Results for '*Conditioned Fear'

986 found
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  1.  62
    Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus.Judson S. Brown, Harry I. Kalish & I. E. Farber - 1951 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 41 (5):317.
  2.  29
    Conditioned fear as a function of CS-UCS and probe stimulus intervals.Leonard E. Ross - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 61 (4):265.
  3.  15
    Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex.K. W. Spence & W. N. Runquist - 1958 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (6):613.
  4.  14
    Reducing Generalization of Conditioned Fear: Beneficial Impact of Fear Relevance and Feedback in Discrimination Training.Katharina Herzog, Marta Andreatta, Kristina Schneider, Miriam A. Schiele, Katharina Domschke, Marcel Romanos, Jürgen Deckert & Paul Pauli - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Anxiety patients over-generalize fear, possibly because of an incapacity to discriminate threat and safety signals. Discrimination trainings are promising approaches for reducing such fear over-generalization. Here we investigated the efficacy of a fear-relevant vs. a fear-irrelevant discrimination training on fear generalization and whether the effects are increased with feedback during training. Eighty participants underwent two fear acquisition blocks, during which one face, but not another face, was associated with a female scream. During two generalization (...)
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  5.  16
    Loud noise potentiates conditioned fear in extinction using a CER (lick suppression) paradigm in rats.Morrie Baum & W. J. Jacobs - 1989 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27 (5):449-451.
  6.  35
    Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Adolescents and Adults: A Human fMRI Study.Despina E. Ganella, Katherine D. Drummond, Eleni P. Ganella, Sarah Whittle & Jee Hyun Kim - 2018 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
  7.  25
    REM sleep deprivation and conditioned fear in rats.Robert A. Hicks, Gregory J. Hicks & Joe R. Reyes - 1988 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (1):59-60.
  8.  17
    Enhancement of conditioned fear during extinction.Nicholas R. White & Paul T. P. Wong - 1982 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 20 (5):272-274.
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  9.  20
    Effects of CS-onset UCS-termination delay, UCS duration, CS-onset UCS-onset interval, and number of CS-UCS pairings on conditioned fear response.Andrew Strouthes - 1965 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 69 (3):287.
  10.  31
    The effect of amygdalectomy on long-term retention of an undertrained classically conditioned fear response.Melvin L. Goldstein - 1974 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (6):548-550.
  11.  18
    Amygdalectomized rats can learn the classically conditioned fear response: A preliminary report.Melvin L. Goldstein - 1975 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 6 (6):613-614.
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  12.  26
    The effect of amygdalectomy on acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response.Melvin L. Goldstein - 1974 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (5):465-466.
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  13.  15
    Amygdaloid and hippocampal function in short-term retention of a classically conditioned fear response.Melvin L. Goldstein & William L. Stoller - 1982 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 19 (2):105-107.
  14.  24
    The effect of septal lesions on acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response.Melvin L. Goldstein - 1975 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 5 (2):182-184.
  15.  18
    The effect of UCS intensity on the long-term retention of a classically conditioned fear response.Melvin L. Goldstein - 1979 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13 (6):357-358.
  16.  23
    Effects of delayed testing on passive avoidance of conditioned fear stimuli in young rats.Rick Richardson, Debbie L. Ebner & David C. Riccio - 1981 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18 (4):211-214.
  17.  28
    Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction.Qing Zeng, Yanlei Jia, Yuanjun Wang, Junhua Zhang, Chuyi Liu & Xifu Zheng - 2015 - Consciousness and Cognition 35:171-177.
  18.  28
    Responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli survive extinction of the expectancy of the UCS.Anne M. Schell & Michael E. Dawson - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):312-313.
    Davey suggests that increased resistance to extinction of CRs conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli may be due to more persistent expectancies of the UCS following these stimuli. However, this viewpoint is contradicted by existing empirical evidence that fear-relevant CRs survive an extinction trials series producing extinction of expectancies whereas CRs conditioned to non-fear-relevant CSs do not.
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  19. Conditioned emotional reactions.John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner - 1920 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 3 (1):1.
  20.  27
    Conditioned alpha fear responses and protection from extinction.S. Soltysik - 1979 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (2):182-183.
  21.  40
    Conditioned Subjects: Connolly, the Amygdala, Fear, and Freedom.Robert Turner - 2011 - Theory and Event 14 (3).
  22.  56
    Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions.Francisco Esteves, Ulf Dimberg & Arne öhman - 1994 - Cognition and Emotion 8 (5):393-413.
  23.  30
    The contextual malleability of approach-avoidance training effects: approaching or avoiding fear conditioned stimuli modulates effects of approach-avoidance training.Gaëtan Mertens, Pieter Van Dessel & Jan De Houwer - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 32 (2):341-349.
    Previous research showed that the repeated approaching of one stimulus and avoiding of another stimulus typically leads to more positive evaluations of the former stimuli. In the current study, we examined whether approach and avoidance training effects on evaluations of neutral stimuli can be modulated by introducing a regularity between the approach-avoidance actions and a positive or negative stimulus. In an AAT task, participants repeatedly approached one neutral non-word and avoided another neutral non-word. Half of the participants also approached a (...)
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  24.  55
    Moderate Partially Reduplicated Conditioned Stimuli as Retrieval Cue Can Increase Effect on Preventing Relapse of Fear to Compound Stimuli.Junjiao Li, Wei Chen, Jingwen Caoyang, Wenli Wu, Jing Jie, Liang Xu & Xifu Zheng - 2017 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
  25.  9
    Safety Learning in Anxiety, Pavlovian Conditioned Inhibition and COVID Concerns.Meghan D. Thurston & Helen J. Cassaday - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Experimental studies of fear conditioning have identified the effectiveness of safety signals in inhibiting fear and maintaining fear-motivated behaviors. In fear conditioning procedures, the presence of safety signals means that the otherwise expected feared outcome will not now occur. Differences in the inhibitory learning processes needed to learn safety are being identified in various psychological and psychiatric conditions. However, despite early theoretical interest, the role of conditioned inhibitors as safety signals in anxiety has been under-investigated to (...)
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  26.  30
    Reduction of conditioned avoidance via contingency reversal.Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos, Johanna M. P. Baas & Iris M. Engelhard - 2020 - Cognition and Emotion 34 (6):1284-1290.
    There is an increased interest in how excessive avoidance can diminish. Avoidance reduction is typically tested by using Extinction with Response Prevention protocols, where feared stimuli a...
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  27.  25
    Lamarckism by Other Means: Interpreting Pavlov’s Conditioned Reflexes in Twentieth-Century Britain.Oliver Hill-Andrews - 2019 - Journal of the History of Biology 52 (1):3-43.
    This essay examines the reception of Ivan Pavlov’s work on conditioned reflexes in early to mid-twentieth century Britain. Recent work on the political interpretation of biology has shown that the nineteenth-century strategy of “making socialists” was undermined by August Weismann’s attacks on the inheritance of acquired characters. I argue that Pavlov’s research reinvigorated socialist hopes of transforming society and the people in it. I highlight the work of Pavlov’s interpreters, notably the scientific journalist J. G. Crowther, the biologist Lancelot Hogben, (...)
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  28.  35
    Fear Conditioning and Social Groups: Statistics, Not Genetics.Tiago V. Maia - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (7):1232-1251.
    Humans display more conditioned fear when the conditioned stimulus in a fear conditioning paradigm is a picture of an individual from another race than when it is a picture of an individual from their own race (Olsson, Ebert, Banaji, & Phelps, 2005). These results have been interpreted in terms of a genetic “preparedness” to learn to fear individuals from different social groups (Ohman, 2005; Olsson et al., 2005). However, the associability of conditioned stimuli is strongly influenced by (...)
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  29.  16
    Working Memory Performance for Differentially Conditioned Stimuli.Richard T. Ward, Salahadin Lotfi, Daniel M. Stout, Sofia Mattson, Han-Joo Lee & Christine L. Larson - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Previous work suggests that threat-related stimuli are stored to a greater degree in working memory compared to neutral stimuli. However, most of this research has focused on stimuli with physically salient threat attributes, failing to account for how a “neutral” stimulus that has acquired threat-related associations through differential aversive conditioning influences working memory. The current study examined how differentially conditioned safe and threat stimuli are stored in working memory relative to a novel, non-associated stimuli. Participants completed a differential fear (...)
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  30.  43
    Fear generalisation in individuals with high neuroticism: increasing predictability is not necessarily better.Natalia M. Garcia & Lori A. Zoellner - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 31 (8):1647-1662.
    Fear generalisation, a process by which conditioned fear spreads to similar but innocuous stimuli, is key in understanding why some individuals feel unsafe in objectively non-threatening situations. Both trait neuroticism and lack of predictability about the likelihood of feared consequences are associated with negative affect in the face of ambiguity and may increase the degree to which fear generalises. Undergraduates with varying degrees of neuroticism were randomised to either high- or low-instructional predictability conditions prior to fear (...)
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  31.  57
    Affective blindsight: Intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient.Alfons O. Hamm, Almut I. Weike, Harald T. Schupp, Thomas Treig, Alexander Dressel & Christof Kessler - 2003 - Brain 126 (2):267-275.
  32.  44
    How do social fears in adolescence develop? Fear conditioning shapes attention orienting to social threat cues.Anneke D. M. Haddad, Shmuel Lissek, Daniel S. Pine & Jennifer Y. F. Lau - 2011 - Cognition and Emotion 25 (6):1139-1147.
    Social fears emerging in adolescence can have negative effects on emotional well-being. Yet the mechanisms by which these risks occur are unknown. One possibility is that associative learning results in fears to previously neutral social stimuli. Such conditioned responses may alter subsequent processing of social stimuli. We used a novel conditioning task to examine how associative processes influence social fear and attention orienting in adolescents. Neutral photographs were paired with socially rewarding or aversive stimuli during conditioning; a dot-probe task (...)
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  33.  32
    The role of awareness in delay and trace fear conditioning in humans.David C. Knight, Hanh T. Nguyen & Peter A. Bandettini - 2006 - Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 6 (2):157-162.
  34.  40
    To Fear Foolishness for the Sake of Wisdom: A Message to Leaders.Stephanie T. Solansky - 2014 - Journal of Business Ethics 122 (1):39-51.
    The premise of this paper is that the fear of foolishness is essential to wisdom. Unfortunately, leaders are often conditioned to suppress fear in favor of confidence. However, wise leaders fear foolishness while foolish leaders are fearless. Leaders fall into traps and hit walls that result in fallacies. It is the recognition of these fallacies and the fear of their consequences that compel leaders to seek wisdom. This paper relies on protection motivation theory, the balance theory (...)
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  35.  50
    Fearing shades of grey: individual differences in fear responding towards generalisation stimuli.Inna Arnaudova, Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt & Tom Beckers - 2017 - Cognition and Emotion 31 (6):1181-1196.
    ABSTRACTIndividual differences in fear generalisation have been proposed to play a role in the aetiology and/or maintenance of anxiety disorders, but few data are available to directly support that claim. The research that is available has focused mostly on generalisation of peripheral and central physiological fear responses. Far less is known about the generalisation of avoidance, the behavioural component of fear. In two experiments, we evaluated how neuroticism, a known vulnerability factor for anxiety, modulates an array of (...)
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  36.  6
    Stimulus processing bias in anxiety-related fear generalisation: drift-diffusion modelling and subgroups differences.Donghuan Zhang, Min Fan, Biyao Zhang, Yixuan Feng, Gao Yu, Wei Chen, Feng Biao & Xifu Zheng - forthcoming - Cognition and Emotion.
    In fear differential conditioning, stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus (CS+) are more likely to trigger fear responses. Excessive fear responses on stimuli not like CS + are often associated with anxiety. However, the threat judgments process and how this process manifests itself differently in subgroups with different generalisation rule applications, is unclear. This study examines whether anxiety biases the threat decision process in fear generalisation paradigm and whether subgroups characterised by different generalisation gradients was interpreted (...)
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  37. Neural Correlates of Response Expression During Fear Learning: Conditioning and Awareness.Dominic T. Cheng - 2006 - Dissertation, University of Wisconsin
  38.  72
    Interoceptive awareness and unaware fear conditioning: Are subliminal conditioning effects influenced by the manipulation of visceral self-perception?An K. Raes & Rudi De Raedt - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1393-1402.
    Research has shown repeatedly that attention influences implicit learning effects. In a similar vein, interoceptive awareness might be involved in unaware fear conditioning: The fact that the CS is repeatedly presented in the context of aversive bodily experiences might facilitate the development of conditioned responding. We investigated the role of interoceptive attention in a subliminal conditioning paradigm. Conditioning was embedded in a spatial cueing task with subliminally presented cues that were followed by a masking stimulus. Response times to the (...)
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  39.  53
    The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior.Fred A. Masterson & Mary Crawford - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (4):661-675.
    A motivational system approach to avoidance behavior is presented. According to this approach, a motivational state increases the probability of relevant response patterns and establishes the appropriate or “ideal” consummatory stimuli as positive reinforcers. In the case of feeding motivation, for example, hungry rats are likely to explore and gnaw, and to learn to persist in activities correlated with the reception of consummatory stimuli produced by ingestion of palatable substances. In the case of defense motivation, fearful rats are likely to (...)
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  40.  16
    Nietzsche on Epicurus and Death.Keith Ansell-Pearson & Rebecca Bamford - 2020 - In Keith Ansell-Pearson & Rebecca Bamford (eds.), Nietzsche’s Dawn: Philosophy, Ethics, and the Passion of Knowledge. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 187–204.
    This chapter examines Nietzsche's remarks on Epicurus in the earlier middle writings, to provide an interpretative framework through which to clarify Nietzsche's thinking on death in Dawn. It considers some points of continuity between Nietzsche's account of death in Dawn and in his later texts. Nietzsche champions Epicurus as a figure who has sought to show mankind how it can conquer its fears of death. The chapter contends that Nietzsche uses Epicurean thinking as a strategy to do his work in (...)
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  41.  92
    Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge.Karl Mannheim & Louis Wirth - 1946 - Mansfield Centre, CT: Kegan Paul.
    2015 Reprint of Original 1936 American Edition. Exact facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Karl Mannheim was a Hungarian-born sociologist, influential in the first half of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of classical sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge. His essays on the sociology of knowledge have become classics in the field. In "Ideology and Utopia" he argued that the application of the term ideology ought to (...)
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  42. Meriting a Response: The Paradox of Seductive Artworks.Nils-Hennes Stear - 2019 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 97 (3):465-482.
    According to what I call the Merit Principle, roughly, works of art that attempt to elicit unmerited responses fail on their own terms and are thereby aesthetically flawed. A horror film, for instance, that attempts to elicit fear towards something that is not scary is to that extent aesthetically flawed. The Merit Principle is not only intuitive, it is also endorsed in some form by Aristotle, David Hume, and numerous contemporary figures. In this paper, I show how the principle (...)
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  43. Buddhist Enlightenment and the Destruction of Attractor Networks: A Neuroscientific Speculation on the Buddhist Path from Everyday Consciousness to Buddha-Awakening.Patricia Sharp - 2011 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 18 (3-4):3-4.
    Buddhist philosophy asserts that human suffering is caused by ignorance regarding the true nature of reality. According to this, perceptions and thoughts are largely fabrications of our own minds, based on conditioned tendencies which often involve problematic fears, aversions, compulsions, etc. In Buddhist psychology, these tendencies reside in a portion of mind known as Store consciousness. Here, I suggest a correspondence between this Buddhist Store consciousness and the neuroscientific idea of stored synaptic weights. These weights are strong synaptic connections built (...)
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  44.  21
    A Cognitive-Emotional Model to Explain Message Framing Effects: Reducing Meat Consumption.Valentina Carfora, Massimiliano Pastore & Patrizia Catellani - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    We tested the plausibility of a cognitive-emotional model to understand the effects of messages framed in terms of gain, non-loss, non-gain, and loss, and related to the health consequences of red/processed meat consumption. A total of 544 Italian participants reported their attitude toward reduced red/processed meat consumption and intention to eat red/processed meat. One week later, participants were randomly assigned to four different message conditions: gain messages focused on the positive health outcomes associated with low meat consumption; non-loss messages focused (...)
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  45.  13
    The Historical Conditioning of Church Doctrine.John R. T. Lamont - 1996 - The Thomist 60 (4):511-535.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE HISTORICAL CONDITIONING OF CHURCH DOCTRINE* JOHN R. T. LAMONT Winnipeg, Canada I WISH to set out and defend a certain conception of what is involved in accepting the teachings of the Catholic Church. This conception is at odds with some contemporary understandings of the way in which such teachings are historically conditioned. I will argue that these conceptions are mistaken, and state what I think to be the (...)
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  46. Freedom and identity.Volker Kaul - 2013 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 39 (4-5):487-498.
    As show the partly violent clashes between liberal secularists and Islamists in the aftermath of the Arab Spring, the two factions certainly defend two diametrically opposite political points of view. For liberals, politics finds its ultimate justification in the protection of individual freedom. For Islamists, only the application of the moral code and religious law codified in the shariah can justify politics. Contrary to what is sustained by a theory of situated agency, there is no easy and definite reconciliation between (...)
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  47. Suspense.Donald Beecher - 2007 - Philosophy and Literature 31 (2):255-279.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:SuspenseDonald BeecherSuspense is one of those workaday terms so integrated into the discussion of literature that definition would hardly seem necessary. It does receive pro forma entries in most literary handbooks, but never provokes more than a statement of the self-evident: that it is a "state of uncertainty, anticipation and curiosity as to the outcome of a story or play, or any kind of narrative in verse or prose,"1 (...)
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  48.  30
    Our animal condition and social construction.Jorge A. Colombo (ed.) - 2019 - New York, USA: NOVA Science Publisher.
    Which and how much of our current drives –individually and as a global community– are driven by ancestral, inherited traits or imprinted on our animal condition? An attempt to approximate this intriguing query is explored here. It pertains to our identity, social constructions, and our ecological interaction. The origin of our species has its roots in ancestral habits, behaviors and a survival drive, transformed from changing environmental conditions. We were not born in a mother-of-pearl cradle nor were protected by magical (...)
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  49.  11
    Institutional Mental Health and Social Control: The Ravages of Epistemological Hubris.Seth Farber - 1990 - Journal of Mind and Behavior 11 (3-4):285-300.
    I argue in this essay that the phenomena we classify as "mental illness" result largely from the refusal of socially authorized "experts" to recognize - and thus to constitute - the Other as a subject. I suggest that Institutional Mental Health refuses to do this not merely because it seeks to aggrandize its own power but also because it fears to acknowledge that we are all participants in a process of historical development. It denies this because it is historically conditioned (...)
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  50.  22
    Menschliche Vielfalt im Lichte der Friedensförderung.Christophe Germann - 2015 - Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 101 (2):164-190.
    A new cosmopolitan world order founded on peace-related diversity of human expressions is likely to strengthen the weaker individual. Such order remains nevertheless meritocratic because it would contribute to materialize enhanced equality between individuals belonging to human groups of different strengths with respect to access to power, wealth or popularity. Therefore, in comparison to existing orders, it would arguably create a better basis for freedom and solidarity as well as for peace between human groups, including states. The originality of this (...)
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