Los estudios recientes sobre el pensamiento político de Unamuno han venido adscribiéndolo al liberalismo sin insertar su pensamiento en el desarrollo histórico del pensamiento liberal. Es por ello por lo que en este artículo acometemos una revisión del liberalismo de Unamuno, ubicando sus ideas en la historia del pensamiento liberal. Ello nos llevará a matizar las etiquetas políticas que se han puesto a Unamuno, así como a alcanzar las siguientes conclusiones: 1) Unamuno carecía de un conocimiento profundo del liberalismo según (...) éste se consolidó en la filosofía política de su tiempo; 2) su liberalismo oscila entre el liberalismo social y el liberalismo individualista, 3) propendiendo en los años treinta al liberalismo individualista de Mill y Spencer, precursor del liberal conservadurismo. (shrink)

"Identidad personal y donación. La configuración del yo en la acción dramática", de Ana Álvarez Garrido, relata como un deseo de verdad y una intuición genuina, unidos a la insatisfacción acerca de las corrientes dominantes en el estudio de la identidad personal, llevaron a su autora a iniciar este trabajo. Con una pregunta casi infantil, por su atrevimiento y por la esperanza que la anima de una respuesta justa, se abre esta aventura de la búsqueda del yo, a la (...) que es invitado el lector desde la primera página: ¿Quién soy yo? Este interrogante nos conduce, atravesando el fuego positivo de la duda, a veces de tintes narrativos, hasta un espacio y un tiempo capaces de vestir al yo, de darle una voz y un gesto únicos, capaces de regalarle un nombre. Un teatro será ese lugar donde Yo puedo ser y donde vengo a ser Yo, porque en él se puede representar una acción esencial. Ésta, como el yo, se revelará al final de nuestra aventura investigadora, sorprendente y deliberadamente dramática. Como la vida misma. (shrink)

¿Cuál es el origen último de la religiosidad humana? En estas épocas de cientificismo e ilimitado pragmatismo, en estos días en los que Dios parece bien muerto y aún mejor enterrado ¿hay algún motivo sensato y legítimo para reconocer una dimensión religiosa de la existencia? ¿Y qué es lo que distingue una existencia auténticamente religiosa de aquella otra que cree serlo y, sin embargo, no lo es? ¿No son, acaso, el modo de orar y de realizar la propia vida en (...) la esfera ética, social y política lo que permite reconocer esa autenticidad? Estas preguntas fundamentales, tratadas en el contexto de la filosofía dialógica y de la fenomenología, movieron el pensamiento de uno de los filósofos de la religión más profundos de nuestros días: Bernhard Casper. Este libro le rinde homenaje al que durante tantos años dirigió la Cátedra de filosofía de la religión en la Universidad de Friburgo. Le rinde, ante todo, homenaje a la hospitalidad de su pensamiento, retomando aquellos interrogantes que han signado su obra. El tributo lo lleva a cabo un grupo de calificados especialistas, colegas y discípulos del propio Casper, de Europa y Argentina, bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. Ángel E. Garrido-Maturano. Se trata de un instrumento valioso para todos aquellos que se interesen por los problemas acuciantes de la filosofía de la religión actual y quieran comprender lúcidamente qué significa el difícil término "religión". (shrink)

The removal of water from mines was one of the key issues that former miners had to deal with. Roman colonists brought new technology to the Iberian Peninsula that addressed this problem. However, they did not invent this technology because it had already been applied to the growth of other endeavours in the Hellenistic society throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. In the mine, the Archimedes screw, waterwheels, bucket pulleys, and Ctesibius pumps were the primary drainage systems. In this essay, the primary (...) characteristics, and modes of operation of machines are examined. Without leaving out the most significant finds made in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, one of the regions with the longest history of mining exploitation. To serve as a foundation for future research in this field, this work compares the primary mining mechanisms in ancient Huelva on a qualitative and quantitative level by the implementation of a TOPSIS methodology, a multi-criteria decision analysis method. (shrink)

Esta meditación quisiera enfatizar ese plus que parece potenciar la disposición afectiva para con la comprensión del Dasein, intentando atisbar, a partir de lo expreso mismo en la disposición afectiva y en tanto aporte no-apofántico, la posibilidad de tematización de la mismidad del Dasein, una mismidad entendida como posibilidad de recuperar una elección, a través de un acto comprensivoejecutivo llamado transparencia. Tal tentativa se ejerce dentro de los límites intrínsecos del existenciario ser-en desarrollado en la obra magna de Heidegger: Ser (...) y Tiempo. (shrink)

El artículo se propone determinar el límite entre fenomenología y gnosis en la filosofía del cristianismo de M. Henry. Para ello analiza la cuestión del Archi-hijo en Soy yo la verdad, la de Archi-carne en Encarnación y la de la legitimación de las palabras que Cristo pronuncia sobre sí mismo en Palabras de Cristo. El análisis muestra, en primer lugar, en qué medida el tratamiento de estas tres cuestiones supera el límite estrictamente fenomenológico del pensamiento y remite a una gnosis (...) o experiencia de fe particular. En segundo lugar, explicita cómo, independientemente de esta gnosis, la intuición henryana acerca de la esencia de la vida abre un acceso fenomenológico genuino a la relación religiosa. (shrink)

Why do we act as we do? Why do we assume that the way of being and behaving in our community is right, good, and common sense? Why do we fail to understand those who are, act, and feel differently? These are some of the questions that this book raises and attempts to answer. This ontology is rooted in the phenomenological tradition but with the innovation of taking the "form of life" as the central ontological unit. We are our form (...) of life, but, as a transcendental-immanent reality, this is not directly equivalent to culture or society; it is rather the "political" realisation in the world of an image of the human being shared by a given community. This overcomes the traditional dualities of individual and society, consciousness and body, facticity and freedom, actuality and possibility. The subject is a subject because it identifies with that image, which is equivalent to the intersubjective consciousness of how one should act and be in the world. This gives rise to multiple forms of life. The latter implies a certain power to be who one wants to be. In this way, the book is an invitation to self-examination, for if our form of life is voluntary (i.e., capitalism), it shatters the illusion that one cannot live in any other way, and places us before the anguished but inevitable task of justifying its adoption or resorting to its abandonment. The book offers a dynamic analysis of human existence as the actualisation of a form of life that is, at the same time, the exercise of a certain power over those who seek to live otherwise, especially when that form is institutionalised by a government as the essence of the national or transnational community. (shrink)

La filosofía moral de Adam Smith se fundamenta en el papel de la imaginación para explicar el orden social en un nivel macro, y como mecanismo de identificación afec tiva en un nivel micro. En ambos casos, el rol de la imaginación en nuestra psicología moral refuta la tesis de un _homo economicus_, o de que el ser humano está motiva do a entrar en sociedad por su interés personal. Esto sirve de premisa para refutar la posición hobbesiana de un (...) estado de naturaleza histórico que está en la base de nuestros juicios morales que fundan la sociedad civil y la necesidad del magistrado. (shrink)

Technological unemployment is a subset of historically recurring problems related to jobs in general and unemployment in particular, which are now of global importance. The typical difficulties of...

In the following essay, I will discuss D.Johnson's argument in her ETHICOMP99 KeynoteSpeech (Johnson 1999) regarding the possiblefuture disappearance of computer ethics as anautonomous discipline, and I will analyze somelikely objections to Johnson's view.In the future, there are two ways in whichcomputer ethics might disappear: (1) therejection of computer ethics as an aspect ofapplied ethics, or (2) the rejection ofcomputer ethics as an autonomous discipline.The first path, it seems to me, would lead tothe death of the entire field of appliedethics, (...) while the second path would lead onlyto the death of computer ethics as a separatesubject. Computer technology is becoming very pervasive,and each scientific field includes somediscipline-specific computing. For the likelyforeseeable future, disciplines such asbioethics and engineering ethics will have todeal with ethical issues involving the role ofcomputers. I will argue that computer ethics inthis sense is unlikely to disappear, even ifcomputer ethics ceases to be considered as aseparate discipline.In order to understand which path will befollowed by computer ethics, I will compareJohnson's argument with ideas of earlierthinkers like N. Wiener (1950) and B. Russell(1932). Although Russell did not specificallyconsider computer technology, he had somegood intuitions about the development ofsocieties by means of technology.My conclusion will be two-fold: (1) thatapplied ethics will not die, but it may make nosense in the future to talk about computerethics as a separate field; and (2) thatcomputer ethics will not simply become``ordinary ethics'', contrary to Johnson's view. (shrink)

En este trabajo abordo una aproximación ecológica a las bases de la democracia. Entendemos la democracia como un sistema político basado en la cooperación y la igualdad. Analizamos la robusta base evolutiva de las conductas cooperativa y la relación entre la cooperación y las instituciones democráticas. Finalmente sostengo que la democracia como sistema político más específicamente humano es el sistema óptimo para dirigir la gestión de la crisis ecológica.

El artículo aborda el potencial que ofrece la filosofía para la renovación de los presupuestos críticos manejados por la teoría literaria indagando en dos aspectos fundamentales. Por un lado, cuestiona que la identificación de la filosofía con la literatura auspiciada por la deconstrucción excluya otras formas de relación entre sus respectivos ámbitos competenciales. Por el otro, propone una forma de hacer productiva la filosofía para la teoría que pasa no tanto por la ampliación de los referentes textuales ya consagrados por (...) la poética como por la plena exploración de sus contextos originales. En lugar de promover la especulación en torno a nuevas referencias filosóficas, se trata de devolver esas referencias a sus entornos textuales de procedencia para obtener nuevas implicaciones de antiguas formulaciones teóricas. (shrink)

The article analyzes, from a phenomenological-hermeneutic standpoint, three aspects of Kierkegaard’s views on existence: existence as freedom and becoming, existence as relation to an absolute telos, and existence as acceptance of one’s own being. The purposes of the analysis are twofold. First, it aims to show that existence, being a self-election and as such a finite action, consummates itself, paradoxically, as a passion for infinitude and obedience to the Absolute. Second, it attempts to explain the two fundamental dimensions of obedience: (...) the immanent dimension as assent to the pathos that moves our existence, and the transcendent dimension as the acceptance of our dependence on an uncertain and unattainable Absolute. (shrink)

The Spanish Krausism based its theory of knowledge on the substantive relation between the subject and the object, being the latter present to the conscience as one. The Krausists developed the Spanish science by means of spreading from secondary school the importance of intuition for knowing the object ahead in its essence and truth, together with other relevant aspects like the analysis and synthesis of data in the consciousness.

In this paper we will examine some ethical aspects of the role that computers and computing increasingly play in new genetics. Our claim is that there is no new genetics without computer science. Computer science is important for the new genetics on two levels: from a theoretical perspective, and from the point of view of geneticists practice. With respect to , the new genetics is fully impregnate with concepts that are basic for computer science. Regarding , recent developments in the (...) Human Genome Project have shown that computers shape the practices of molecular genetics; an important example is the Shotgun Method's contribution to accelerating the mapping of the human genome. A new challenge to the HGP is provided by the Open Source Philosophy , which is another way computer technologies now influence the shaping of public policy debates involving genomics. (shrink)

Facebook, the second largest social network on the Web with around 60 million members, is one of the fastest-growing and best-known sites on the Internet today. With the U.S. now accounting for only about a third of all Facebook users, we are starting to see a gradual shift away from its original demographic of college-age users. Very surprisingly, indeed, in the past months Facebook has been literally invaded by Italians, Which is the reason for this huge success of Facebook? One (...) of the reasons is that clearly young Italians' discontent and frustration with the current political situation and with their political representatives is finding in the Web a channel to let youth voice be heard. Facebook is also a media for channelling Italians' emotions, self representation, and symbolic environment at the same speed of their telefonino : indeed Facebook not only provides multimedia content and a high interactive environment, but it also provides personalised features. In other words, it is my personal content which is available on the web and it make me feel as if I was in the centre of a virtually worldly networked stage. We will argue Facebook is realizing what Guy Debord calls "the invasive forces of the 'spectacle' - "a social relation between people that is mediated by images": Facebook is seen as an alternative tool able to amplify an individual's alienation and narcissism, which, are a consequence of the mercantile form of social organization which has reached its climax in capitalism. Under Marxist theory, Facebook does not appear what Jaron Lanier claims to be collaborative communities. We finally argue that Facebook is not a promising example of a new shift from capitalism to a new form of economy based on openness, peering, sharing and global action -- which they called Wikinomics; but rather new disguised forms of advanced capitalism aimed at eroding space to more challenging modes of Internet collectivism. (shrink)

América Latina ha sido desde siempre objeto de controversia en España, aunque últimamente con mayor intensidad se ha convertido en materia de utilización partidista, especialmente por parte de un bloque conservador que se esfuerza en convertir hechos y procesos latinoamericanos en elementos de confrontación política interna española. También las izquierdas hispanas tienen presente a América latina en su acción política, y padecen una elevada desinformación, mientras mantienen clichés de otra época. El artículo atiende a tres casos en la confrontación derecha/izquierda (...) de los últimos tiempos: Venezuela, ariete conservador contra el Gobierno de Pedro Sánchez; México, como excitante del nacionalismo españolista tras la exigencia de López Obrador; y, finalmente, Bolivia tras la forzada salida del poder de Evo Morales. (shrink)

The traditional way of understanding life, as a self-appropriating and self-organizing process of not ceasing to exist, of taking care of one's own hunger, is challenged by today's unprecedented proliferation of discourses and techniques concerning the living being. This challenge entails questioning the fundamental concepts of metaphysical thinking--namely, time, finality, and, above all, being. Garrido argues that today we are in a position to repeat Nietzsche's assertion that there is no other representation of "being" than that of "living." But (...) in order to carry out this deconstruction of ontology, we need to find new ways of asking: What is life? In this study, Garrido establishes the basic elements of the question concerning life through readings of Aristotle, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Derrida; through the discussion of scientific breakthroughs in thermodynamics and evolutionary and developmental biology; and through the reexamination of the notion of hunger in both its metaphysical and its political implications. (shrink)

This study focuses on latent inhibition, a mechanism behind selective attention, as the biological basis of creativity in schoolchildren. The main objective of this study is to know if low levels of attention positively affect the levels of creativity manifested in students between the ages of nine and 12. The design of this study is non-experimental with an explanatory-correlational cross-sectional quantitative approach. In order to achieve the objective suggested, several education centers located in Murcia were selected, in which 476 students (...) took part in a creativity test, an attention test, and another test about intelligence depending on the educational level. The results obtained showed that selective attention was negatively correlated with graphic creativity, understanding that behind it lies the latent inhibition, and that when certain levels of intelligence are present, this negative correlation increases. In this way, the simultaneous existence of creative and inattentive subjects is demonstrated. (shrink)

El artículo es una investigación introductoria de la filosofía de la educación de Jane Addams en los primeros años de actividad del settlement Hull-House. Esto incluye su etapa desde sus inicios en 1889 hasta el cambio político y epistemológico que experimentó Addams cuando se opuso firmemente a la participación bélica de los Estados Unidos a la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1917 y cuando se comprometió de forma sólida con el movimiento sufragista pacifista y la educación de las mujeres en los (...) años 20. El objetivo es examinar la crítica de Addams sobre los desajustes sociales que afectaban a la infancia y la adolescencia del Chicago de finales de siglo XIX: el “estado de insensibilidad estética,” la liberación del espacio doméstico y la corrupción política en las pandillas. En particular, el trabajo analiza la noción de educación socializada y su relación con la demanda de creación de espacios lúdicos públicos o pleasure grounds. Las actividades lúdicas y educativas organizadas en el parque infantil tenían un significado artístico, cultural y político que facilitaba la socialización de la democracia y la materialización de la reforma y el progreso lateral. (shrink)

The conception of contagious disease that Girolamo Fracastoro provides in his work De contagione et contagiosis morbis, marks the origin of modern epidemiology and microbiology. This conception puts into play the Galenic and Aristotelian traditions of research, faced with its own conceptual limitations of the growing mechanistic thought of the time. According to Fracastoro, epidemic diseases spread by invisible living germs called seminaria, begotten by corrupted humours. Fracastoro resorted to the old notions of "sympathy" and "antipathy" to respond to questions (...) about how seminaria is transmitted from one body to another, and what is the specificity that limits its transmission to certain species and organs. Like Galileo and Descartes, Fracastoro tries to establish a dialogue in the field of medicine between the Aristotelian vitalism and the modern mechanistic perspective. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the ideological, theoretical and conceptual assumptions, both philosophical and scientific, assumed by Fracastoro with regard to the problem of contagion. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Ortega's Thought and the Spanish Philosophical Emigration to Latin America Ortega's Influence in Latin America References Further Reading.