Results for ' reward'

980 found
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  1. Reward Prediction Error Signals are Meta‐Representational.Nicholas Shea - 2014 - Noûs 48 (2):314-341.
    1. Introduction 2. Reward-Guided Decision Making 3. Content in the Model 4. How to Deflate a Metarepresentational Reading Proust and Carruthers on metacognitive feelings 5. A Deflationary Treatment of RPEs? 5.1 Dispensing with prediction errors 5.2 What is use of the RPE focused on? 5.3 Alternative explanations—worldly correlates 5.4 Contrast cases 6. Conclusion Appendix: Temporal Difference Learning Algorithms.
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  2.  42
    Can rewards induce corresponding forms of theft? Introducing the reward‐theft parity effect.Jeff S. Johnson, Scott B. Friend & Sina Esteky - 2022 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 31 (3):846-858.
    Rewards are reinforcement mechanisms that organizations use to shape desirable employee behaviors. However, rewards may also have unintended consequences, such as building expectations for receiving extra benefits and weakening employee barriers to unethical acts. This article investigates the dark side of the reward–behavior association, and exploring what is referred to as the reward–theft parity effect (RTPE). The authors hypothesize that receiving rewards induces a corresponding type of theft. In Study 1, survey results (n = 634) show initial support (...)
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  3.  10
    Reward enhancement of item-location associative memory spreads to similar items within a category.Evan Grandoit, Michael S. Cohen & Paul J. Reber - 2024 - Cognition and Emotion 38 (8):1180-1195.
    The experience of a reward appears to enhance memory for recent prior events, adaptively making that information more available to guide future decision-making. Here, we tested whether reward enhances memory for associative item-location information and also whether the effect of reward spreads to other categorically-related but unrewarded items. Participants earned either points (Experiment 1) or money (Experiment 2) through a time-estimation reward task, during which stimuli-location pairings around a 2D-ring were shown followed by either high-value or (...)
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  4. The reward event and motivation.Carolyn R. Morillo - 1990 - Journal of Philosophy 87 (4):169-186.
    In philosophy, the textbook case for the discussion of human motivation is the examination (and almost always, the refutation) of psychological egoism. The arguments have become part of the folklore of our tribe, from their inclusion in countless introductory texts. [...] One of my central aims has been to define the issues empirically, so we do not just settle them by definition. Although I am inclined at present to put my bets on the reward-event theory, with its internalism, monism, (...)
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  5. (1 other version)Deep and beautiful. The reward prediction error hypothesis of dopamine.Matteo Colombo - 2014 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 45 (1):57-67.
    According to the reward-prediction error hypothesis of dopamine, the phasic activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain signals a discrepancy between the predicted and currently experienced reward of a particular event. It can be claimed that this hypothesis is deep, elegant and beautiful, representing one of the largest successes of computational neuroscience. This paper examines this claim, making two contributions to existing literature. First, it draws a comprehensive historical account of the main steps that led to the formulation (...)
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  6. Reward versus risk in uncertain inference: Theorems and simulations.Gerhard Schurz & Paul D. Thorn - 2012 - Review of Symbolic Logic 5 (4):574-612.
    Systems of logico-probabilistic reasoning characterize inference from conditional assertions that express high conditional probabilities. In this paper we investigate four prominent LP systems, the systems _O, P_, _Z_, and _QC_. These systems differ in the number of inferences they licence _. LP systems that license more inferences enjoy the possible reward of deriving more true and informative conclusions, but with this possible reward comes the risk of drawing more false or uninformative conclusions. In the first part of the (...)
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  7.  31
    Partial reward either following or preceding consistent reward: A case of reinforcement level.E. J. Capaldi - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (6):954.
  8.  55
    The Role of Rewards in Motivating Participation in Simple Warfare.Luke Glowacki & Richard W. Wrangham - 2013 - Human Nature 24 (4):444-460.
    In the absence of explicit punitive sanctions, why do individuals voluntarily participate in intergroup warfare when doing so incurs a mortality risk? Here we consider the motivation of individuals for participating in warfare. We hypothesize that in addition to other considerations, individuals are incentivized by the possibility of rewards. We test a prediction of this “cultural rewards war-risk hypothesis” with ethnographic literature on warfare in small-scale societies. We find that a greater number of benefits from warfare is associated with a (...)
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  9.  34
    Reward tampering problems and solutions in reinforcement learning: a causal influence diagram perspective.Tom Everitt, Marcus Hutter, Ramana Kumar & Victoria Krakovna - 2021 - Synthese 198 (Suppl 27):6435-6467.
    Can humans get arbitrarily capable reinforcement learning agents to do their bidding? Or will sufficiently capable RL agents always find ways to bypass their intended objectives by shortcutting their reward signal? This question impacts how far RL can be scaled, and whether alternative paradigms must be developed in order to build safe artificial general intelligence. In this paper, we study when an RL agent has an instrumental goal to tamper with its reward process, and describe design principles that (...)
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  10. Reward-Punishment Symmetric Universal Intelligence.Samuel Allen Alexander & Marcus Hutter - 2021 - In Samuel Allen Alexander & Marcus Hutter, AGI.
    Can an agent's intelligence level be negative? We extend the Legg-Hutter agent-environment framework to include punishments and argue for an affirmative answer to that question. We show that if the background encodings and Universal Turing Machine (UTM) admit certain Kolmogorov complexity symmetries, then the resulting Legg-Hutter intelligence measure is symmetric about the origin. In particular, this implies reward-ignoring agents have Legg-Hutter intelligence 0 according to such UTMs.
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  11.  81
    Rewarding one’s Future Self: Psychological Connectedness, Episodic Prospection, and a Puzzle about Perspective.Christopher Jude McCarroll & Erica Cosentino - 2020 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 11 (2):449-467.
    When faced with intertemporal choices, which have consequences that unfold over time, we often discount the future, preferring smaller immediate rewards often at the expense of long-term benefits. How psychologically connected one feels to one’s future self-influences such temporal discounting. Psychological connectedness consists in sharing psychological properties with past or future selves, but connectedness comes in degrees. If one feels that one is not psychologically connected to one’s future self, one views that self like a different person and is less (...)
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  12.  88
    Reward and responsibility: How should we be affected when others change their effort?Alexander W. Cappelen & Bertil Tungodden - 2003 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 2 (2):191-211.
    University of Oslo and Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Norway We look at how one should reward effort without rewarding talent. One way to approach this issue is to ask how an increase in one individual's effort should be allowed to affect the post-tax income of others. The article provides characterizations of three main classes of redistribution mechanism on the basis of how these answer this question. Key Words: reward • effort • responsibility • equal opportunity (...)
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  13.  8
    Reward Salience and Choice in a Controlling Context: A Lab Experiment.Rosa Hendijani & Piers Steel - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13:862152.
    One of the challenges in the motivation literature is examining the simultaneous effect of different motivational mechanisms on overall motivation and performance. The motivational congruence theory addresses this by stipulating that different motivational mechanisms can reinforce each other if they have similar effects on the perceived locus of causality. Reward salience and choice are two motivational mechanisms which their joint effects have been long debated. Built upon the motivational congruence effect, a recent empirical study affirms that a salient (...) in a condition characterized by lack of choice and a non-salient reward in a condition characterized by provision of choice both increase overall motivation and performance. In this study, we examine the effect of reward salience and choice on overall motivation and performance in a controlling context, an effect which has not been studied before. A 2 (choice: present, absent) × 3 (reward: salient, non-salient, none) factorial design was conducted to examine research hypotheses. The results show that under controlling conditions, salient reward improves overall motivation and performance compared to non-salient and no-reward conditions. (shrink)
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  14. The reward and punishment responsivity and motivation questionnaire (RPRM-Q): A stimulus-independent self-report measure of reward and punishment sensitivity that differentiates between responsivity and motivation.Nienke C. Jonker, Marieke E. Timmerman & Peter J. de Jong - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Reward and punishment sensitivity seem important traits in understanding behavior in general and psychopathology in particular. Though the definitions used for reward and punishment sensitivity differentiate between responsivity and motivation, the measures thus far used to assess these constructs do not. Further, specificity of the type of reward and punishment in questionnaires might result in measurement bias especially when examining the relationship with psychopathology. Therefore, we developed a stimulus-independent multidimensional questionnaire of reward and punishment sensitivity that (...)
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  15.  3
    Endogenous reward is a bridge between social/cognitive and behavioral models of choice.George Ainslie - 2025 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 48.
    Endogenous reward (intrinsic reward at will) is a fiat currency that is occasioned by steps toward any goals which are challenging and/or uncommon enough to prevent its debasement by inflation. A “theory of mental computational processes” should propose what properties let goals grow from appetites for endogenous rewards. Endogenous reward may be the universal selective factor in all modifiable mental processes.
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  16.  88
    Reward event systems: Reconceptualizing the explanatory roles of motivation, desire and pleasure.Carolyn R. Morillo - 1992 - Philosophical Psychology 5 (1):7-32.
    A developing neurobiological/psychological theory of positive motivation gives a key causal role to reward events in the brain which can be directly activated by electrical stimulation (ESB). In its strongest form, this Reward Event Theory (RET) claims that all positive motivation, primary and learned, is functionally dependent on these reward events. Some of the empirical evidence is reviewed which either supports or challenges RET. The paper examines the implications of RET for the concepts of 'motivation', 'desire' and (...)
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  17.  60
    Risk & Reward: The Impact of Animal Rights Activism on Women.Emily Gaarder - 2008 - Society and Animals 16 (1):1-22.
    This qualitative study of 27 women animal activists examines the risks and rewards that accompany a commitment to animal rights activism. One of the common beliefs about animal rights activists is that their political choices are fanatic and unyielding, resulting in rigid self-denial. Contrary to this notion, the women in this study experienced both the pain and the joy of their transformation toward animal activism. Activism took an enormous toll on their personal relationships, careers, and emotional well being. They struggled (...)
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  18. Reward is enough.David Silver, Satinder Singh, Doina Precup & Richard S. Sutton - 2021 - Artificial Intelligence 299 (C):103535.
  19.  27
    Reward Influences Masked Free-Choice Priming.Seema Prasad & Ramesh Kumar Mishra - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    While it is known that reward induces attentional prioritization, it is not clear what effect reward-learning has when associated with stimuli that are not fully perceived. The masked priming paradigm has been extensively used to investigate the indirect impact of brief stimuli on response behavior. Interestingly, the effect of masked primes is observed even when participants choose their responses freely. While classical theories assume this process to be automatic, recent studies have provided evidence for attentional modulations of masked (...)
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  20. Why the Reward Structure of Science Makes Reproducibility Problems Inevitable.Remco Heesen - 2018 - Journal of Philosophy 115 (12):661-674.
    Recent philosophical work has praised the reward structure of science, while recent empirical work has shown that many scientific results may not be reproducible. I argue that the reward structure of science incentivizes scientists to focus on speed and impact at the expense of the reproducibility of their work, thus contributing to the so-called reproducibility crisis. I use a rational choice model to identify a set of sufficient conditions for this problem to arise, and I argue that these (...)
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  21.  60
    Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit.Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Dardo Tomasi, Frank Telang & Ruben Baler - 2010 - Bioessays 32 (9):748-755.
    Based on brain imaging findings, we present a model according to which addiction emerges as an imbalance in the information processing and integration among various brain circuits and functions. The dysfunctions reflect (a) decreased sensitivity of reward circuits, (b) enhanced sensitivity of memory circuits to conditioned expectations to drugs and drug cues, stress reactivity, and (c) negative mood, and a weakened control circuit. Although initial experimentation with a drug of abuse is largely a voluntary behavior, continued drug use can (...)
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  22.  36
    Rewarding Collaborative Research: Role Congruity Bias and the Gender Pay Gap in Academe.Christine Wiedman - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 167 (4):793-807.
    Research on academic pay finds an unexplained gender pay gap that has not fully dissolved over time and that appears to increase with years of experience. In this study, I consider how role congruity bias contributes to this pay gap. Bias is more likely to manifest in a context where there is some ambiguity about performance and where stereotypes are stronger. I predict that bias in the attribution of credit for coauthored research leads to lower returns to research for female (...)
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  23.  21
    Who Rewards Appropriate Levels of Professional Skepticism?Joseph F. Brazel, Justin Leiby & Tammie J. Schaefer - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-12.
    The audit profession’s technical and ethical standards require the application of professional skepticism throughout the financial statement audit process, as auditor skepticism is essential for detecting financial statement fraud and protecting the investing public. However, recent research suggests that audit supervisors often punish staff for exercising skepticism, presenting auditors with an ethical conflict between acting in their own self-interest and acting in a way that improves audit quality and protects the public. This research also suggests that supervisors who reward (...)
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  24. Wrongfulness rewarded?: A normative paradox.David O’Brien & Ben Schwan - 2021 - Synthese 199 (3-4):6897-6916.
    In this paper, we raise and discuss a puzzle about the relationships among goods, reasons, and deontic status. Suppose you have it within your power to give someone something they would enjoy. The following claims seem platitudinous: you can use this power to reward whatever kind of option you want, thereby making that option better and generating a reason for that person to perform it; this reason is then weighed alongside and against the other reasons at play; and altogether, (...)
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  25.  17
    A reward-learning framework of knowledge acquisition: An integrated account of curiosity, interest, and intrinsic–extrinsic rewards.Kou Murayama - 2022 - Psychological Review 129 (1):175-198.
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  26.  35
    Reward versus nonreward in simultaneous discrimination.R. Allen Gardner & W. B. Coate - 1965 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 69 (6):579.
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  27.  28
    Reward versus nonreward in a successive discrimination.W. B. Coate & Allen Gardner - 1964 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 68 (2):119.
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  28.  33
    Reward probability, amount, and information as determiners of sequential two-alternative decisions.Ward Edwards - 1956 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 52 (3):177.
  29.  48
    Reward magnitude changes following differential conditioning and partial reinforcement.James R. Ison, David H. Glass & Helen B. Daly - 1969 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 81 (1):81.
  30.  19
    Reward magnitude and sequence of magnitudes as determinants of resistance to extinction in humans.John Lamberth & Dennis G. Dyck - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (2):280.
  31.  20
    Reward shift effects in differential conditioning.Earl R. McHewitt - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (4):646.
  32.  32
    Monetary reward and motivation in discrimination learning.Louise Brightwell Miller & Betsy Worth Estes - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 61 (6):501.
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  33. Reward Discounting and Severity of Disordered Gambling in a South African Population.David Spurrett, Jacques Rousseau & Don Ross - unknown
    People differ in the extent to which they discount the values of future rewards. Behavioural economists measure these differences in terms of functions that describe rates of reduced valuation in the future – temporal discounting – as these vary with time. They measure differences in preference for risk – differing rates of probability discounting – in terms of similar functions that describe reduced valuation of rewards as the probability of their delivery falls. So-called ‘impulsive’ people, including people disposed to addiction, (...)
     
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  34. Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.George Ainslie - 1975 - Psychological Bulletin 82 (4):463.
     
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  35.  93
    Rewarding Whistleblowers.Michael Davis - 2012 - International Journal of Applied Philosophy 26 (2):269-277.
    Since 2010, Section 922 of the Dodd-Frank Act has required the Securities and Exchange Commission to give a significant financial reward to any whistleblower who voluntarily discloses original information concerning fraud or other unlawful activity. How, if at all, might such “incentives” change our understanding of whistleblowing? My answer is that, while incentives should not change the definition of whistleblowing, it should change our understanding of the justification of whistleblowing. We need to distinguish the public justification of whistleblowing, its (...)
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  36.  85
    Is reward an emotion?Ralph Adolphs - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2):192-192.
    The brain and emotion treats emotions as states elicited by reinforcers (reward or punishment), but it is unclear how this view can do justice to the diversity of emotions. It is also unclear how such a view distinguishes emotions from states such as hunger and thirst. A complementary approach to understanding emotions may begin by considering emotions as aspects of social cognition.
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  37.  2
    Who Rewards Appropriate Levels of Professional Skepticism?Joseph F. Brazel, Justin Leiby & Tammie J. Schaefer - 2025 - Journal of Business Ethics 196 (2):439-450.
    The audit profession’s technical and ethical standards require the application of professional skepticism throughout the financial statement audit process, as auditor skepticism is essential for detecting financial statement fraud and protecting the investing public. However, recent research suggests that audit supervisors often punish staff for exercising skepticism, presenting auditors with an ethical conflict between acting in their own self-interest and acting in a way that improves audit quality and protects the public. This research also suggests that supervisors who reward (...)
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  38.  32
    Rewards and incentives for the provision of human tissue for research.Sarah Devaney - 2014 - Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (1):48-50.
    The Nuffield Council on Bioethics’ 2011 report, Human Bodies: Donation for Medicine and Research, proposes a system for examining the ethical implications of different types of incentives for the provision of human tissue for use in medicine and research. The cornerstone of this system is the principle of altruism which, the Council recommends, should, where possible, remain the starting point for any such tissue provision. Using the Council's example of ova provision for research as an area in which altruism-based rewards (...)
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  39.  22
    Just Rewards: Children and Adults Equate Accidental Inequity with Intentional Unfairness.Elizabeth Donovan & Deborah Kelemen - 2011 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 11 (1-2):137-150.
    Humans expect resources to be distributed fairly. They also show biases to construe all acts as intentional. This study investigates whether every unequal distribution is initially assumed to be intentional unfairness. Study 1 presents a control group of adults with a movie showing one individual accidentally receiving less reward than expected for a task. The experimental group was shown the same scenario, except that the individual was now in the presence of an additional person who received the full (...). Despite the similarity of the scenarios, as predicted, participants in the control condition responded as if the disappointing reward was accidental, while those in the experimental condition responded as if the act was intentional: Their tendency to avoid the “perpetrator” did not differ from that of participants in another control condition who saw an intentionally unfair reward distribution. In Study 2, 7- and 8-year-old children’s results replicated those of adults. Implications for social and moral cognition are discussed. (shrink)
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  40.  12
    Identifying Rewards Over Difficulties Buffers the Impact of Time in COVID-19 Lockdown for Parents in Australia.Jane S. Herbert, Annaleise Mitchell, Stuart J. Brentnall & Amy L. Bird - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    ObjectivePhysical isolation measures, known as lockdown or shelter-in-place, experienced during coronavirus disease 2019 have the potential to cause psychological distress. This study was conducted to examine parents’ perceived stress and whether reports of rewards and challenges during lockdown impact stress.MethodsData were collected using a cross-sectional online survey in New South Wales, Australia, across the 4-week lockdown. The survey was completed by 158 parents of children aged under 6 years. Stress was measured using the short form of the Perceived Stress Scale. (...)
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  41.  54
    Rewarding performance feedback alters reported time of action.Eve A. Isham & Joy J. Geng - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1577-1585.
    Past studies have shown that the perceived time of actions is retrospectively influenced by post-action events. The current study examined whether rewarding performance feedback altered the reported time of action. In Experiment 1, participants performed a speeded button press task and received monetary reward for a presumed “fast,” or a monetary punishment for a presumed “slow” response. Rewarded trials resulted in the false perception that the response action occurred earlier than punished trials. In Experiments 2 and 3, the need (...)
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  42.  31
    Reward: Wanted – a better definition.Irving Kupfermann - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2):208-208.
    Rolls's book depends significantly on a definition relating emotion to reward and learning. This definition confuses two separable concepts, and may result in the exclusion of notions of emotion and motivation from lower animals that may possess limited learning capacities. A more useful definition might revolve around the notion that emotions are states that function to optimize the performance of behavior.
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  43.  28
    Rewards for Results? Equity in a Society of Capitalists.Robert McLaren - 2005 - Philosophy of Management 5 (1):15-24.
    Managers and others have long debated the merits of different reward systems, such as piecework, hourly rates, bonuses, stock options, and the like. They have usually focused on the efficiency of these systems, but they have also had to consider their side effects on relationships, trust, and calls for fair treatment. Such debates local to every organisation play out the issues of rewards and equity in market-based societies as a whole. This paper examines the concept of equity in the (...)
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  44.  49
    Affiliative reward and the ontogenetic bonding system.Warren B. Miller - 2005 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (3):357-358.
    Miller and Rodgers (2001) proposed a central nervous system based Ontogenetic Bonding System that operates across the life course to promote succorant, 1 affiliative, sexual, and nurturant bonds. I discuss features of this theoretical framework that can inform Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky's (D&M-S's) model. Most important, I suggest that the affiliative reward processes D&M-S describe are better conceptualized as subserving the affect/motivation of affection. Footnotes1 “Succorance” is a term coined by Murray (1938) to describe a general tendency to seek the (...)
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  45.  9
    Reward and Punishment.Timothy Schroeder - 2004 - In Three Faces of Desire. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    This chapter begins with three sections dedicated to the three main fields of knowledge about the psychology of reward and punishment. The findings of common sense, behaviorism, and neuroscience are surveyed in turn, and found to have much in common. Then, these commonalities are used to produce a more unified theory of the nature of reward. A wide variety of organisms, including both rats and people, appear capable of constituting some things as rewards and others as punishments, in (...)
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  46.  12
    Rewarding Regulation in Latin America.Andrew Schrank - 2013 - Politics and Society 41 (4):487-495.
    This article introduces the special issue on “Rewarding Regulation in Latin America” by explaining the origins and potential value of the concept. It pays particularly careful attention to the limits of both regulation, as traditionally practiced, and deregulation in developing democracies today. And it briefly describes the individual contributions to the issue and summarizes their broader lessons.
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  47.  25
    Both Rewards and Moral Praise Can Increase the Prosocial Decisions: Revealed in a Modified Ultimatum Game Task.Xiangling Wang, Jiahui Han, Fuhong Li & Bihua Cao - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
    Unlike other creatures, humans developed the ability to cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers and a tendency to comply with social norms. However, humans deviate from social norms in various situations. This study used the modified ultimatum game to explore why humans deviate from social norms and how their prosocial behavior can be promoted. In Study 1, participants were asked to imagine working with an anonymous counterpart to complete a task and obtain a certain amount of money (e.g., ¥10). The computer (...)
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  48.  40
    Partial-reward training for resistance to punishment and to subsequent extinction.M. Vogel-Sprott - 1967 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 75 (1):138.
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  49.  66
    Reward modulates adaptations to conflict.Senne Braem, Tom Verguts, Chantal Roggeman & Wim Notebaert - 2012 - Cognition 125 (2):324-332.
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  50. HIT and brain reward function: a case of mistaken identity (theory).Cory Wright, Matteo Colombo & Alexander Beard - 2017 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 64:28–40.
    This paper employs a case study from the history of neuroscience—brain reward function—to scrutinize the inductive argument for the so-called ‘Heuristic Identity Theory’ (HIT). The case fails to support HIT, illustrating why other case studies previously thought to provide empirical support for HIT also fold under scrutiny. After distinguishing two different ways of understanding the types of identity claims presupposed by HIT and considering other conceptual problems, we conclude that HIT is not an alternative to the traditional identity theory (...)
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