La vulnerabilidad narrativa, producto de la exclusión de los marcos de representación del contexto, que priva a algunos de ser vistos, escuchados y sentidos por la mayoría, implica la precariedad de amplias generaciones transformadas en “vidas fungibles”, esto es, en instrumentos vivos y animados de las máquinas de la guerra. Estos hombres y mujeres, empero, no son engranajes de la destrucción, sino seres con un nombre y una historia singular. Su capacidad de traducir narrativamente la realidad ofrece otro encuadre de (...) interpretación sobre el pasado y el futuro a partir de su llamado a una nueva vida y al fin de la violencia armada. Aquí reside la propuesta de esta contribución, en la que, usando las reflexiones de Hannah Arendt y de Judith Butler, además de una entrevista a profundidad con un excombatiente colombiano en proceso de reintegración, se advierte en la narración la respuesta a la fungibilidad —‍ la condición de existencias usufructuables, reemplazables y matables‍‍— de forma que se posibilita una vida biográfica, cargada de porvenir. (shrink)

Com formidável velocidade, as máquinas de guerra, diferentes dos aparelhos de Estado, transformam a vítima em instrumento de guerra (acionável, intercambiável e matável), até à sua exaustão final. Assim, categorias inteiras de “populações negadas”, inertes e precárias, são transformadas em ferramentas (úteis e vivas) de violência armada, colocadas, hoje, ao serviço daqueles que reivindicam o direito de matar, e da mesma forma, em “realidades”. “perdidos” que não deixam vestígios de sua passagem pelo mundo. Aqui está a forma inédita e concreta (...) de poder e a divisão das máquinas de guerra (gangues, milícias, grupos rebeldes e estruturas paramilitares), que, além de fazerem morrer e deixarem viver, produzem e reproduzem centenas de “vidas fungíveis”, quais Eles são usados, substituídos e eliminados de acordo com os interesses da violência. Daí a sua natureza “descartável”. Esta composição hermenêutica crítica, que utiliza fundamentalmente o pensamento de Butler, Deleuze, Guattari, Mbembe, Arendt, Agamben e Roxin, além de alguns depoimentos de ex-combatentes colombianos, que pintaram e narraram a guerra, trata de definir e caracterizar a noção “vida fungível” (inexistente na literatura, mas empiricamente verificável). É tão útil quanto sem precedentes para representar formas contemporâneas de violência armada. (shrink)

This article explores the complex bond between human life and the force of law from the contributions made by Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. Both authors realize the transit of the legal system from sovereign power —which brings death by spilling the blood of men as a symbol of the naked life— to the analytics of biopower —which grants life but lets the race die—. However, Agamben goes further and proves the way contemporary biopower, closely linked to sovereign right, reduces (...) human life to the mere idea of biological life producing survivors. (shrink)

La memoria es el principio de la justicia que permite destruir el vínculo entre el poder y la violencia que funda y mantiene el orden del derecho. La justicia de la memoria es, en efecto, una fuerza revolucionaria que anuncia el sufrimiento de los oprimidos, de los vencidos, de los sojuzgados de la historia; es una especie de antihistoria que se rebela ante el poder que somete la vida natural a un estado de excepción permanente; es una justa apelación a (...) la justicia más allá del derecho que permite instaurar un nuevo orden fundado en la vida como potencia y como vida justa. (shrink)

Socrates’ last words, as reported by Plato in the Phaedo, are as disquieting as touching: “Crito, we owe a rooster to Asclepius. Do pay it. Don’t forget”. In opposition to the canonical nietzschean interpretation according to which the Athenian philosopher suffered life as an illness and for that reason required to testify his gratitude to the god master of healing, Michel Foucault understands the last Socratic saying as an exhortation not to forget or neglect ourselves, to take care of one’s (...) own life, discovering who we are and how we could better ourselves. The warning on the risks of forgetting the self constitutes the pendulum of Socrates’ death from the beginning of the Apology and the Crito, to the end of the Phaedo, summarizing his attitude towards life and philosophy. His teaching: “take care of yourselves”, we must not pass out of sight, backing away from the danger of carelessness, and thanking the god of healing, who encourages selfcare, both with ourselves and with others. (shrink)

El presente es un ensayo teórico exploratorio, que busca rastrear el potencial de la intersección de nociones conocidas por la filosofía, tales como biopolítica y necropolítica, junto a conceptos como domexecración, provenientes de campos emergentes del conocimiento social, asimismo se recurre al ámbito de la zootecnia, en tanto discurso moderno especializado (en los términos de Foucault) donde es posible develar los efectos biopolíticos, necropolíticos y domexecradores que han afectado a los animales no humanos, ya que la zootecnia es una ciencia (...) que se creó con la finalidad de domeñarlos, y, debido a ello, los animales padecen la suerte del sometimiento y la esclavitud. Las herramientas teóricas con las que es abordado el tema no han sido vinculadas usualmente y su intención es comprender con mayor cabalidad la forma en la que en la modernidad el gobierno de lo viviente no se agota en la regulación de los animales humanos, es decir, como el racismo, hablando del ámbito humano, se hace presente en la forma de especismo en el ámbito animal. (shrink)

Nuestra deflación espiritual ante la muerte de los otros debido a nuestro deseo intenso por negar la propia muerte constituye, más que un obstáculo insalvable, una oportunidad ética y política para pensar y construir otros discursos y prácticas normativas frente a la destructividad de la que somos capaces y a la que estamos expuestos de manera irremediable. Sin duda, las normas de aprehensión y de reconocimiento de lo humano dependen, ante todo, de nuestras disposiciones afectivas ante la muerte de los (...) otros, cuyas pérdidas juzgamos, diferencialmente, como meritorias o indignas de ser lloradas, según el valor o el desvalor que adjudicamos a sus vidas. De ahí la importancia del derecho a ser llorado como condición ética y política para la humanización de todos. Este artículo, basado en Esquilo, Sigmund Freud y Judith Butler, cuenta con tres apartados: la cuestión de la destructividad humana; vidas matables, inmerecedoras de duelo; el poder afectivo del duelo. (shrink)

Resumen: El etiquetamiento escinde la vida común entre aquellas dignas de ser vividas y las inmeritorias de cualquier consideración sensible, en tanto culpables y condenadas al eterno retorno del pronóstico y la repetición criminal. Este hecho exige repensar la vida humana, a través de otros marcos perceptuales, que desactiven progresivamente los efectos inmunizantes de la estigmatización de aquellas existencias “peligrosas” y, en consecuencia, “indeseables” e “intolerables” para la comunidad. Esta composición tiene como urdimbre teórica los planteamientos del paradigma inmunitario, el (...) etiquetamiento criminal y la crítica como apropiación de la vida humana. Entre las conclusiones que arroja esta reflexión se encuentra que la narración de la existencia constituye una reacción frente a la estigmatización, y, en consecuencia, una inversión del lenguaje inmunitario, en tanto libera al sujeto del devenir monstruoso contenido en la etiqueta criminal, revelando así una humanidad no vista, ni oída, todavía.: Labelling separates the common life between those worthy of being lived and the others of any sensitive consideration, both guilty and condemned to the eternal return of the prognosis and criminal repetition. This fact requires rethinking the human, through other perceptual frameworks progressively deactivating the immunizing effects of stigmatization of those “dangerous” lives and, consequently, “undesirable” and “intolerable” for the community. This article is based on the immune paradigm, criminal labelling, and criticism as appropriation of human life. Among the conclusions that this reflection throws is that the narration of existence constitutes a reaction against stigmatization, and, consequently, an inversion of the immune language, while freeing the subject from the monstrous becoming contained in the criminal label, thus revealing a humanity not seen or heard yet. (shrink)

Vulnerability, understood as a negative aspect of criminalization under immune considerations, constitutes itself as a creative and transformative force that makes it possible to think about a life in common sustained through care and affirmative protection of life. The development of this idea requires three specific stages: in the first, it is described the current democracy as a government technique whose management depends on vulnerable populations; in the second, it is reviewed criminalization as a specific form of immune control; and (...) finally, it is recognized vulnerability as the basis of a new way of democratic life, departing from the attention of certain social groups that have been criminalized due to their precariousness. (shrink)

La infamia constituye el modelo ideal de castigo actual, ya que marca el cuerpo real y simbólico de ciertos sujetos, sin ninguna mediación institucional: los individuos y los grupos sociales se arrogan el derecho a imputar, juzgar y castigar. De manera que existen instituciones formales y, además, ciertos colectivos informales que neutralizan, excluyen, matan y encierran real y simbólicamente, ejerciendo un poder para-judicial y para-penal. En palabras más precisas, hay una penalidad que no pasa necesariamente por el poder judicial ni (...) el proceso legal, sino por el tribunal social y psicológico efectuado por algunos agentes de control social informal. La realidad evidencia la absorción progresiva del proceso judicial en el juicio colectivo, sin ninguna garantía ni código distinto a la mirada, el murmullo social y el juicio instantáneo. La sociedad se transforma así en un tribunal permanente que odia, etiqueta y castiga, y cuya inmediatez, espontaneidad y anonimato reaviva la infamia de los viejos sistemas de la penalidad medieval, así como la devastadora marcación totalitaria. (shrink)

Reimagining a community on the basis of vulnerability entails recognizing our responsibility vis-à-vis those who prosper and those who do not persist because they are abandoned or eliminated. The recognition of our vulnerability allows us to find other forms of community that, built upon the human bonds of protection, escape the abstraction of the value of life, bearing in mind, instead, the socio-political conditions that sustain it, especially when they fail. This is not an easy task in contexts marked by (...) violence. The main issues addressed in this paper are: the recognition of vulnerability, violence as a rupture of interdependence, and our responsibility towards others. Examining our vulnerability can become the cornerstone of another community. (shrink)

The coronavirus disease pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans’ social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior (...) was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions. (shrink)

Reactualizando una disciplina relativamente descuidada en nuestro medio como lo es la Filosofía del Derecho, el libro La violencia del derecho y la nuda vida estudia la compleja relación entre la violencia jurídica y la vida, e indaga por las condiciones a las que se puede reducir la vida humana cuando el ejercicio del poder se vale del control de la vida misma. En este marco general, el libro desarrolla la ruta trazada por Walter Benjamin en su famoso ensayo Para (...) una crítica de la violencia (1921), al establecer la indisoluble imbricación entre derecho y violencia en la que la segunda le ofrece a la primera su fundamentación. Con este presupuesto, el libro se orienta en primer lugar a desmentir la opinión corriente según la cual el derecho es justicia, para movilizar en su lugar otro fundamento según el cual el derecho es fuerza, poder o violencia, nociones que a efectos de la argumentación resultan sinónimas. En apoyo de esta tesis, la autora reconstruye dos tradiciones de la Filosofía del Derecho como son las doctrinas del derecho natural principalmente en San Agustín y en Santo Tomás de Aquino, y la tradición del derecho positivo cuyo origen losó co se remonta a las obras de Pascal, Hobbes y Spinoza. (shrink)

Our aim in the present paper is to approach the nature of life from the perspective of autonomy, showing that this perspective can be helpful for overcoming the traditional Cartesian gap between the physical and cognitive domains. We first argue that, although the phenomenon of life manifests itself as highly complex and multidimensional, requiring various levels of description, individual organisms constitute the core of this multifarious phenomenology. Thereafter, our discussion focuses on the nature of the organization of individual living entities, (...) proposing autonomy as the main concept to grasp it. In the second part of the article we show how autonomy is also fundamental to explaining major evolutionary transitions, in an attempt to rethink evolution from the point of view of the organizational structure of the entities/organisms involved. This gives further support to the idea of autonomy not only as a key to understanding life in general but also the complex expressions of it that we observe on our planet. Finally, we suggest a possible general principle that underlies those evolutionary transitions, which allow for the open-ended redefinition of autonomous systems: namely, the relative dynamic decoupling that must be articulated among distinct parts, modules or modes of operation in these systems. (shrink)

In the first part of the paper the authors analyze how the distinction between mandatory rules, principles in the strict sense and policies can be understood in structural terms and in terms of reason for action. In the second part, they attempt to clarify which kind of legal provisions embrace constitutional statements recognizing liberty rights are.

This chapter proceeds in two ways. First, I argue that Fanon’s structural witnessing of racism yields important insights about the nature of violence that challenges the settler colonial concept of violence as the extra-legal use of force. Second, I argue that his analysis of violence is insufficient for combating colonial racism and violence because, using the terms of his own analysis, it leaves intact logics and mechanisms that allow racism to structurally renew itself in perpetuity: violence against women. Without a (...) critical feminism that tracks the alterities of structural violence against women, and women of color in particular, Fanonianism is just another lifeline of colonialism. I thus caution against uncritical uses of Fanon’s structural account of violence for any emancipatory social theory that fails to acknowledge the attendant alterities, asymmetries, and axes of coordinated subordination involved in racialized violence against women. (shrink)

A destination’s image is a critical factor in tourists’ perceptions and evaluations of said destination. This paper analyzes the formation of the tourist destination image of Segóbriga Archeological Park, a cultural destination located in the province of Cuenca (Spain) that holds great heritage value. To this end, the paper adopted a multidimensional approach and used PLS-SEM to analyze the destination image, taking into account not only its cognitive and affective components, but also the unique image component. The latter has received (...) less attention in the literature and is a novel factor among cultural destinations. The results show that this component is essential to the overall image of an archeological destination, but is not influenced by information sources. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende detallar la concepción metafilosófica del socratismo y del aristotelismo precisando la interrelación entre teoría y praxis que ambos proyectos desarrollan. A partir de un diagnóstico común a Michel Foucault y Pierre Hadot, según el cual el saber filosófico era inseparable en la antigüedad de una “existencia filosófica”, se expone cómo concibieron tanto Sócrates como Aristóteles este peculiar “modo de vida”, concluyéndose que las raíces del “biós theoretikós” aristotélico se encuentran en la “vida examinada” defendida por el maestro (...) de Platón. En el transcurso de esta investigación, además, se pone de manifiesto que la dimensión teórica de la filosofía resulta prioritaria en ambos pensadores, si bien el descubrimiento de la verdad, propósito último de la teoría, acarrea consecuencias prácticas imposibles de alcanzar por una vía distinta de la contemplación filosófica. Se resuelve, por tanto, que la tensión entre la filosofía como “ciencia de la verdad” y como “ejercicio de vida” es un rasgo esencial del quehacer filosófico tal y como fue tematizado por estos dos grandes pensadores. (shrink)

Each state’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit prosecutes billing fraud cases against individual healthcare providers who fraudulently bill Medicaid for services provided. Once an individual is convicted of billing fraud, the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Health and Human Services may exclude the individual from billing any federal government healthcare program, including Medicaid. Excluded individuals are added to a public list of exclusions, which restricts their ability to practice professionally. Prompted by criminology research into the impact of policing (...) resources, we test whether these government enforcement initiatives against fraud serve as a deterrent to would-be fraudulent billers. We document that key enforcement proxies, the staffing level and budget of an MFCU, are positively associated with the yearly number of exclusions added at the state level. Our results are consistent with the exclusion list not being a deterrent but provide support for MFCUs’ fraud detection efforts. This paper provides industry-specific fraud insights for auditors and other individuals involved in public policy, specifically Medicaid, and introduces a novel dataset to the accounting fraud research literature. (shrink)

El qigong es un ejercicio físico y de concentración que ha experimentado una gran expansión a nivel mundial. Esta rápida difusión ha propiciado que se transmita desligado de su base filosófica y que se proyecte una mezcla confusa de conceptos relacionados básicamente con la salud física y mental. En este trabajo se interpreta el qigong desde una perspectiva filosófica. Para ello se ha tomado como referencia el concepto de armonía integral de Fang Dongmei y se ha elaborado un marco teorético (...) que aporta una nueva lectura del qigong adaptada al momento actual. El ensayo resultante da consistencia a la praxis actual del qigong. (shrink)

Este artículo reconstruye los primeros años de la obra de Antoni Domènech hasta la primera formulación de dos ideas clave en su obra madura: republicanismo plebeyo y fraternidad. Esto se hará en tres niveles. El primer nivel repasa la toma de posiciones de la transición a la derrota en el referéndum de la OTAN. El segundo nivel analiza la solución ética propuesta por Domèmech al problema de las necesidades y el ecologismo. El tercer nivel, a partir de las evidencias anteriores, (...) presenta la primera formulación de su reconstrucción republicana del marxismo y de la fraternidad. (shrink)

In the wake of continued structural asymmetries between women of color and white feminisms, this essay revisits intersectional tensions in Catharine MacKinnon’s Toward a Feminist Theory of the State while exploring productive spaces of coalition. To explore such spaces, we reframe Toward a Feminist Theory of the State in terms of its epistemological project and highlight possible synchronicities with liberational features in women-of-color feminisms. This is done, in part, through an analysis of the philosophical role “method” plays in MacKinnon’s argument, (...) and by reframing her critique of juridical neutrality and objectivity as epistemic harms. In the second section, we sketch out a provisional coalitional theory of liberation that builds on MacKinnon’s feminist epistemological insights and aligns them with decolonizing projects in women-of-color feminisms, suggesting new directions and conceptual revisions that are on the way to coalition. (shrink)

In this paper we review and argue for the relevance of the concept of open-ended evolution in biological theory. Defining it as a process in which a set of chemical systems bring about an unlimited variety of equivalent systems that are not subject to any pre-determined upper bound of organizational complexity, we explain why only a special type of self-constructing, autonomous systems can actually implement it. We further argue that this capacity derives from the ‘dynamic decoupling’ (in its minimal or (...) most basic sense: the phenotype–genotype decoupling) by means of which a radically new way of material organization (minimal living organization) is achieved, allowing for the long-term sustenance of systems whose individual-metabolic and collective-historical pathways become thereafter deeply intertwined. (shrink)

Este ensaio desenvolve um estudo, a partir da obra de G. Agamben, sobre a arqueologia do ofício e as implicações ético-políticas do modo de subjetivação do funcionário. O funcionário age a partir do dever de oficio, separando, nessa ação, a responsabilidade pessoal da eficiência da ação. Ao agir como funcionário não atua em nome próprio, mas age em nome de outro, para o qual se transfere toda responsabilidade ética da ação funcional. Eichmann apresenta-se como o modelo de funcionário que cumpriu (...) o dever de sua função, independentemente de suas convicções pessoais a respeito da catástrofe humana que provocou. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Metamorphosis is a term inherent to colonial reality in which ontological and identity paradigms and conceptions reveal a recurring question in African literature: Who am I? Based on this, this article aims to analyze the phenomenon of metamorphosis/transmutation as a characteristic of real-animist texts, which is an aesthetic consequence arising from the animistic conception of perceiving the world. We will discuss how the presence of the imaginary of traditional African religiosity translates into recurrent unusual episodes, such as transmutations, through (...) the works of African writers such as Nigerian Amos Tutuola, Angolan Décio Bettencourt, and Mozambican Mia Couto. Finally, we will observe that the presence of this phenomenon translates not only into a mythical imaginary but also into becoming-individual and becoming-nation in societies fragmented identity-wise by colonialism. (shrink)

El adulto, como intermediario entre las obras literarias y los niños o jóvenes, ha utilizado unos instrumentos de control con criterios basados en aspectos religiosos, psicológicos, pedagógicos y morales, que han influido en el proceso de creación del autor y en sus publicaciones. Es ineludible la reflexión sobre antiguos mecanismos de censura y los que aún perduran en la actualidad.

Remedios ÁVILA CRESPO Trotta 2018, 213 pp. Madrid ISBN: 978-84-9879-758-9.

En este texto se analiza el papel de los derechos humanos en la fase actual de globalización, en cuanto herramientas de la libertad política. Su globalización, hasta ahora pervertida por una selección parcial e interesada de lo globalizable -ante todo, el sistema de libre mercado- es imprescindible para el funcionamiento democrático de la nueva organización mundial. Pero para que los derechos humanos sean útiles a tal menester, será necesario en primer lugar, reflexionar sobre los servicios que han prestado al desarrollo (...) y ahora a la globalización del capitalismo. En segundo lugar, es preciso adecuar el discurso de los derechos a las necesidades de quienes padecen los desequilibrios que origina la globalización y convertirlo realmente en un discurso emancipador. Una imprescindible contextualización de los contenidos y condiciones de ejercicio de los derechos -para lo que son imprescindibles derechos sociales y a lo que aún ayuda los Estados-nación- es el corolario de esta reflexión que finaliza con un ejemplo de contextualización del discurso de los derechos a través de los derechos de los consumidores. (shrink)

RESUMEN. “Justicia ambiental” es un binomio léxico complejo formado por un sustantivo (justicia) y un adjetivo (ambiental), lo cual no significa ni supone la prioridad o consecuente sumisión semántica de un té????????entescciado por un sustantivo (justicia) y un adjetivo (ambiental) que no supone la sumisiérmino sobre el otro, sino al contrario: la interacción e interdependencia de los componentes lingüísticos de la expresión refleja una predisposición del estado de ánimo e incluso una intención favorable u optimista hacia su aceptación incondicionada por (...) parte de todos, sin tener en cuenta la conveniencia de incidir en su contenido, equívoco o difuso en muchas ocasiones, bajo la necesaria observación de la evolución histórica del concepto desde un planteamiento político, social y jurídico. ABSTRACT. “Environmental justice” is a lexical binomial complex formed by a noun (justice) and a adjective (environmental), which neither means does not even suppose the priority or consistent semantic submission of a term to other one, but on the contrary: the interaction and interdependence of the linguistic components of the expression reflects a predisposition of the state of mind and even a favorable or optimistic intention towards his acceptance undetermined on the part of all, without bearing in mind the convenience of affecting in his content, pun or fuzzy in many occasions, under the necessary observation of the historical evolution of the concept from a political, social and juridical exposition. (shrink)

This paper explores the antecedents of intra-organizational social capital from a comprehensive perspective that integrates leadership as the main antecedent. To be precise, we propose that intra-organizational social capital is a direct consequence of an organizational ethical and community context to which leadership in the servant dimension plays a transcendental role. Indeed, since the seminal work of Greenleaf the servant leadership concept has been widespread among business academics and professionals for the value it brings to the organization not only in (...) ethical but also in excellence terms. Among the recent styles and theories on leadership up to date, servant leadership fits perfectly an organizational ethical context both at the organizational or group level, acting in addition as a main promoter of that context. Furthermore, servant leadership is linked to the cultivation of helpful, altruistic and servant attitudes among the employees which are useful elements in the generation of social capital inside the organization. A model then for understanding the causes of intra-organizational social capital with a focus on servant leadership is here elaborated from which conclusions and implications for Management will be delineated. (shrink)

The paper critically examines Bobbio's famous disctinction between legal positivism as a method, a theory and an ideology. The author first highlights certain problems of the distinction itself and then focuses on Bobbio's self-determined position within it. Delving on Bobbio's analysis of the concepts of basic norm and rule of recognition, he demonstrates how Bobbio's later rejection of these two concepts implies acceptance of positivistic legal theory and ideology – despite the fact that he explicitly rejected them in the first (...) place. The reason for this Bobbio's slip is found in his absorbtion in the positivist legal culture which is permeated with the internal point of view on the law. The author suggests rejecting Bobbio's tripartite disctinction of legal positivism and proposes instead to view this as a set of seldom indvisible standpoints forming a specific legal culture. (shrink)

“There is nothing deep down inside us except what we have put there ourselves, no criterion that we have not created in the course of creating a practice, no standard of rationality that is not an appeal to such a criterion, no rigorous argumentation that is not obedience to our own conventions.” Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism I. Introducción: ¿es Richard Rorty el hombre que mató a la verdad? En el año 2003, apenas cuatro años antes de la muerte de (...) Richard Rorty, la cadena BBC emit... (shrink)