: A reply to Lewis and Keren (1999) and Mellers and McGraw (1999).Gerd Gigerenzer & Ulrich Hoffrage - 1999 - Psychological Review 106 (2):425-430.
  25.  57
    Difficulties with the electromagnetic field theory of consciousness.Susan Pockett - 2002 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 9 (4):51-56.
    The author's version of the electromagnetic field theory of consciousness is stated briefly and then three difficulties with the theory are discussed. The first is a purely technical problem: how to measure accurately enough the spatial properties of the fields which are proposed to be conscious and then how to generate these artificially, so that the theory can be tested. The second difficulty might also be merely technical, or it might be substantive and fatal to the theory. This is (...)
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  26.  11
    The difficulty of prayer: An investigation into the spiritual theology of Rahner.Jos Moons - 2007 - Bijdragen 68 (2):162-184.
    This article focuses on three questions. First it tries to understand why the difficulty man experiences when he is praying, is an inherent part of prayer. Everyone who prays, will experience that God is intangible. Rahner’s analysis of the human transcendental experience is a help in understanding this experience. Rahner shows that humans, by interacting in the concrete world, are capable of going beyond it. In deeds of for example love, freedom, wisdom one transcends concrete existence, and experiences to (...)
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  27.  4
    Difficulties of Interpreting the Concept of "Human Rights": A Logical and Philosophical Aspect.Olena Shcherbyna & Serghiy Zayets - 2024 - Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Philosophy 1 (10):57-62.
    B a c k g r o u n d. The article examines the concept of human rights. This concept in modern philosophical discourse is both vague and imprecise. Although most authors recognize the lack of unanimity in the definition of the concept of human rights, few have tried to find out the reasons for this situation. The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of the problematic definition of the concept of human rights by means of a (...)
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  28. A difficulty for the possible worlds analysis of counterfactuals.Kit Fine - 2012 - Synthese 189 (1):29-57.
    I present a puzzle concerning counterfactual reasoning and argue that it should be solved by giving up the principle of substitution for logical equivalents.
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  29.  18
    Task difficulty and drive in verbal learning.R. R. Standish & R. A. Champion - 1960 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (6):361.
  30.  18
    Difficulties in Learning Thermodynamic Concepts Are They Linked to the Historical Development of this Field?María I. Cotignola, Clelia Bordogna, Graciela Punte & Osvaldo M. Cappannini - 2002 - Science & Education 11 (3):279-291.
  31.  39
    The Difficulties of Mercy: Reading Thomas Aquinas on Misericordia.Robert C. Miner - 2015 - Studies in Christian Ethics 28 (1):70-85.
    In the Questions on charity in the ST (2a2ae, qq. 23-46), Aquinas considers at length the vices opposed to charity, omitting altogether any Question on a vice opposed to mercy. What does the omission reveal about mercy and its difficulties? First, I reject ready-to-hand explanations of the omission. Second, I consider the relation between mercy and compassion, showing that for Thomas the primary impediments to compassion are less vices than psychological forces irreducible to any single vice. Third, I turn to (...)
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  32.  40
    On Difficulties Facing the Formulation of the Doctrine of Supervenience.Robin Brown - 2009 - Croatian Journal of Philosophy 9 (2):191-200.
    The introductory section discusses supervenience and the role it plays in formulating contemporary physicalism. The section concludes with the definition of local supervenience used by Kim in the causal-exclusion argument. The second section outlines an abstract model for the analysis of supervenience, associating total mental states with total states of the nervous system. It is argued that Kim’s formulation confuses two orders of necessity: a metaphysical necessity attaching to the supervenience of the total mental state, and a nomological necessity attaching (...)
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  33.  79
    On the difficulty of making social choices.Hannu Nurmi - 1995 - Theory and Decision 38 (1):99-119.
    The difficulty of making social choices seems to take on two forms: one that is related to both preferences and the method used in aggregating them and one which is related to the preferences only. In the former type the difficulty has to do with the discrepancies of outcomes resulting from various preference aggregation methods and the computation of winners in elections. Some approaches and results which take their motivation from the computability theory are discussed. The latter ‘institution-free’ (...)
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  34.  33
    Some difficulties involved in locating the truth behind conscientious objection in medicine.Steve Clarke - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (10):679-680.
    Inspired by Smith, Ben-Moshe suggests that we should only accommodate conscientious objections (COs) in medicine based on moral beliefs that are true, or which closely approximate to the truth. He suggests that we can identify moral truths by consulting our consciences when our consciences adopt the standpoint of an impartial spectator. He also suggests some (surprisingly modest) changes to our current practices in regard to the management of CO in medicine that would be needed were his proposal to be adopted. (...)
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  35.  30
    The Difficulties in Using Weak Relevant Logics for Naive Set Theory.Erik Istre & Maarten McKubre-Jordens - 2019 - In Can Başkent & Thomas Macaulay Ferguson (eds.), Graham Priest on Dialetheism and Paraconsistency. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. pp. 365-381.
    We discuss logical difficulties with the naive set theory based on the weak relevant logic DKQ. These are induced by the restrictive nature of the relevant conditional and its interaction with set theory. The paper concludes with some possible ways to mitigate these difficulties.
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  36.  57
    The difficulty of reconciliation.Rajeev Bhargava - 2012 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 38 (4-5):369-377.
    Two notions of reconciliation exist. The weak or thin conception is akin to ‘resignation’. It is sought by groups that have waged war against one another but have come to the realization that neither can win. Reconciliation in this sense results from an enforced lowering of expectations. In the stronger sense, reconciliation means a virtual cancellation of enmity or estrangement via a morally grounded forgiveness, achievable only when conflicting groups acknowledge collective responsibility for past injustice, and shed their deep prejudices (...)
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  37.  58
    Difficulties with synaptic theory of learning and memory and possible remedies.Mikhail N. Zhadin - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (4):550-551.
    The absence of a clear influence of an animal's behavioral responses to Hebbian associative learning in the cerebral cortex requires some changes in the Hebbian learning rules. The participation of the brain monoaminergic systems in Hebbian associative learning is considered.
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  38.  15
    Children With Mathematical Learning Difficulties Are Sluggish in Disengaging Attention.Xiaoxian Zhang, Wanlu Fu, Licheng Xue, Jing Zhao & Zhiguo Wang - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:424953.
    Mathematical learning difficulties (MLD) refer to a variety of deficits in math skills, typically pertaining to the domains of arithmetic and problem solving. The present study examined the time course of attentional orienting in MLD children with a spatial cueing task, by parametrically manipulating the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, in contrast to typical developing children, the inhibitory aftereffect of attentional orienting—frequently referred to as inhibition of return (IOR)—was not observed in the MLD children, (...)
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  39.  3
    The difficulty of seeing the world differently: a pedagogical and ethical aspect of moral persuasion.Hirotaka Sugita - 2024 - Ethics and Education 19 (4):579-592.
    This study examines the grammar of moral persuasion that leads to moral outlook transformation, exploring Cora Diamond’s insights in the ‘difficulty of reality’ (2008) and Wittgenstein’s concept of aspect change. Using J. M. Coetzee’s The Lives of Animals, Diamond illustrates the gulf between the character’s experiences and the audience’s interpretive deflections, highlighting the limitations of rational arguments in moral persuasion. Drawing on Wittgenstein, Diamond argues that we should imaginatively consider what seems nonsense as sense and understand the speaker’s intention (...)
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  40. Difficulties in the contemporary German initiative of searching for the''true image''and further development of modern philosophical thinking.M. Carnogurska - 1996 - Filozofia 51 (11):739-746.
     
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  41.  8
    Difficulties Experienced by Older Listeners in Utilizing Voice Cues for Speaker Discrimination.Yael Zaltz & Liat Kishon-Rabin - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Human listeners are assumed to apply different strategies to improve speech recognition in background noise. Young listeners with normal hearing, e.g., have been shown to follow the voice of a particular speaker based on the fundamental and formant frequencies, which are both influenced by the gender, age, and size of the speaker. However, the auditory and cognitive processes that underlie the extraction and discrimination of these voice cues across speakers may be subject to age-related decline. The present study aimed to (...)
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  42.  42
    Deduction Difficulties.Robert Howell - 2018 - Kantian Review 23 (1):111-121.
    I argue, contrary to Dennis Schulting inKant’s Radical Subjectivism, that the main reasoning of Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories is progressive, not regressive. Schulting is right, however, to emphasize that the deduction takes the object cognized to be constituted in an idealism-entailing way. But his reasoning has gaps and bypasses Kant’s most explicit deduction argument, independent of the Transcendental Aesthetic, for idealism. Finally, Schulting’s claim that Kantian discursivity itself requires idealism overlooks the fact that Kantian general judgements can be (...)
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  43.  8
    The Difficulty of Avoiding being Wise after the Event.Joseph Agassi - 1963 - History and Theory 2:51-54.
  44.  20
    Contextualising Difficulties in Literacy Development: Exploring Politics, Culture, Ethnicity and Ethics.Janet Soler, Janice Wearmouth & Gavin Reid (eds.) - 2002 - Routledgefalmer.
    This book provides a range of interdisciplinary and international perspectives on difficulties in literacy development. The high-profile team of contributors provide ethical and policy discussions, as well as contextualizing individual and collective strategies to addressing difficulties in literacy development. The chapters break new ground by encompassing a wide range of perspectives related to critical literacy, socio-cultural, cognitive, and psychological viewpoints, to help inform practice, policy and research into literacy difficulties. This book will be of interest to postgraduate students, teachers, researchers, (...)
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  45.  12
    Difficulties and relevance of a neuroethological approach to neurobiology.F. Clarac - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (3):383.
  46.  16
    Some Difficulties in Proposing a Mathematical Isomorphism to Interpret Wittgenstein’s Tractatus.Marcos Silva - 2016 - Prometeus: Filosofia em Revista 9 (21).
    Here I present some arguments against an alleged mathematical isomorphic relation between elementary propositions and states of affairs in the Tractatus. This is a standard proposal to understand the world-language relation in Wittgenstein’s early philosophy. I advocate that the application of this type of isomorphism in the Tractarian conceptual framework conflicts with some of its philosophical peculiarities. This technical approach especially overlooks some crucial Tractarian tenets, such as a sharp modal distinction between form and structure and Wittgenstein’s rejection of a (...)
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  47.  29
    Difficulties of demonstrating the possession of concepts.Ernst von Glasersfeld - 1988 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (4):601-602.
  48.  42
    Internal and External Difficulties in Moral Education.Jau Wei Dan - 2012 - Educational Philosophy and Theory 44 (10):1133-1146.
    Certain difficulties pervade the course of moral education and in this essay a broad picture of these shall be sketched. Moral educators need to understand the problems they will face if they intend to enhance their performance; this includes knowing the limits of moral education, and not going beyond their capacities. These difficulties may be put in two groups, one internal, which is within the control of moral educators; the other external, which is beyond the control of moral educators. Internal (...)
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  49. Some difficulties concerning Russellian intensional logic.C. Anthony Anderson - 1986 - Noûs 20 (1):35-43.
  50. Hume's Difficulty: Time and Identity in the Treatise.Donald L. M. Baxter - 2007 - New York: Routledge.
    In this volume--the first, focused study of Hume on time and identity--Baxter focuses on Hume’s treatment of the concept of numerical identity, which is central to Hume's famous discussions of the external world and personal identity. Hume raises a long unappreciated, and still unresolved, difficulty with the concept of identity: how to represent something as "a medium betwixt unity and number." Superficial resemblance to Frege’s famous puzzle has kept the difficulty in the shadows. Hume’s way of addressing it (...)
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