Results for ' discoveries'

962 found
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  1. Hoboken.Discovery Space - 1994 - Science Education 78 (2):137-148.
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  2.  16
    Thomas Nickles.Heuristic Appraisal & Context of Discovery Or Justification - 2006 - In Jutta Schickore & Friedrich Steinle, Revisiting Discovery and Justification: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the Context Distinction. Springer. pp. 159.
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  3. A Chronology of Nalin Ranasinghe; Forward: To Nalin, My Dazzling Friend / Gwendalin Grewal ; Introduction: To Bet on the Soul / Predrag Cicovacki ; Part I: The Soul in Dialogue. Lanya's Search for Soul / Percy Mark ; Heart to Heart: The Self-Transcending Soul's Desire for the Transcendent / Roger Corriveau ; The Soul of Heloise / Predrag Cicovacki ; Got Soul : Black Women and Intellectualism / Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou ; The Soul and Ecology / Rebecca Bratten Weiss ; Rousseau's Divine Botany and the Soul / Alexandra Cook ; Diderot on Inconstancy in the Soul / Miran Božovič ; Dialogue in Love as a Constitutive Act of Human Spirit / Alicja Pietras. Part II: The Soul in Reflection. Why Do We Tell Stories in Philosophy? A Circumstantial Proof of the Existence of the Soul / Jure Simoniti ; The Soul of Socrates / Roger Crisp ; Care for the Soul of Plato / Vitomir Mitevski ; Soul, Self, and Immortality / Chris Megone ; Morality, Personality, the Human Soul / Ruben Apressyan ; Strategi. [REVIEW]Wayne Cristaudoappendix: Nalin Ranasinghe'S. Last Written Essay What About the Laestrygonians? The Odyssey'S. Dialectic Of Disaster, Deceit & Discovery - 2021 - In Predrag Cicovacki, The human soul: essays in honor of Nalin Ranasinghe. Wilmington, Dela.: Vernon Press.
  4. Collective Discovery Events: Web-based Mathematical Problem-solving with Codelets.Ioannis M. Vandoulakis, Harry Foundalis, Maricarmen Martínez & Petros Stefaneas - 2014 - In Tarek R. Besold, Marco Schorlemmer & Alan Smaill, Computational Creativity Research: Towards Creative Machines. Springer, Atlantis Thinking Machines (Book 7), Atlantis. pp. 371-392.
    While collaboration has always played an important role in many cases of discovery and creation, recent developments such as the web facilitate and encourage collaboration at scales never seen before, even in areas such as mathematics, where contributions by single individuals have historically been the norm. This new scenario poses a challenge at the theoretical level, as it brings out the importance of various issues which, as of yet, have not been sufficiently central to the study of problem-solving, discovery, and (...)
     
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  5.  66
    Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Processes.Malcolm R. Forster - 1987 - MIT Press (MA).
    Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative - and hence unanalyzable - whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human (...)
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  6.  46
    Multiple discoveries, inevitability, and scientific realism.Luca Tambolo & Gustavo Cevolani - 2021 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 90 (December 2021):30-38.
    When two or more (groups of) researchers independently investigating the same domain arrive at the same result, a multiple discovery occurs. The pervasiveness of multiple discoveries in science suggests the intuition that they are in some sense inevitable—that one should view them as results that force themselves upon us, so to speak. We argue that, despite the intuitive force of such an “inevitabilist insight,” one should reject it. More specifically, we distinguish two facets of the insight and argue that: (...)
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  7. Discovery and explanation in biology and medicine.Kenneth F. Schaffner - 1993 - Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Kenneth F. Schaffner compares the practice of biological and medical research and shows how traditional topics in philosophy of science—such as the nature of theories and of explanation—can illuminate the life sciences. While Schaffner pays some attention to the conceptual questions of evolutionary biology, his chief focus is on the examples that immunology, human genetics, neuroscience, and internal medicine provide for examinations of the way scientists develop, examine, test, and apply theories. Although traditional philosophy of science has regarded scientific discovery—the (...)
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  8.  77
    Causal Discovery and the Problem of Psychological Interventions.Markus Eronen - 2020 - New Ideas in Psychology 59:100785.
    Finding causes is a central goal in psychological research. In this paper, I argue based on the interventionist approach to causal discovery that the search for psychological causes faces great obstacles. Psychological interventions are likely to be fat-handed: they change several variables simultaneously, and it is not known to what extent such interventions give leverage for causal inference. Moreover, due to problems of measurement, the degree to which an intervention was fat-handed, or more generally, what the intervention in fact did, (...)
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  9.  13
    The Discovery of Dynamics: A Study From a Machian Point of View of the Discovery.Julian B. Barbour - 1989 - Cambridge, England: Oxford University Press USA.
    Ever since Newton created dynamics, there has been controversy about its foundations. Are space and time absolute? Do they form a rigid but invisible framework and container of the universe? Or are space, time, and motion relative? If so, does Newton's 'framework' arise through the influence of the universe at large, as Ernst Mach suggested? Einstein's aim when creating his general theory of relativity was to demonstrate this and thereby implement 'Mach's Principle'. However, it is widely believed that he achieved (...)
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  10.  8
    On Discovery.Polydore Vergil & Brian P. Copenhaver - 2002 - Harvard University Press.
    On Discovery became a key reference for anyone who wanted to know about "firsts" in theology, philosophy, science, technology, literature, language, law, material culture, and other fields. Polydore took his information from dozens of Greek, Roman, biblical, and Patristic authorities. His main point was to show that many Greek and Roman claims for discovery were false and that ancient Jews or other Asian peoples had priority.
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  11.  98
    Discovery and justification.Carl R. Kordig - 1978 - Philosophy of Science 45 (1):110-117.
    The distinction between discovery and justification is ambiguous. This obscures the debate over a logic of discovery. For the debate presupposes the distinction. Real discoveries are well established. What is well established is justified. The proper distinctions are three: initial thinking, plausibility, and acceptability. Logic is not essential to initial thinking. We do not need good supporting reasons to initially think of an hypothesis. Initial thoughts need be neither plausible nor acceptable. Logic is essential, as Hanson noted, to both (...)
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  12.  96
    Discovery without a ‘logic’ would be a miracle.Benjamin C. Jantzen - 2016 - Synthese 193 (10).
    Scientists routinely solve the problem of supplementing one’s store of variables with new theoretical posits that can explain the previously inexplicable. The banality of success at this task obscures a remarkable fact. Generating hypotheses that contain novel variables and accurately project over a limited amount of additional data is so difficult—the space of possibilities so vast—that succeeding through guesswork is overwhelmingly unlikely despite a very large number of attempts. And yet scientists do generate hypotheses of this sort in very few (...)
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  13.  68
    Justification, Discovery, Reason & Argument.Larry Wright - 2001 - Argumentation 15 (1):97-104.
    In distinguishing justification from discovery, the logical empiricists hoped to avoid confusing causal matters with normative ones. Exaggerating the virtue of this distinction, however, has disguised from us important features of the concept of a reason as it functions in human practice. Surfacing those features gives some insight into reasoning and argument.
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  14. Discovery science: 14th International Conference, DS 2011, Espoo, Finland, October 5-7, 2011: proceedings.Tapio Elomaa, Jaakko Hollmén & Heikki Mannila (eds.) - 2011 - Heidelberg: Springer.
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  15. Automated discovery systems and scientific realism.Piotr Giza - 2002 - Minds and Machines 12 (1):105-117.
    In the paper I explore the relations between a relatively new and quickly expanding branch of artificial intelligence –- the automated discovery systems –- and some new views advanced in the old debate over scientific realism. I focus my attention on one such system, GELL-MANN, designed in 1990 at Wichita State University. The program's task was to analyze elementary particle data available in 1964 and formulate an hypothesis (or hypotheses) about a `hidden', more simple structure of matter, or to put (...)
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  16.  10
    Discovery science: 13th international conference, DS 2010, Canberra, Australia, October 6-8, 2010: proceedings.Bernhard Pfahringer, Geoffrey Holmes & Achim Hoffmann (eds.) - 2010 - New York: Springer.
    The LNAI series reports state-of-the-art results in artificial intelligence research, development, and education, at a high level and in both printed and electronic form.
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  17. Discovery, theory change and structural realism.Daniel James McArthur - 2011 - Synthese 179 (3):361 - 376.
    In this paper I consider two accounts of scientific discovery, Robert Hudson's and Peter Achinstein's. I assess their relative success and I show that while both approaches are similar in promising ways, and address experimental discoveries well, they could address the concerns of the discovery sceptic more explicitly than they do. I also explore the implications of their inability to address purely theoretical discoveries, such as those often made in mathematical physics. I do so by showing that extending (...)
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  18.  5
    Recent Discoveries and their Impact on Jurists.Sabreen Ali Muhammad - forthcoming - Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture:392-403.
    This research deals with a very important topic, which is modern discoveries and their impact on jurists. I have dealt with the concept of modern discoveries and their impact on the science of objectives, and the relationship of modern discoveries to the science of objectives. I have dealt with applications of the impact of modern discoveries on jurists, namely the ruling on artificial insemination, egg transfer, embryo freezing, and the adoption of astronomical calculations in determining the (...)
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  19. Evolutionary Discovery of Fuzzy Concepts in Data.Lewis L. H. Chung & Keith C. C. Chan - 2003 - Brain and Mind 4 (2):253-268.
    Given a set of objects characterized by a number of attributes, hidden patterns can be discovered in them for the grouping of similar objects into clusters. If each of these clusters can be considered as exemplifying a certain concept, then the problem concerned can be referred to as a concept discovery problem. This concept discovery problem can be solved to some extent by existing data clustering techniques. However, they may not be applicable when the concept involved is vague in nature (...)
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  20.  40
    Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering.Aharon Kantorovich - 1993 - State University of New York Press.
    The main message of this volume is that the creative process of discovery is not a purely rational enterprise in the traditional sense which equates rationality with logical reasoning, yet it is a manifestation of a universal phenomenon ...
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  21. Higgs Discovery and the Look Elsewhere Effect.Richard Dawid - 2015 - Philosophy of Science 82 (1):76-96.
    The discovery of the Higgs particle required a signal of 5σ significance. The rigid application of that condition is a convention that disregards more specific aspects of the given experiment. In particular, it does not account for the characteristics of the look elsewhere effect in the individual experimental context. The paper relates this aspect of data analysis to the question as to what extent theoretical reasoning should be admitted to play a role in the assessment of the significance of empirical (...)
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  22. Justification, discovery and the naturalizing of epistemology.Harvey Siegel - 1980 - Philosophy of Science 47 (2):297-321.
    Reichenbach's well-known distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification has recently come under attack from several quarters. In this paper I attempt to reconsider the distinction and evaluate various recent criticisms of it. These criticisms fall into two main groups: those which directly challenge Reichenbach's distinction; and those which (I argue) indirectly but no less seriously challenge that distinction by rejecting the related distinction between psychology and epistemology, and defending the "naturalizing" of epistemology. I argue that (...)
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  23.  70
    Machine discovery.Herbert Simon - 1995 - Foundations of Science 1 (2):171-200.
    Human and machine discovery are gradual problem-solving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects. Research on problem solving has usually focused on search of an instance space (empirical exploration) and a hypothesis space (generation of theories). In scientific discovery, search must often extend to other spaces as well: spaces of possible problems, of new or improved scientific instruments, of new problem representations, of new concepts, and others. This paper focuses especially on the processes for finding new (...)
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  24. Discovery, Language, and Machines.Jan G. Michel - manuscript
    This habilitation thesis explores the foundations of scientific discovery by examining the roles of language, conceptual structures, and artificial intelligence in knowledge production. It contributes to the emerging field of the philosophy of scientific discovery by addressing fundamental questions: What constitutes a scientific discovery? What structural features characterize discovery processes? How do language and naming practices shape scientific progress? And to what extent can machines participate in or even independently generate discoveries? Drawing from case studies in biology, epistemology, and (...)
     
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  25. Discovery, Language, and Machines.Jan G. Michel - 2023 - Dissertation, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
    This habilitation thesis explores the foundations of scientific discovery by examining the roles of language, conceptual structures, and artificial intelligence in knowledge production. It contributes to the emerging field of the philosophy of scientific discovery by addressing fundamental questions: What constitutes a scientific discovery? What structural features characterize discovery processes? How do language and naming practices shape scientific progress? And to what extent can machines participate in or even independently generate discoveries? Drawing from case studies in biology, epistemology, and (...)
     
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  26.  70
    The Discovery of the Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought.Bruno Snell - 2013 - Harper & Row.
    European thought begins with the Greeks. Scientific and philosophic thinking--the pursuit of truth and the grasping of unchanging principles of life--is a historical development, an achievement; and, as Bruno Snell writes in The Discovery of the Mind, nothing less than a revolution. The Greeks did not take mental resources already at their disposal and merely map out new subjects for discussion and investigation. In poetry, drama, and philosophy they in fact discovered the human mind. The stages in man's gradual understanding (...)
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  27. The Discovery of the Expanding Universe: Philosophical and Historical Dimensions.Patrick M. Duerr & Abigail Holmes - manuscript
    What constitutes a scientific discovery? What role do discoveries play in science, its dynamics and social practices? Must every discovery be attributed to an individual discoverer (or a small number of discoverers)? The paper explores these questions by first critically examining extant philosophical explications of scientific discovery—the models of scientific discovery, propounded by Kuhn, McArthur, Hudson, and Schindler. As a simple, natural and powerful alternative, we proffer the “change-driver model”: in a nutshell, it takes discoveries to be cognitive (...)
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  28.  30
    Scientific Discovery: Case Studies.Thomas Nickles - 1980 - Taylor & Francis.
    The history of science is articulated by moments of discovery. Yet, these 'moments' are not simple or isolated events in science. Just as a scientific discovery illuminates our understanding of nature or of society, and reveals new connections among phenomena, so too does the history of scientific activity and the analysis of scientific reasoning illuminate the processes which give rise to moments of discovery and the complex network of consequences which follow upon such moments. Understanding discovery has not been, until (...)
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  29. The discovery of archaea: from observed anomaly to consequential restructuring of the phylogenetic tree.Michael Fry - 2024 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 46 (2):1-38.
    Observational and experimental discoveries of new factual entities such as objects, systems, or processes, are major contributors to some advances in the life sciences. Yet, whereas discovery of theories was extensively deliberated by philosophers of science, very little philosophical attention was paid to the discovery of factual entities. This paper examines historical and philosophical aspects of the experimental discovery by Carl Woese of archaea, prokaryotes that comprise one of the three principal domains of the phylogenetic tree. Borrowing Kuhn’s terminology, (...)
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  30.  85
    Credit for discoveries: Citation data as a basis for history of science analysis.B. I. B. Lindahl, Aant Elzinga & Alfred Welljams-Dorof - 1998 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 19 (6):609-620.
    Citation data have become an increasingly significant source of information for historians, sociologists, and other researchers studying the evolution of science. In the past few decades elaborate methodologies have been developed for the use of citation data in the study of the modern history of science. This article focuses on how citation indexes make it possible to trace the background and development of discoveries as well as to assess the credit that publishing scientists assign to particular discoverers. Kuhn's notion (...)
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  31.  18
    The Discovery of Things: Aristotle's Categories and Their Context.Wolfgang-Rainer Mann - 2020 - Princeton University Press.
    Aristotle's Categories can easily seem to be a statement of a naïve, pre-philosophical ontology, centered around ordinary items. Wolfgang-Rainer Mann argues that the treatise, in fact, presents a revolutionary metaphysical picture, one Aristotle arrives at by (implicitly) criticizing Plato and Plato's strange counterparts, the "Late-Learners" of the Sophist. As Mann shows, the Categories reflects Aristotle's discovery that ordinary items are things (objects with properties). Put most starkly, Mann contends that there were no things before Aristotle. The author's argument consists of (...)
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  32.  30
    The discovery of time.Stephen Toulmin - 1965 - New York: Octagon Books. Edited by June Goodfield.
    "A discussion of the historical development of our ideas of time as they relate to nature, human nature and society. . . . The excellence of The Discovery of Time is unquestionable."--Martin Lebowitz, The Kenyon Review.
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  33.  75
    Scientific Discovery Reloaded.Emiliano Ippoliti - 2020 - Topoi 39 (4):847-856.
    The way scientific discovery has been conceptualized has changed drastically in the last few decades: its relation to logic, inference, methods, and evolution has been deeply reloaded. The ‘philosophical matrix’ moulded by logical empiricism and analytical tradition has been challenged by the ‘friends of discovery’, who opened up the way to a rational investigation of discovery. This has produced not only new theories of discovery, but also new ways of practicing it in a rational and more systematic way. Ampliative rules, (...)
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  34.  47
    Causal Discovery and the Problem of Ignorance. An Adaptive Logic Approach.Bert Leuridan - 2009 - Journal of Applied Logic 7 (2):188-205.
    In this paper, I want to substantiate three related claims regarding causal discovery from non-experimental data. Firstly, in scientific practice, the problem of ignorance is ubiquitous, persistent, and far-reaching. Intuitively, the problem of ignorance bears upon the following situation. A set of random variables V is studied but only partly tested for (conditional) independencies; i.e. for some variables A and B it is not known whether they are (conditionally) independent. Secondly, Judea Pearl’s most meritorious and influential algorithm for causal discovery (...)
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  35. Discoveries and the Paronymy of General Terms.Jan G. Michel - 2024 - In Green Mitchell & Michel Jan G., William Lycan on Mind, Meaning, and Method. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–190.
    Building on William G. Lycan’s insight that proper names are paronymous, I pursue two goals in this paper: I argue that Lycan’s insight is not restricted to proper names, but can be extended to include certain general terms, and I aim to demonstrate how this contributes to a better understanding of sentences in the context of scientific discovery. To this end, I first address the question of how to best grasp the largely unknown concept of paronymy by tracing it back (...)
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  36. Abduction − the context of discovery + underdetermination = inference to the best explanation.Mousa Mohammadian - 2021 - Synthese 198 (5):4205-4228.
    The relationship between Peircean abduction and the modern notion of Inference to the Best Explanation is a matter of dispute. Some philosophers, such as Harman :88–95, 1965) and Lipton, claim that abduction and IBE are virtually the same. Others, however, hold that they are quite different :503, 1998; Minnameier in Erkenntnis 60:75–105, 2004) and there is no link between them :419–442, 2009). In this paper, I argue that neither of these views is correct. I show that abduction and IBE have (...)
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  37. (1 other version)On serendipity in science: discovery at the intersection of chance and wisdom.Samantha M. Copeland - 2017 - Synthese (6):1-22.
    ‘Serendipity’ is a category used to describe discoveries in science that occur at the intersection of chance and wisdom. In this paper, I argue for understanding serendipity in science as an emergent property of scientific discovery, describing an oblique relationship between the outcome of a discovery process and the intentions that drove it forward. The recognition of serendipity is correlated with an acknowledgment of the limits of expectations about potential sources of knowledge. I provide an analysis of serendipity in (...)
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  38. Scientific Discovery Through Fictionally Modelling Reality.Fiora Salis - 2018 - Topoi 39 (4):927-937.
    How do scientific models represent in a way that enables us to discover new truths about reality and draw inferences about it? Contemporary accounts of scientific discovery answer this question by focusing on the cognitive mechanisms involved in the generation of new ideas and concepts in terms of a special sort of reasoning—or model-based reasoning—involving imagery. Alternatively, I argue that answering this question requires that we recognise the crucial role of the propositional imagination in the construction and development of models (...)
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  39. Discovery and confirmation in evolutionary psychology.Edouard Machery - unknown - In Jesse J. Prinz, The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Psychology. Oxford University Press.
    The defining insight of evolutionary psychology consists of bringing considerations drawn from evolutionary biology to bear on the study of human psychology. So characterized, evolutionary psychology encompasses a large range of views about the nature and evolution of human psychology as well as diverging opinions about the proper method for studying them.1 In this article, I propose to clarify and evaluate various aspects of evolutionary psychologists’ methodology, with a special focus on their heuristics of discovery—i.e., their methods for developing plausible (...)
     
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  40.  27
    Causal Discovery and MIMIC Models.Alexander Murray-Watters - 2013 - Dissertation,
    This thesis presents an alternative method for the detection of MIMIC models. Previous methods (such as factor analysis) suffer from a number of significant aws and limitations, which the new method (a causal search algorithm) doesn't suffer. A new algorithm is introduced, followed by a worked-through example of its application. Discussion focuses on some of the limiting assumptions the algorithm currently requires. Finally, recommendations for future work address improvements of the algorithm, as well as its applicability.
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  41.  57
    Discovery and creation in music.Donald Walhout - 1986 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 45 (2):193-195.
  42.  65
    Collaborative Discovery in a Scientific Domain.Takeshi Okada & Herbert A. Simon - 1997 - Cognitive Science 21 (2):109-146.
    This study compares Pairs of subjects with Single subjects in a task of discovering scientific laws with the aid of experiments. Subjects solved a molecular genetics task in a computer micro‐world (Dunbar, 1993). Pairs were more successful in discovery than Singles and participated more actively in explanatory activities (i.e., entertaining hypotheses and considering alternative ideas and justifications). Explanatory activities were effective for discovery only when the subjects also conducted crucial experiments. Explanatory activities were facilitated when paired subjects made requests of (...)
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  43.  16
    My favourite molecule: Discovery of the nucleolar targeting signal.Masakazu Hatanaka - 1990 - Bioessays 12 (3):143-148.
    The discovery of the signal peptides that direct proteins to localize at the nucleolus is described here. The nucleolar targeting signal termed the NOS consists of clustered basic amino acids organized such that a portion also functions as the nuclear transporting signal. Although a NOS has been identified within the regulatory genes of human retroviruses, HTLV‐I and HIV‐I, signals of similar function in cellular proteins – such as heat shock proteins – may be induced through the configurational change of protein (...)
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  44.  29
    Chaperone discovery.Shu Quan & James Ca Bardwell - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (11):973-981.
    Molecular chaperones assist de novo protein folding and facilitate the refolding of stress‐denatured proteins. The molecular chaperone concept was coined nearly 35 years ago, and since then, tremendous strides have been made in understanding how these factors support protein folding. Here, we focus on how various chaperone proteins were first identified to play roles in protein folding. Examples are used to illustrate traditional routes of chaperone discovery and point out their advantages and limitations. Recent advances, including the development of folding (...)
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  45.  28
    Galápagos: Discovery on Darwin's Islands. David W. Steadman, Steven Zousmer.Robert Bowman - 1990 - Isis 81 (1):122-123.
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  46.  24
    Discovery, private property and the theory of justice in capitalist society.Israel M. Kirzner - 1990 - Journal des Economistes Et des Etudes Humaines 1 (3):209-224.
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  47.  31
    Socrates' discovery: Some historical reflections.Peter Kivy - 1981 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 39 (3):303-314.
  48. Discovery, theory change, and the Nobel prize: On the mechanisms of scientific evolution. An introduction.B. I. B. Lindahl - 1992 - Theoretical Medicine 13 (2):97-116.
  49.  1
    The discovery of God.James Henry Snowden - 1932 - New York,: The Macmillan company.
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  50.  56
    The Discovery-Justification Distinction and the New Historiography of Science: On Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures.Pablo Melogno - 2019 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 9 (1):152-178.
    I will examine the first of Thomas Kuhn’s Thalheimer Lectures delivered in 1984, with the purpose of establishing a connection between Kuhn’s historiographical thought and his criticism of the traditional distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification, or, as I call it, the DJ distinction. In order to do this, I will start by exploring the Kuhnian view of the so-called static approach in philosophy of science, taking as my main reference the work of Bacon, Descartes, (...)
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